MTC FIBER OPTIC LINES IN THE NORTH EASTERN REGIONS OF · PDF fileof fibre optic lines in the north-eastern regions of Namibia. ... BTS Base Transceiver Station ... This project will

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MTC FIBER OPTIC LINES IN THE

NORTH EASTERN REGIONS OF NAMIBIA

ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING REPORT

OCTOBER 2013

2

MTC FIBER OPTIC LINES NORTH EASTERN REGIONS

ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013

COPYRIGHT © ENVIRO DYNAMICS, 2013. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PROJECT NAME Environmental Scoping Report and Management Plan for the proposed construction

of fibre optic lines in the north-eastern regions of Namibia.

STAGE OF REPORT Draft Environmental Scoping Report for Client review

CLIENT MTC (Pty) Ltd

Enquiries: Ludwig Heinrich Tjitandi

Tel: 081 888 2680

E-Mail: [email protected]

LEAD CONSULTANT Enviro Dynamics

Enquiries: Charlotte Cronje

Tel: (061) 223-336

E-Mail: [email protected]

DATE OF RELEASE September 2013

AUTHOR Charlotte Cronje, Carla Saayman, Eloise Carstens, Eddy Kuliwoye

Internal Reviewer: Norman Van Zyl

mailto:[email protected]

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1

1.2 What are fiber optic lines? ...................................................................................... 1

1.3 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................... 2

2 Project Description ..................................................................................................... 1.3.3

2.1 Rationale / Need for the Project ...................................................................... 2.1.3

2.2 Project Locality .................................................................................................... 2.2.4

2.3 Technical Specifications .......................................................................................... 6

3 Legal and Regulatory Review ........................................................................................ 7

4 Biophysical Baseline ....................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11

4.2 Climate ..................................................................................................................... 12

4.3 Topography, Geology and Soils ........................................................................... 13

4.4 Ground and Surface Water................................................................................... 13

4.5 Vegetation ............................................................................................................... 14

5 Socio-Economic Baseline .............................................................................................. 16

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 16

5.2 Population ................................................................................................................ 16

5.3 Employment and the Economic Environment ................................................... 17

5.4 Land Use Activities .................................................................................................. 19

5.5 Summary of Key Socio-Economic Sensitivities .................................................... 20

6 Public Consultation ........................................................................................................ 21

7 Assessent and Potential Impacts ................................................................................. 27

7.1 Methodology Employed for the Impact Assessment ........................................ 27

7.2 Assessment of impacts ........................................................................................... 30

8 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................... 35

8.1 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 35

8.2 Final Recomendations ........................................................................................... 36

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure 1: Illustration of a fiber optic cable ..................................................................... 2

Figure 2: Locality map of the three locations for the fiber optic lines. ...................... 5

Figure 3: Trenches for the underground cables. ........................................................... 6

Figure 4: Screening process to determine key issues ................................................. 28

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

APPENDIX B CV Eloise Carstens

APPENDIX C Stakeholders List

APPENDIX D Background Information Document (BID)

APPENDIX E Newspaper Advertisements

APPENDIX F Minutes

APPENDIX G Issues and Responses Trail

APPENDIX H Letter – Mr Nganyone (Nukhuwis)

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LIST OF ACRONYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BID Background Information Document

BSC Base Station Controller

BTS Base Transceiver Station

CRAN Communications Regulatory Authority of Namibia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

HVDC High Voltage Direct Current

I&APS Interested and Affected Parties

IFC International Finance Corporation

JB Joint Box

MTC Mobile Telecommunications Namibia

NCC Namibian Communications Commission

NP NamPower

NPC National Planning Commission

NPTH Namibia Post and Telecom Holdings

RON Republic of Namibia

WACS West Africa Cable System

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MTC FIBRE OPTIC LINES NORTH EASTERN REGIONS

ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Mobile Telecommunications Company (Ltd) (MTC) proposes to install fiber optic lines

in Rundu, Katima Mulilo and Nukhuwis in Namibia. Under the Environmental

Management Act (2007) and its Regulations (2012) an Environmental Assessment

(EA) is required for the “construction of communication networks including towers,

telecommunication and marine telecommunication lines and cables”.

In accordance with the above, Enviro Dynamics has been appointed to conduct an

EA and develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed

localities.

As part of the prescribed EA process, it is required to inform all interested and

affected parties (I&AP) of the proposed development and obtain their input,

concerns, and opinions. All matters raised by I&APs and any other matters acquired

were addressed as part of the EA process.

1.2 WHAT ARE FIBER OPTIC LINES?

A fiber optic line or cable comprises a bundle of glass threads, each of which is

capable of transmitting information modulated into light waves. Fiber optics allow

phone companies to send unlimited amounts of data. There are always three

components of a fiber optic line:

The transmitter,

the fiber cable (or the medium), and

the receiver.

The message is taken by the transmitter and converted from an electrical signal into

light and sent through the fiber. The receiver then converts the light signal back into

an electrical signal. The technology is designed for long distance and broader

bandwidth (gigabit speed) network communications. This specific bandwidth, which

is the measurement of the amount of data that can be transported by a particular

type of media, is very large thus allowing the transport of large amounts of data.

The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers

encased in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be

deployed (See Figure 1).

MTC will be using this technology to grow its network capacity and performance in

the north-east of the country.

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1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE

The Terms of Reference for the proposed project is based on the requirements set

out by the Environmental Management Act (2007) and its Regulations (February

2012). The process covered the following steps, which are reported on in this

document as listed below:

Provide a detailed description of the proposed activity;

Identify all legislation and guidelines that have reference to the proposed project;

Identify existing environmental (both bio-physical and socio-economic) conditions of the area in order to determine their environmental sensitivity;

Inform Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and relevant authorities of the details of the proposed development and provide them with a reasonable opportunity to participate during the process;

Consider the potential environmental and social impacts of the development, and assess the significance of the identified impacts.

Outline management and mitigation measures in an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to minimize and/or mitigate potentially negative impacts.

