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MSU Extension
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Principles of Pest Principles of Pest ManagementManagement
MSU Extension
Right of Way AreasRight of Way Areas
HighwaysHighways Utility areasUtility areas Pumping stationsPumping stations Drainage waysDrainage ways Railroads, airportsRailroads, airports Paths and trailsPaths and trails
MSU Extension
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) uses all available tactics and strategies to manage pests. Minimal impact to the environment.
MSU Extension
In right- of - way pest management, woody and herbaceous plant species are the major pests.
Not easy to define a crop-pest relationship.-
MSU Extension
The “crop” of right-of-ways is the services the right-of-way provides.
MSU Extension
Right of Way IPMRight of Way IPMComponentsComponents
Pest identificationPest identification MonitoringMonitoring Site specific requirementsSite specific requirements Development & implementation Development & implementation
of control strategiesof control strategies Evaluation of effectivenessEvaluation of effectiveness
MSU Extension
Record KeepingRecord Keeping
Control measures, datesControl measures, dates
Pesticides & related infoPesticides & related info
ID of crew & equipmentID of crew & equipment
Environmental conditionsEnvironmental conditions
MSU Extension
Pest Management Pest Management TechniquesTechniques
Biological controlBiological control
Cultural controlCultural control
Mechanical controlMechanical control
Chemical controlChemical control
MSU Extension
Biological controls focus on enhancing the effects of natural enemies.
MSU Extension
Production by plants of chemicals that inhibit the growth of nearby plants.
- black walnut
- quackgrass
- sunflower
MSU Extension
Cultural ControlsCultural Controls
Time of plantingTime of planting
Nurse cropsNurse crops
Controlled burningControlled burning
MulchingMulching
ShadingShading
SanitationSanitation
MSU Extension
Mechanical ControlMechanical Control
Mechanical / manualMechanical / manual
Mowing, trimming, cuttingMowing, trimming, cutting
– mowing height must control weed
plants and encourage desired
vegetation
MSU Extension
Chemical ControlChemical Control
FlexibilityFlexibility
““Brown out”Brown out”
Timing.. LimitedTiming.. Limited
Public PerceptionsPublic Perceptions
MSU Extension
Site Requirements & Pest Site Requirements & Pest SpeciesSpecies
Will help to determine…Will help to determine…
– pesticide to use
– application technique
– timing
– equipment selection
– mixing rate and additives
MSU Extension
Attitudes have changed.
Not all woody vegetation is considered undesirable.
MSU Extension
Environmental ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns
Wetlands are critical sensitive to Wetlands are critical sensitive to
chemicalschemicals
Use extreme care to avoid Use extreme care to avoid
exposing wetlands and surface exposing wetlands and surface
waters to pesticideswaters to pesticides
– use a anti-back flow device
MSU Extension
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Weed Plants and TreesWeed Plants and Trees
MSU Extension
Weed = any plant growing where it is not wanted.
MSU Extension
Developmental StagesDevelopmental Stages
SeedlingSeedling
VegetativeVegetative
Seed ProductionSeed Production
MaturityMaturity
MSU Extension
Plant TypesPlant Types
AnnualAnnual
– summer
– winter
BiennialBiennial
PerennialPerennial
MSU Extension
Plant ClassificationPlant Classification
GrassesGrasses– monocots, fibrous root system,
growth point at soil surface, annual or perennial
SedgesSedges– similar to grasses, triangular
stems, perennial
MSU Extension
Plant ClassificationPlant Classification
Herbaceous broadleavesHerbaceous broadleaves
– annual, biennial, perennial
– net like venation
– dicots
– diverse growth points
– underground reproductive systems
MSU Extension
Plant ClassificationPlant Classification
VinesVines
Brush & treesBrush & trees
FernsFerns
– spore reproduction, rhizomes
Parasitic seed plantsParasitic seed plants
– dodder
MSU Extension
Aquatic PlantAquatic PlantClassificationClassification
EmergentEmergent
FloatingFloating
SubmergentSubmergent
AlgaeAlgae
MSU Extension
Submergent plants have a thin outer layer on their leaves and are very susceptible to herbicide injury.
MSU Extension
You must obtain a permit from DEQ (DNR) to control aquatic plants.
Excluding: < 2 acres, no outlet, not RUP
MSU Extension
Ash: black, white, green
MSU Extension
Black locust
MSU Extension
Boxelder: ash- leaf maple
MSU Extension
Red maple (soft maple)
MSU Extension
Sassafras
MSU Extension
Black willow
MSU Extension
Black cherry
MSU Extension
American elm
MSU Extension
Trembling aspen, poplar
MSU Extension
Chicory
MSU Extension
Cattail
MSU Extension
Goldenrod
MSU Extension
Wild carrot (Queen Anne’s lace)
MSU Extension
Poison ivy
MSU Extension
Canada thistle
MSU Extension
Musk Thistle
MSU Extension
Purple loosestrife
MSU Extension
Phragmites
MSU Extension
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Herbicides & WeedsHerbicides & Weeds
MSU Extension
Herbicides are pesticides that control weeds.