Compile a Scoping Report detailing all identified issues and possible impacts, stipulating the way forward and identifying specialist investigations, if required.

Figure 1: Illustration of a fiber optic cable

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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 RATIONALE / NEED FOR THE PROJECT

NamPower has embedded dark optic fiber cables into the

overhead earth wires of their transmission lines in order to

protect their phase conductors from direct lightning strikes.

MTC entered into an agreement to lease some of these dark

fibers from NamPower. This agreement is mutually beneficial because it means that

MTC does not have to duplicate resources by constructing their own fiber optic lines

and NamPower generates additional income.

These dark fibers only extend to certain points within the north eastern parts of

Namibia. MTC plans to link in its own fibers to the NamPower facilities in order to

extend the lines. This extension will make it possible to distribute the capacity of the

West Africa Cable System (WACS) to Katima Mulilo, Rundu and Nukhuwis.

This project will bring 3G internet services to the proposed areas preparing it for a

future projected development upgrade to receive 4G internet. A 4G upgrade will

prepare Namibia for greater economic viability within the world market.

For the fiber optic cables to be operational it is necessary to regenerate the light

within the lines every 175 kilometres. The Nukhuwis site is ideally located for such

regeneration as the lines only have to be extended 8 kilometres from the HVDC 2

NamPower site located on Olifantsput to the nearby MTC tower located on

Nukhuwis (see Figure 2).

As there are currently many regions that do not have these services, MTC is

addressing this problem by targeting the major towns in every region first as is the

case with Rundu and Katima Mulilo.

A dark fiber (or unlit

fiber) is an unused

optical fiber.

The WACS is a submarine cable linking the entire African continent directly with Europe, thus

creating an enhanced link with the global internet.

3G internet refers to third generation wireless network technology, which subscribers can use to

access data at faster speeds than previous versions. It is typically used with hardware such as

mobile phones, though any 3G capable device can access such a network.

4G internet is the term used to describe the fourth-generation of wireless service. On average, 4G is

supposed to be anywhere from four to ten times faster than 3G networks.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-3g.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wireless-network.htm

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2.2 PROJECT LOCALITY

Three areas in the north-eastern part of Namibia have been identified to receive

fiber optic lines. The distances of fiber optics required in each town are:

Rundu: 18 Kilometers

Katima Mulilo: 8 Kilometers

Nukhuwis: 8 Kilometers

The lay-out of the lines is illustrated in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Locality map of the three locations for the fiber optic lines.

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Figure 3: Trenches for the underground lines.

2.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

The fiber optic lines will be constructed underground:

Trenches for the lines will, as far as possible, run in straight lines.

To avoid local obstructions, gradual horizontal or vertical deviations should be adopted.

In all cases, the maximum deviation route between two manholes shall not exceed 120º.

The underground buried line shall consist of a DN110mm green pipe, which is a double

walled corrugated construction and manufactured from high density polyethylene

(HDPE). This pipe will house three smaller core pipes (DN32mm). The cable system will be

buried at a depth of approximately 0.5m (Figure 3), but this is subject to the directive of

the local municipal council.

Where the fiber optic line has to cross a road in town it will still be buried. A two phased

approach will be used: one side of the road will be blocked off and opened up to lay the

lines. Once this is done, it is closed up and the rest of the roadway goes through the

same process. This phased approach will allow traffic movement on the road, and no

major re-routing will have to take place. Proper signage will have to be incorporated

during the construction to avoid traffic disruptions.

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3 LEGAL AND REGULATORY REVIEW

The following table provides a summary of all pertinent international and national standards, guidelines, policies and laws that are

of relevance to the project. It furthermore specifies the regulatory authority and provides the contact details of a knowledgeable

person in the field:

TOPIC LEGISLATION PROVISIONS REGULATORY

AUTHORITY

APPLICATION TO PROJECT CONTACT PERSON

NAMIBIAN NATIONAL LEGISLATION

ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT AND

MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

Environmental

Management Act (Act

7 of 2007), and EIA

Regulations (2012):

Provides list of activities that

require an environmental

assessment, including:“(k) The

erection or construction of

communication networks

including towers,

telecommunication lines and

cables as well as structures

associated therewith including

roads”

Provides for adequate public

participation during the

environmental assessment

process for interested and

affected parties to voice their

opinions about a project.

Ministry of Environment

and Tourism, Directorate

of Environmental Affairs

Communication site triggers an

EIA.

Conduct public participation as

part of the EIA process

described in the act.

Dr Freddy Sikabonga

Tel: 061 284 2718

Email: [email protected]


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AUTHORITY


NAMIBIAN LOCAL LEGISLATION

USE OF SIDEWALKS

AND STREETS.

Local Authorities Act

23 of 1992 Section 50

(1b)

“A local authority council may

subject to such terms and

conditions….as may be

determined by the local authority

council, let or grant the right to

use temporarily, any public place

or part of a public place or any

street or portion of a street

closed in terms of paragraph (a)

to any person for any period

during the period in which it is so

closed;”

Regional and Local

Government and

Housing;

MTC needs to apply to the local

town council to temporarily

close off sidewalks.

Mr. L. Jansen (Tsumeb

Town Council)

Tel: 067 22 1056

The Department of

Technical Planning and

development for all the

respective towns should

be used to lodge such

applications

INSTALLATION OF

FIBER OPTIC LINES IN

A PROCLAIMED

ROAD RESERVE

Ordinance 17 of 1972.

Section 37

Governs all activities in the road

reserve of a proclaimed road.

Section 37 of this Ordinance

requires approval from the Roads

Authority to install the fiber optic

lines in the road reserve.

RA (Roads Authority) and

MWT Ministry of Works

and Transport).

Review applications and

provide recommendations and

feedback on project

implementation before

construction starts in their

specific operations areas.

Roads Authority Regional

Engineers.

Oshakati Mr. J Iddi Tel:

065 231521, and

Ondangwa Mr. J Kweba

Tel: 067 303606

BROADCASTING Communications Bill,

2009.

Promotes the sharing of

infrastructure of the dominant

Communications

Regulatory Authority of

Encourage the sharing of

infrastructure to avoid

Mr Stanley Shanapinda

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OCTOBER 2013


AUTHORITY


carrier with other carriers.

Provides for the regulation of

telecommunications activities.

The Bill provides for licensing and

enforcement of conditions, and

the approval of equipment and

technical standards to ensure

public health and safety.

Namibia (CRAN) cumulative impacts. Tel: 061 222 666

Email:

[email protected]

Namibian

Communications

Commission Act, Act 4

of 1992. Updated to

2009 (Act 8 of 2009)

Provides for the establishment of

the Namibia Communications

Commission responsible to issue

broadcasting licenses, control or

supervises certain broadcasting

activities and program content,

and among other activities is

responsible for the setting of

specifications and standards for

new technologies such as

cellular, wireless and satellite

services.

Namibian

Communications

Commission (NCC),

Directorate

Communications

Provides the standards for

setting up cellular, wireless and

satellite services.

Mr Henri Kassen

Tel: 061 283 2486

Email:

[email protected]

NOISE, DUST AND Pollution Control and

Waste Management

52. (1) No person may cause,

permit or carry out any activity

(a) The local authority

council as defined in

Provides standards for the

regulation of noise, dust and

Pollution Control and

Waste Management Unit,


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AUTHORITY


ODOUR Bill, 3rd

Draft

(September 2003).

that gives rise to noise, dust or

odour to the extent that, in the

opinion of the competent

authority, it creates or is likely to

create a nuisance.

section 1 of the

Local Authorities'

Act No 23 of 1992;

in relation to noise,

dust and odour

generated in the

jurisdiction of such

councils.

(b) The Permanent

Secretary in relation

to noise, dust and

odour generated in

all other areas.

odour pollution established within the

Ministry of Environment

and Tourism.

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Labour Act (Act 11 of

2007) in conjunction

with Regulation 156.

Regulating the Health and Safety

of Employees at work.

Division of Occupational

safety and Health within

the Ministry of labour

and Social Welfare

In the event of accidents or

serious injuries occurring at the

workplace, it is an obligation of

both the employer and

employees to report such

accidents to the Chief Inspector

of Occupational Safety and

Health as a matter of urgency.

Mr. Andries Smit, Deputy

Director: Tel: 206 6302 or

Mr. Sebastian Kapeng,

Chief Inspector: Tel 206

6247

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4 BIOPHYSICAL BASELINE

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed development spans over three regions: Zambezi (Katima Mulilo),

Kavango East (Rundu) and Otjozondjupa (Nukhuwis). These three regions differ from

each other in terms of their bio-physical environments which may result in differing

sensitivities toward certain project activities. This section will describe the existing

receiving environment and its natural diversity within each town.

Table 1 below provides a summarised description of the towns within which the

project occurs.

REGION ZAMBEZI KAVANGO EAST OTJOZONDJUPA

TOWN KATIMA MULILO RUNDU NUKHUWIS

DESCRIPTION From the Zambezi

Substation to the NBC

Tower

From the NamPower

substation located 18km

outside of Rundu to the

Rundu MTC NPTH building

HVDC 2 NamPower site

to the Nukhuwis MTC

site

FOOTPRINT OF

POTENTIAL IMPACT

8 km underground in

town

18 km underground in

total of which 5km within

town and 13km outside of

town within the road

reserve

8km underground on

two private commercial

farms, Olifantsput and

Nukhuwis, within the

servitude of Cenored

Table 1: Summarised description of project locations

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4.2 CLIMATE

All three proposed sites are situated in the north east of Namibia which is

characterised by a humid subtropical climate with hot summers. The hottest month is

September because cloud cover and rainfall increase from October onwards

reducing the amount of radiation reaching the ground (Mendelsohn, et al., 2009).

Average maximum temperatures range between 34˚C to 36˚C and winters are

usually mild with minimum temperatures ranging between 4˚C and 6˚C.

Summer rains occur in the form of showers. Katima Mulilo receives the most rain per

annum (>600mm), followed by Rundu (550-600mm) and then Nukhuwis (500-

550mm).

Although Katima Mulilo has more windy days per year than Rundu or Nukhuwis, dust

created by predominantly south east and easterly winds need to be taken into

consideration during construction at all three locations. Table 2 below describes

sensitivities that could occur as a result of the climate.

Table 2: Climate related sensitivities

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL

FEATURE

DESCRIPTION SENSITIVITY POTENTIAL

IMPACT

KATIMA MULILO

RUNDU

NUKHUWIS

Temperature High maximum

temperatures

ranging between

34˚C – 36˚C.

High temperatures

and humidity in

summer influence

workers

Health and safety

of workforce;

sunburn,

dehydration

KATIMA MULILO

RUNDU

NUKHUWIS

Rainfall High average rainfall

during summer

months (500-

>600mm)

Bursts of rain

influence

construction and

rehabilitation

activities

Erosion of soil

when trenches

are dug

KATIMA MULILO

RUNDU

NUKHUWIS

Wind Predominantly south

east to east

Construction

related activities in

a built up area

Dust and Noise

pollution

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4.3 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

The three locations have similar elevations – approximately 950m to 1000m above

mean sea level - and are characterised by little change in elevation. They form part

of the Kalahari and Namib sands group which are the youngest rocks within Namibia

and consist primarily of sand (Mendelsohn, et al., 2009).

Although these areas are not known to be rich in mineral deposits they have

relatively high soil fertility which makes them suitable for crop cultivation. According

to Mendelsohn et al(2009), this is especially the case in Katima Mulilo and Rundu

where eutric fluvisols (fertile soils with high base saturation, regularly flooded by the

Zambezi and Okavango rivers respectively) provide nutrient-rich soils. At Nukhuwis,

ferralic arenosol soil dominates which are formed from wind-blown sand with sand

making up more than 70% of the soil (Mendelsohn, et al., 2009). Both of these types

of soils can cause excessive dust creation if not managed properly during

construction (Table 3).