MSU Extension
Factors Affecting Herbicidal Factors Affecting Herbicidal ActionAction
Herbicidal action characteristicsHerbicidal action characteristics
Plant characteristicsPlant characteristics
Climatic factorsClimatic factors
MSU Extension
Herbicidal ActionHerbicidal ActionCharacteristicsCharacteristics
Foliage or root absorbedFoliage or root absorbed
Contact or translocatedContact or translocated
Persistent or non- persistentPersistent or non- persistent
Selective or Non- selectiveSelective or Non- selective
MSU Extension
Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics
Growing pointsGrowing points
Leaf shapeLeaf shape
Wax & cuticleWax & cuticle
Leaf hairsLeaf hairs
MSU Extension
Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics
DeactivationDeactivation
Stage in life cycleStage in life cycle
Timing of stages in life cycleTiming of stages in life cycle
MSU Extension
Climatic FactorsClimatic Factors
Relative humidityRelative humidity
LightLight
PrecipitationPrecipitation
WindWind
TemperaturesTemperatures
Length of growing seasonLength of growing season
MSU Extension
Temperature InversionsTemperature Inversions
Ground air cooler than air aboveGround air cooler than air above
Can suspend pesticide particlesCan suspend pesticide particles
Particles can move to non- Particles can move to non-
target areastarget areas
MSU Extension
Selective HerbicidesSelective Herbicides
Foliage sprayingFoliage spraying
Basal sprayingBasal spraying
Granular or pelletGranular or pellet
SpotgunSpotgun
Cut surfaceCut surface
MSU Extension
Foliage treatments can be done from full leaf to early fall color.
MSU Extension
Low Volume Ground Low Volume Ground Foliage TreatmentFoliage Treatment
10 to 100 gal per acre10 to 100 gal per acre
Not treated to point of runoffNot treated to point of runoff
Higher concentration of active Higher concentration of active
ingredientingredient
Faster coverageFaster coverage
Drift can be major concernDrift can be major concern
MSU Extension
High Volume Ground High Volume Ground Foliage TreatmentsFoliage Treatments
Herbicide concentration rather Herbicide concentration rather
than rate per acrethan rate per acre
Spray to “drip”Spray to “drip”
Larger volumes of mixLarger volumes of mix
Herbicide amount will vary Herbicide amount will vary
considerablyconsiderably
MSU Extension
Aerial ApplicationAerial Application
Helicopters used most oftenHelicopters used most often
Pilot must be certified in…Pilot must be certified in…
– right-of-way
– aerial application
Commonly used in rough terrainCommonly used in rough terrain
MSU Extension
Basal treatment can be applied any time of year, except with snow or ice.
MSU Extension
Basal Spray MethodsBasal Spray Methods
Conventional basal sprayingConventional basal spraying– spray to wet or run down– fuel oil carrier– lower concentrations– losing popularity
cost odor
MSU Extension
Basal Spray MethodsBasal Spray Methods
Low Volume Basal SprayingLow Volume Basal Spraying
– more concentrated
– not sprayed to wet
– light & compact equipment
– more like spray painting
MSU Extension
Granular ApplicationGranular Application
BroadcastBroadcast
DirectedDirected
MSU Extension
SpotgunSpotgun
Liquid herbicide applied to a Liquid herbicide applied to a “spot” in the root zone area. “spot” in the root zone area.
Similar to a granular stem Similar to a granular stem treatmenttreatment
More effective in sparse More effective in sparse vegetationvegetation– fewer risks to non- target plants
MSU Extension
Cut Surface TreatmentsCut Surface Treatments
Cut stump, frilling, hack & Cut stump, frilling, hack & squirt, girdlingsquirt, girdling
ErrorsErrors– too much chemical– improper girdling or frilling– applying too close to desirable
vegetation
MSU Extension
Non-selective herbicides control most plant species. Many last 1+ years. Easily damage non- target plants.
MSU Extension
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Non- Selective HerbicidesNon- Selective Herbicides
SoilsSoils
MoistureMoisture
Vegetation typesVegetation types
Soil microorganismsSoil microorganisms
MSU Extension
Non- Selective HerbicidesNon- Selective Herbicides
Keep away from root zones of Keep away from root zones of desirable plantsdesirable plants
Do not apply to frozen groundDo not apply to frozen ground Be careful of residual herbicides Be careful of residual herbicides
on slopeson slopes Use low pressure Use low pressure Choose non- corrosive materialsChoose non- corrosive materials
MSU Extension
Other ChemicalsOther Chemicals
DefoliantDefoliant– removes foliage
DessicantDessicant– dries foliage
Plant growth regulatorPlant growth regulator– affects some aspect of plant
development-