Table 3: Topography, geology and soil related sensitivities

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL

FEATURE


IMPACT

KATIMA MULILO

RUNDU

Soil Sandy soils – eutric

fluvisols

Fine-textured

loose sandy soil on

a flat landscape.

Dust creation

NUKHUWIS Soil Sandy soils – ferralic

arenosols

Fine-textured

loose sandy soil on

a flat landscape.

Dust creation

4.4 GROUND AND SURFACE WATER

Katima Mulilo is located on the edge of the Caprivi Floodplains which consist of a

network of channels created by the Zambezi and Kwando rivers. Although the town

is situated in a productive porous aquifer, groundwater levels are deeper than

anywhere else in the Caprivi (Botha, 2001). Rundu and Nukhuwis are also within a

productive porous aquifer but the water table is shallower (Simmonds, 2001).

Along certain parts of the Rundu route, water can be encountered next to an

Omaramba less than 0.5m below ground. Potential impacts on these water sources

are shown in Table 4.

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Table 4: Water related sensitivities

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL

FEATURE


IMPACT

RUNDU

NUKHUWIS

Groundwater Productive porous

aquifer

Shallow water

table

Water pollution

4.5 VEGETATION

All three sites are situated within the Broadleaved Tree-and-Shrub Savanna biome

and are further classified into the following vegetation types (Mendelsohn et al.,

2009):

Rundu forms part of the Okavango Valley

Nukhuwis forms part of the North-eastern Kalahari Woodland

Katima Mulilo also falls within the North-eastern Kalahari Woodland but is immediately adjacent to the Riverine Woodland and Islands, Caprivi Mopane Woodland and Caprivi Floodplains

The impact on the vegetation should be minimal as most of the lines will be buried

within town areas that are devoid of natural vegetation. Where lines are to be lain

out of town at Nukhuwis and Rundu, it shall be done so within a road reserve or

servitude as these areas are permanently cleared of vegetation regardless of the

proposed construction activities. No significant damage to vegetation is thus

expected. Table 5 illustrates the sensitivities related to vegetation.

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Table 5: Vegetation related sensitivities

SITE ENVIRONMENTAL

FEATURE DESCRIPTION SENSITIVITY

POTENTIAL

IMPACT

KATIMA MULILO Vegetation type Broadleaved Woodlands:

North-eastern Kalahari

Woodland;

Tall Woodlands:

RiverineWoodlands and

Islands;

Grassland and

Woodlands: Caprivi

Mopane Woodland;

Floodplain Grasslands:

Caprivi Floodplains

No affected

vegetation. Project

scope in built-up

areas only

Noise Pollution

during

construction.

No significant

vegetation to

absorb sound,

therefore noise

travels further. RUNDU Vegetation type Broadleaved Woodlands:

Okavango Valley

Low number of

affected

vegetation species

outside town:

construction

within road

reserve. Within

town no affected

vegetation: built

up areas.

NUKHUWIS Vegetation type Broadleaved Woodlands:

North-eastern Kalahari

Woodland

Low number of

affected

vegetation species

outside town:

construction

within servitude of

Cenored

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5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Although the lines will mostly be constructed within town boundaries, the network will

reach people beyond its borders. As such, an overview of the wider region will be

given.

As the Kavango Region was only recently divided into Kavango East and Kavango

West, the socio-economic statistics that is currently available is for the entire

Kavango Region and is used in this section.

5.2 POPULATION

Table 6 below shows the population statistics per region in comparison to that of the

entire Namibia.

Table 6: Population statistics (NPC, 2012)

REGION TOTAL

POPULATION

FEMALE MALE TOTAL AREA IN

KM2

POPULATION

DENSITY

(PEOPLE/KM2)

NAMIBIA 2,104,900 1,083,300 1,021,600 825,615 2.5

ZAMBEZI 90,100 46,300 43,800 14,785 6.1

KAVANGO 222,599 117,400 105,100 48,742 4.6

OTJOZONDJUPA 142,400 68,600 73,600 105,460 1.4

From Table 6 it is clear that of the three Regions under discussion, the Zambezi

Region is the most densely populated. This could be attributed to the fact that

Zambezi is more suited to subsistence living than the other two regions as natural

resources are more readily available.

Table 7 below further shows how the populations of Katima Mulilo and Rundu

Constituencies are divided into urban and rural areas. It can be concluded from the

table that more urbanisation has taken place in the constituency of Katima Mulilo

(63% of people live in an urban environment compared to only 29% of people in

Rundu). This would mean that a higher percentage of people living in Katima Mulilo

would be affected by the construction activities taking place in town due to traffic

disruptions, possible municipal service disruptions and visual impacts. On the other

hand, more people in Katima Mulilo will benefit from the improved MTC service

delivery as provided by these newly constructed lines within town.

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Table 7: Urban and Rural Populations of Katima Mulilo and Rundu (NPC, 2012).

REGION CONSTITUENCY URBAN

POPULATION

RURAL POPULATION URBAN:RURAL

FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE

ZAMBEZI Katima Mulilo

28,200 16,300 63%:37%

15,200 13,000 8,100 8,100

KAVANGO Rundu 20,700 50,700 29%: 71%

11,100 9,600 32,400 28,300

5.3 EMPLOYMENT AND THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Table 8 below compares the literacy rate and employment figures of the three

regions in question.

Table 8: Literacy rate and employment figures of Zambezi, Kavango and Otjozondjupa

REGION LITERACY RATE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE

LABOUR FORCE

LARGEST OCCUPATIONAL

GROUP

MALE FEMALE EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED

ZAMBEZI 78.0% 59.8% Skilled agricultural and fisheries workers

81.9% 74.8% 83.1% 16.9%

KAVANGO 70.0% 50.3% Skilled agricultural and fisheries workers

78.9% 66.4% 80.0% 20.0%

OTJOZONDJUPA 74.7% 57.7% Labourers and other unskilled occupations

76.7% 72.5% 68.1% 31.9%

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From the above table some major trends can be identified:

1. The literacy rate in the three regions is relatively similar.

2. More males are literate than females. In some of the rural areas only 32% of

woman are able to read and write (NPC, 2004a).

3. There is a definite correlation between literacy and employment: where the

literacy rate is higher, more people have jobs.

4. A large percentage of people who are classified as being economically

active are unemployed. This is especially the case in Otjozondjupa.

5. Between 40% and 50% of the population within these regions are classified as

being economically inactive. This group includes students, homemakers,

disabled and pensioners.

The provision of internet might create room for employment opportunities. These can

be in the form of internet cafe’s and online libraries. Any 3G capable device can

connect to a 3G network which would improve service delivery even to illiterate

people using cellphones.

A further boost to the employment rate, albeit small, will be the provision of

temporary job opportunities for unskilled labour during construction.

Zambezi and Kavango

In the Zambezi and Kavango Regions the economy primarily revolves around

agriculture and fisheries as reflected by the fact that the largest occupational group

is skilled agricultural and fishery workers (NPC, 2004a and NPC, 2004b). This is further

emphasised by the fact that in both these regions 22% of all employed people are

unpaid family workers in the subsistence/communal farming sector (where more

than half of these people are woman).

Otjozondjupa

In the Otjozondjupa Region 49% of employed persons work in Public and Private

services (NPC. 2004c). These services include hotels and restaurants, transport,

storage, education and private household services. Tourism plays a major role in the

economy of this Region. Internet connectivity could benefit such institutions by

making it possible for them to communicate electronically with their clientele and

marketing themselves more efficiently. It may even make it possible for remote

destinations to host business conferences previously not possible due a lack of

internet.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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5.4 LAND USE ACTIVITIES

The land use activities surrounding these proposed routes are summarised in Table 9.

Table 9: Key land use activities for each of the sites

SITE KEY LAND USE ACTIVITIES

KATIMA MULILO Commercial and residential erven

RUNDU Commercial and residential erven

Homesteads and land used for grazing and crop fields

Vegetable gardens are cultivated within the road reserve

Some residents have built their homes within the road reserve

NUKHUWIS Homesteads and land used for grazing and crop fields

The land use activities outside Rundu should be noted. There are locals who have

settled within the road reserve where they have built their huts and planted their

vegetables. The proposed route will traverse these gardens, impacting the owners.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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5.5 SUMMARY OF KEY SOCIO-ECONOMIC SENSITIVITIES

Based on the baseline information provided in the preceding socio-economic

environment section, a number of key sensitivities have been identified. These are

summarised in Table 10:

Table 10: Socio-Economic related sensitivities

FEATURE DESCRIPTION SENSITIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT

UNEMPLOYMENT

All these regions have a high

unemployment rate of

approximately 20% to 30%

The proposed construction

can potentially contribute

to job creation.

Temporary creation of jobs

All these regions have a high

unemployment rate of

approximately 20% to 30%

The provision of high speed

internet can create space

for new businesses to open

their doors.

Permanent creation of jobs

IMPROVED

SERVICE

DELIVERY

The project will bring

enhanced network

capabilities to the Regions.

More people will have

access to the internet

Positive social impact,

tourism and marketing

opportunities enhanced.

Possibility for literacy rate

to increase.

LAND USE

ACTIVITIES

A number of land use

activities surround the

proposed sites which

includes road users,

infrastructures such as that

of NamPower, residential

and industrial erven,

homesteads and vegetable

gardens.

Damage to any of the land

uses surrounding the

proposed project can

impact on the land users.

The most critical sensitivity

is that there are people

living and farming within

the road reserve.

Land use conflict with other

users of the road s reserve

and servitude.

ROADS The proposed project will

run along a number of main

and gravel roads.

Construction activities may

restrict movement on the

roads and safety issues

should be mitigated.

Disturbance of traffic flow

AESTHETICS Construction will be taking

place within town as well as

along main and gravel roads

Construction will cause

temporary changes to the

aesthetics of the

environment

Visual impact on sensitive

receptors

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6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Public Participation forms an important component of the Environmental Assessment

process. It is defined by the Environmental Management Act (2007), as a ‘process in

which potential interested and affected parties are given an opportunity to comment

on, or raise issues relevant to, specific matters’.

Communication with stakeholders about this proposed development was facilitated

through the following means:

Key stakeholders were identified. These include the Regional and Constituency

Councils of the various sites, the Town Councils (including the town planners),

and various Ministries (including Environment and Tourism, Information and

Communication Technology, Health and Social Services and Works and

Transport). Other key stakeholders included NamPower, Telecom, Cenored and

Roads Authority. Their contact details were added to a stakeholders list

(APPENDIX C).

A Background Information Document (BID) was compiled that contained the

information of the project (APPENDIX D). The BID was forwarded to all

stakeholders. The constituency councillors were requested to inform the

applicable headmen in their constituency.

Notices were placed in the press, briefly explaining the development and its

locality, inviting the public to register as stakeholders (APPENDIX E).

A two week comments period is allowed from 22 October 2013 to 5 November

2013 for I&AP’s and the various stakeholders to review and comment on the

draft scoping report and appendices.

Katima Mulilo

A focal meeting was scheduled with the respective Regional Council stakeholders for

the 10th of September in Katima Mulilo. The meeting in Katima Mulilo was well attended.

Six people from various agencies were there which include the Ministry of Education,

the Zambezi Regional Council and MTC (see Figure 4). The result of the meeting was a

general favourable consensus to allow such a development by MTC to take place in

their respective areas of jurisdiction.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Rundu

A public meeting was scheduled for the 11th of September in Rundu. Eventhough the

meeting was advertised over the radio by the tradition authorities, no I&APs attended.

Consultation with vegetable garden owners on Ncaute road was conducted. Some

sections of the proposed route will traverse these gardens and even though they are

situated within the road reserve, consultation with these garden owners was still

necessary.

The consultant visited the vegetable gardens on 15 October 2013 and after speaking to

the owners, established the following:

There are currently five gardens that are being cultivated.

These gardens belong to one family: mother, daughter-in-law, and a sister.

The following crops are being cultivated: maize, pumpkin, cauliflower/cabbage,

spinach, mutete and onions.

The vegetables are mainly for subsistence use, but it is also sold in order to

generate a small income.

Each garden supports approximately 13 people.

Figure 4: Katima Mulilo meeting held at the Katima Mulilo Regional Council Office (Exco

Chambers)

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013

The table below summarises the months during which these vegetables are harvested,

along with the selling price for each vegetable.

Table 11: Vegetable garden details

Vegetable Harvesting Selling price (N$)

Maize December 1,50 per maize cob

Pumpkin January/February 25,00 for a big pumpkin

15,00 for a small pumpkin

Cabbage/Cauliflower October/November 2,00 per cabbage/ cauliflower

Spinach and Mutete October/November 2,00 for a small bunch

Onions October/November 1,00 per onion

The reason for having the gardens at that specific area is the availability of

water. Each garden has a shallow pit, no deeper than 1 meter, from where

water is drawn to irrigate the vegetable.

This is the first year that the families have made vegetable gardens in the area in

the road reserve as a result of the drought and failing crops on their fields.

The proposed route will cut across the areas that are currently used for maize

cultivation.

The family visited raised the following concerns:

Question/Concern Response

After the fibre-optic line has been laid, can we again use

that area for gardening?

Yes. The line will be put under ground between and will

again be covered up. Once this has been done you can

continue with gardening on that piece of land.

How big will the trench be? It will be between 0,5 and 1 metre deep and probably

not wider than 1 metre.

If they come and put in the line now, it will be a Noted.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013

problem as our crops might be damaged before we can

harvest it.

MTC must please contact the head of the house, Mr.

Sinonge, and show him exactly where the line will go

before they dig the trench.

Noted.

The consultant made the following conclusions:

Due to the ongoing drought of 2013, the families are highly dependent on the

produce of these gardens for both as a source of food and income. It is thus

recommended that digging the trench through these vegetable gardens should

be avoided as far as possible, or at least be prolonged until after the harvesting

season. Alternatively, and as a last resort MTC should consider compensating

these families for the crops that will be damaged in the process either in cash or

kind.

MTC must contact the owners of these gardens before digging the trench

informing them exactly where they will dig as well as when.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Nukhuwis

Public consultation with the farm owners of the two farms on which construction will

take place, Olifantsput and Nukhuwis, was conducted.

The owner of the farm Nukhuwis, Mr Nganyone, was telephonically consulted on the

11th of October 2013. The project was explained to him as well as the possible impacts it

could have on him and his farm. He confirmed that he has no objections, comments or

concerns with regards to the. This has been confirmed in writing and his signed letter

can be found in Appendix G.

Mr Joseph Hatutale Kakoto, the owner of the farm Olifantsput, was personally consulted

at his office in Windhoek on 15 October 2013. Mr Kakoto does not object to the lines

being buried on his farm but he has the following concerns:


Security: Currently there are two servitudes on my farm

belonging to NamPower and Cenored. Now MTC will

also need to access my land. Due to the fact that the

workers do not announce themselves at my homestead

before entering the servitude it is difficult to control

who is on my farm and why. This is a security threat and

a serious concern for me as a farmer.

The contractor shall inform the owner before entering

onto any private property, of his intention to do so and

shall make such arrangements with such owner as may

be necessary to ensure free and unhampered entry to,

and movement on or over the property concerned, for

the duration of the project. This should be done at

least one month in advance and written proof of such

communication should be available at all times.

Road Maintenance: The roads within the servitude are

not being maintained properly causing severe bush

encroachment. I propose that such maintenance and

bush clearing is outsourced to the farm owner at a

market related fee on a contract basis.

Noted.

Agreement: What is the agreement between Cenored

and MTC to share the servitude? When Cenored first

proclaimed the servitude they entered into a goodwill

agreement with Olifantsput by paying. Will MTC also

have a goodwill agreement with Olifantsput?

MTC is willing to sign a long term agreement with the

owner of Olifantsputs for the lifespan of the fiber optic

line. A small fee will be negotiated with him concluding

a goodwill agreement between MTC and Mr Kakoto.

Locks: Workers often arrive on the farm to work on the

lines but do not have keys to open the padlocks. My

workers then have to take time to cut the locks. These

locks also make it impossible for me to use the road.

Noted. This will be addressed in the management plan

of the EIA.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013


Service Delivery: Would I be able to access these 3G

and 4G services? Would the signal reach my

homestead?

No this work will not provide any 3G or 4G services to

the surrounding are. The fiber optic lines that will be

lain in Nukwhuwis is just a transport medium for

transmission and unfortunately improved service

delivery is not a benefit of the project at this specific

location.

From the information obtained through the public consultation process and the

baseline information (presented in Section 4 and 5) the potential impacts that this

project could pose to the receiving biophysical and social environment can be

deduced. These are discussed in the following chapter.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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7 ASSESSENT AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

7.1 METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED FOR THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The EIA Regulations require “a description of the significance of any significant effects,

including cumulative effects, that may occur as a result of the undertaking of the

activity”. In order to determine significance, each of the potential impacts identified in

the previous chapter have been subjected to the following questions displayed

graphically (steps 1 and 2 - Figure 5) below. These questions form the methodology for

assessing the significance of the effects or impacts identified through this EIA process:

1. The first step is to eliminate all impacts which do not fall within the scope of this

project and responsibility of MTC;

2. The next step is to determine whether sufficient information exists to assess the

potential impacts of those that remain.

RESULT: No issues falling outside the scope of this development were identified

during the process and the information available was deemed sufficient to make an

assessment and recommendations. All potential impacts can be addressed

through the proper implementation of the EMP. No further specialist investigations

are therefore required.

To fully understand the significance of each of the potential impacts, it is necessary to

subject each to a range of assessment criteria. The application of these criteria, in

determining the significance of potential impacts, uses a balanced combination of

duration, extent, and intensity, modified by probability, cumulative effects, and

confidence. The definitions of each of the criteria are contained in

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Table 12 and

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Table 13.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Figure 5: Screening process to determine key issues

Does the issue fall within the scope of the project and the

responsibility of the Public Private Partnership?

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Table 12: Definitions of each of the Criteria used to determine the significance of impacts

DESCRIPTION

NATURE Reviews the type of effect that the proposed activity will have on the relevant

component of the environment and includes “what will be affected and how?”

EXTENT Geographic area. Indicates whether the impact will be within a limited area (on

site where construction is to take place); local (limited to within 15km of the

area); regional (limited to ~100km radius); national (limited to the coastline of

Namibia); or international (extending beyond Namibia’s boarders).

DURATION Whether the impact will be temporary (during construction only), short term (1-

5 years), medium term (5-10 years), long term (longer than 10 years, but will

cease after operation) or permanent.

INTENSITY Establishes whether the magnitude of the impact is destructive or innocuous and

whether or not it exceeds set standards, and is described as none (no impact);

low (where natural/ social environmental functions and processes are negligibly

affected); medium (where the environment continues to function but in a

noticeably modified manner); or high (where environmental functions and

processes are altered such that they temporarily or permanently cease and/or

exceed legal standards/requirements).

PROBABILITY Considers the likelihood of the impact occurring and is described as uncertain,

improbable (low likelihood), probable (distinct possibility), highly probable (most

likely) or definite (impact will occur regardless of prevention measures).

SIGNIFICANCE Significance is given before and after mitigation. Low if the impact will not have

an influence on the decision or require to be significantly accommodated in the

project design, Medium if the impact could have an influence on the

environment which will require modification of the project design or alternative

mitigation (the route can be used, but with deviations or mitigation) High where

it could have a “no-go” implication regardless of any possible mitigation (an

alternative route should be used).

STATUS OF THE IMPACT A statement of whether the impact is positive (a benefit), negative (a cost), or

neutral. Indicate in each case who is likely to benefit and who is likely to bear

the costs of each impact.

DEGREE OF

CONFIDENCE IN

PREDICTIONS

Is based on the availability of specialist knowledge and other information.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Table 13: Definitions of the various significance ratings

SIGNIFICANCE RATING CRITERIA

LOW Where the impact will have a negligible influence on the environment and no

modifications or mitigations are necessary for the given development

description. This would be allocated to impacts of any severity/ magnitude, if at

a local scale/ extent and of temporary duration/time.

MEDIUM Where the impact could have an influence on the environment, which will

require modification of the development design and/or alternative mitigation.

This would be allocated to impacts of moderate severity/magnitude, locally to

regionally, and in the short term.

HIGH Where the impact could have a significant influence on the environment and, in

the event of a negative impact the activity(ies) causing it, should not be

permitted (i.e. there could be a ‘no-go’ implication for the development,

regardless of any possible mitigation). This would be allocated to impacts of

high magnitude, locally for longer than a month, and/or of high magnitude

regionally and beyond.

7.2 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

By subjecting each of the potential impacts to the criteria stipulated above, it is

possible to establish the significance of each impact prior to implementing

mitigation measures and then after mitigation measures have been implemented.

Some of the mitigation measures are mentioned but detailed descriptions of

management actions are contained in the accompanying EMP.

The process of assessing the significance of each of the possible impacts is

contained in Table 14.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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Table 14: Impact assessment of the proposed project

POTENTIAL

IMPACT STATUS/ NATURE EXTENT DURATION INTENSITY PROBABILITY

DEGREE OF

CONFIDENCE

SIGNIFICANCE

PRE-

MITIGATION

MITIGATION/

ENHANCEMENT

POST-

MITIGATION

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Visual Impact:

Underground

Cabling

Negative effect on

the aesthetics of

the receiving

environment

Site

specific

Temporary Medium Probable Medium Medium Dig trenches on side

of the road where

existing infrastructure

is.

Low

Increased dust

generation

Nuisances to

neighbouring

residents

Site

specific

Temporary Medium Probable Medium Medium Regular dust

suppression

Low

Noise due to

increased people

traffic and use of

machinery

Noise Pollution Site

specific

Temporary Medium Probable Medium Low Construction and

traffic be limited to

normal working

hours.

Low

Traffic flow

disruption

Slower traffic

movement

Site

specific

Temporary Medium Probable Medium Medium Responsible

contractor to liaise

with relevant traffic

department to ensure

smooth traffic flow

along route. Two

Low

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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POTENTIAL


DEGREE OF

CONFIDENCE

SIGNIFICANCE

PRE-

MITIGATION

MITIGATION/

ENHANCEMENT

POST-

MITIGATION

phased approach:

one lane blocked off

at a time and not

both. Use effective

traffic signage.

Delay in

municipal service

provisions

Disruption of

services to

residents

Site

specific

Temporary Medium Probable Medium Medium Deviate route if

crucial underground

municipal service

lines will collide with

that of the trench

dug.

Low

Health and

Safety of

Workers

Increase in

potential risk of

injuries on site

Site

specific

Temporary Medium Probable Medium Medium Comply to all Health

and Safety standards

specified in Labour

Act

Low

Job creation Temporary

creation of jobs

during

construction

Local Temporary Medium Highly

Probable

Medium Medium

Positive

Appoint locals to do

the unskilled labour

such as digging the

trenches.

Medium

Positive

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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POTENTIAL


DEGREE OF

CONFIDENCE

SIGNIFICANCE

PRE-

MITIGATION

MITIGATION/

ENHANCEMENT

POST-

MITIGATION

Land use

conflicts

Possible impact on

vegetable garden

owners within the

road reserve

Local Temporary High Probable Medium Medium Open and honest

communication with

owners prior to

commencement of

construction

Low

Soil Erosion Erosion or loss of

soil dug out for

trenches due to

rain storms or

wind

Local Temporary High Probable Medium Medium Do not leave trenches

open for too long –

replace soil as soon as

possible

Low

Water pollution Possible water

pollution due to

infringement of

the watertable

during

construction

Local Short term Medium Probable Medium Medium Should the water

table be infringed,

extra care regarding

fuel or hazardous

substances around

the water should be

taken as to avoid

water pollution.

Low

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013

POTENTIAL


DEGREE OF

CONFIDENCE

SIGNIFICANCE

PRE-

MITIGATION

MITIGATION/

ENHANCEMENT

POST-

MITIGATION

OPERATIONAL PHASE

Increased

capacity, better

service provision

Improved MTC

services in the

northern regions

Regional Permanent High Highly

probable

Medium Medium

Positive

Construction of

proposed fiber optic

lines

High Positive

Maintenance of

fiber optic lines

The continued

maintenance of

aerial fiber optic

lines.

Site

specific

Permanent Low Probable Medium Low Adhere to safety

standards set by IFC

and Labour Act.

Incorporated into the

EMP.

Low

Tourism

Increase in

tourism due to

improved service

delivery

Regional Permanent Medium Probable Medium Medium

positive

Awareness raising High Positive

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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 DISCUSSION

Having screened all potential impacts and having subjected those applicable to

the criteria outlined in Table 12 the following points, regarding the impacts and their

corresponding mitigation measures addressed in Table 14, need to be noted:

The following potential impacts associated with the construction and operation of

the optic fiber lines in the north eastern regions has been identified:

Visual impact: A visual impact is expected during the construction phase due

to the digging of trenches and this disturbance could be further exacerbated

should the sites not adhere to strict standards of cleanliness. If mitigated and

managed properly this impact is however temporary and of low significance.

Waste management recommendations, as described in the EMP should be

adhered to at all times.

Dust creation: The sandy environment within which construction is taking

place makes dust creation a likely consequence of construction. This is why

the measures included in the EMP are so important to implement. Failure to

do so could cause agitation to any sensitive receivers.

Water pollution: It has been determined that it is highly likely that the water

table will be infringed upon during trench digging, specifically at Rundu.

Mitigation measures to avoid pollution during construction of the trenches are

recommended in the EMP.

Noise generation: Noise generated by the operation of machinery could be a

source of irritation to close neighbours. It is recommended that construction

be kept to normal working hours (between 07:00 and 18:00) (see EMP).

Increased capacity and better service provision: This is a positive outcome of

the project. The proposed project could improve the current MTC services in

the area by increasing the capacity of the existing infrastructure.

Traffic disruptions: In some instances it is necessary for the optic fiber to cross

roads. At these places the road surface needs to be uplifted to construct the

cable subsurface. This could temporarily cause disruptions in the traffic flow.

By implementing proper safety regulations in the form of signage and

following a 2-phased approach to allow continued flow of traffic the

disruptions should be minimal and short lived. Further recommendations in

this regard are also included in the EMP.

Health and safety: This impact relates both to the public and the workforce

during the construction phase of the project. The contractor is required to

ensure the safety of his work site to avoid public injury. Specific measures

include the demarcation of trenches with safety tape and signage indicating

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

OCTOBER 2013

construction activities. In addition the contractor should adhere to the

specifications of the Labour Act (Act 11 of 2007) and the guidelines proposed

by the IFC (2007).

Job creation and tourism: The project positively influences these two factors. If

the service delivery regarding internet provision to these areas improves,

which creates opportunities for entrepreneurs to open new businesses like

internet cafe’s. The construction of the lines will also create temporary

positions for unskilled labourers.

Land use conflicts: This is a potentially significant impact that could cause

conflict if not managed correctly. There are people living within the road

reserve outside of Rundu where the lines will be buried. Within most areas the

road reserve is wide enough for construction to take place without people

having to relocate. But in other areas where the reserve is narrower they have

planted vegetable gardens. This means it would be necessary for them to

either harvest or move their vegetables in order to allow construction to take

place. Appropriate mitigation measures, as described in the EMP, need to be

followed diligently. Conflicts with farm owners should be avoided by

effectively communicating with the owners as set out in the EMP.

No impacts with a “high significance” rating are anticipated on this project and the

need for further assessments in a full Environmental Assessment Study is therefore not

expected. After assessing each of the potential impacts and considering possible

mitigation measures, the significance of these impacts can be reduced to “low”.

8.2 FINAL RECOMENDATIONS

It is concluded that most of the impacts identified during this Environmental

Assessment can be mitigated through management actions implemented during

construction and operation. Should the contractor therefore succeed in

implementing the management actions recommended in the EMP the significance

of the impacts will be low and of short duration.

It is therefore recommended that the project receive Environmental Clearance,

provided that the EMP be implemented.

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ENVIRO DYNAMICS

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REFERENCES

Botha, P. 2001. Groundwater in Namibia – an explanation to the Hydrogeological

map. John Meinert Printing. Windhoek.

Mendelsohn, J., Jarvis, A., Roberts, C., & Robertson, T. (2009). Atlas of Namibia: A

portrait of the land and its people. Cape Town, South Africa: Sunbird Publishers (PTY)

LTD.

NPC. 2004a. 2001 Population and Housing Census, Caprivi Region: Basic Analysis with

Highlights. Solitaire Press. Windhoek.

NPC. 2004b. 2001 Population and Housing Census, Kavango Region: Basic Analysis

with Highlights. Solitaire Press. Windhoek.

NPC. 2004c. 2001 Population and Housing Census, Otjozondjupa Region: Basic

Analysis with Highlights. Solitaire Press. Windhoek.

NPC. 2012. National Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results. National

Planning Commision.

Simmonds, A. 2001. Groundwater in Namibia – an explanation to the

Hydrogeological map. John Meinert Printing. Windhoek.

Documents

MTC FIBER OPTIC LINES IN THE NORTH EASTERN REGIONS OF · PDF fileof fibre optic lines in the north-eastern regions of Namibia. ... BTS Base Transceiver Station ... This project will