MSSW Program Orientation, Fall 2014 APA-Style Writing Workshop Presenter: Dr. Stan L. Bowie The University of Tennessee College of Social Work Knoxville,

MSSW ProgramOrientation, Fall 2014

APA-Style Writing Workshop

Presenter: Dr. Stan L. BowieThe University of Tennessee

College of Social Work

Knoxville, Tennessee

Welcome to the University of Tennessee

College of Social WorkCollege of Social Work

Workshop Objectives

1.1. To provide instruction on the elements To provide instruction on the elements of APA writing style (6of APA writing style (6thth Edition) that Edition) that are most important to writing college are most important to writing college level term papers.level term papers.

2.2. To provide instructions and examples To provide instructions and examples regarding APA rules, answer regarding APA rules, answer questions, questions, and assess the and assess the learning outcomes of the learning outcomes of the workshop.workshop.

What is APA Style?

APA styleAPA style is a style of writing used by is a style of writing used by journals published by the American journals published by the American Psychological Association. The style is Psychological Association. The style is fully documented in the fully documented in the Publication Publication manual of the American Psychological manual of the American Psychological AssociationAssociation (6th edition, 2010). (6th edition, 2010).

APA styleAPA style is a widely recognized is a widely recognized standard for scientific writing in many standard for scientific writing in many different disciplines.different disciplines.

Why is APA Style Needed?

APA StyleAPA Style is needed by writers to is needed by writers to maintain maintain consistency consistency in writing style in writing style and formatting, especially when writing and formatting, especially when writing for publication or graduate school level for publication or graduate school level term papers. term papers.

Part I: The Logic of APA and Other “Writing Styles”

It’s fundamentally aboutIt’s fundamentally about

Avoiding Avoiding PlagiarismPlagiarism

Plagiarism, defined:, defined:

Writing words, phrases, or Writing words, phrases, or sentences from another source sentences from another source without proper documentation.without proper documentation.

Summarizing other’s ideas and Summarizing other’s ideas and thoughts without proper thoughts without proper documentation.documentation.

Using facts, statistics, graphs, Using facts, statistics, graphs, or phrases without or phrases without acknowledging the source of acknowledging the source of information.information.

Consequences of Plagiarism

Violates the UTK academic Violates the UTK academic code and can result in a code and can result in a student being dismissed from student being dismissed from the University of Tennessee the University of Tennessee (See (See Hilltopics, 2013-2014)Hilltopics, 2013-2014)

Examples of Different “Writing Style” Manuals

MLAMLA

Child Welfare LeagueChild Welfare League

Harvard StyleHarvard Style

University of Chicago StyleUniversity of Chicago Style

Kate Turabian ManualKate Turabian Manual

Key APA Concepts and Issues

• Text (body of term paper)Text (body of term paper)• In-Text Citations (author-date format)In-Text Citations (author-date format)• References (1-to-1 match with citations)References (1-to-1 match with citations)• Quotations (direct quotes)Quotations (direct quotes)• Block quotes (40 words or more)Block quotes (40 words or more)• Paraphrase (say it in your own words)Paraphrase (say it in your own words)• Margins (1 inch on all four sides)Margins (1 inch on all four sides)• Personal communication citations (in-text)Personal communication citations (in-text)

Key APA Concepts and Issues, cont.

• IndentationIndentation• Line spacing Line spacing (double space entire (double space entire

paper)paper)• Punctuation spacing Punctuation spacing • PaginationPagination• Latin abbreviations (e.g., i.e., et al., Latin abbreviations (e.g., i.e., et al.,

etc.)etc.)• Punctuation with proper nounsPunctuation with proper nouns• Book referencesBook references

Key APA Concepts and Issues, cont.

• Journal references (scholarly Journal references (scholarly journals)journals)

• Edited book referencesEdited book references• Book chapter referencesBook chapter references• Electronic referencesElectronic references• ““Runningheader”Runningheader”• ““Overcitation”Overcitation”

In-Text Citations

In the text of your paper, you must cite In the text of your paper, you must cite anyany material or information that you borrow from material or information that you borrow from another source. APA style requires you to another source. APA style requires you to use the “author-date” method of in-text use the “author-date” method of in-text citation. citation.

This means that the author’s This means that the author’s last namelast name and and the the year of publicationyear of publication are inserted in the are inserted in the text at the appropriate point, and enclosed text at the appropriate point, and enclosed in parentheses. in parentheses.

In-Text Citations (Cont.)

The underlying principle is that the The underlying principle is that the ideas and words of other people ideas and words of other people must be formally acknowledged.must be formally acknowledged.

The reader can obtain the full The reader can obtain the full source citation from the source citation from the list of list of references references that follows the body of that follows the body of the paper. the paper.


When the names of the authors of a source are When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the parentheses following the identification of the authors. authors. Consider the following exampleConsider the following example: :

Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin dosage over there was a reduction in insulin dosage over a period of two weeks in the treatment a period of two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, condition compared to the control condition, the difference was not statistically the difference was not statistically significant. significant.


AnotherAnother example example:: Reviews of research on religion and health Reviews of research on religion and health

have concluded that at least some types of have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991). 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991).


When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited.included every time the source is cited.

When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When that authors are included the first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." are source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." are used. used.

Consider the following exampleConsider the following example: Reviews of research on religion : Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).

Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... Payne et al. (1991) showed that ...


When a source that has six or more When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited every time the source is cited (including the first time). (including the first time).


Every effort should be made to cite only sources Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that you have not necessary to cite a source that you have not read that is cited in a source that you have read that is cited in a source that you have read, use the following format for the text read, use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have read citation and list only the source you have read in the References list: in the References list:

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body language identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerabilitythat were related to judgments of vulnerability. .

Other In-Text Citation Rules

When using quotations in text, you must When using quotations in text, you must use the citation, and list the page use the citation, and list the page number. number.

Example #1: “Mary had a little lamb” Example #1: “Mary had a little lamb” (Jones, 1989, p. 3).(Jones, 1989, p. 3).

Example #2: Jones (1989) found that Example #2: Jones (1989) found that “Mary had a little lamb” (p. 311).“Mary had a little lamb” (p. 311).

Other In-Text Citation Rules ““Block quotes”Block quotes”A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be

enclosed in double quotation marks and should enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. sentence.

ExampleExample: : Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, and therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated" were less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829). (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).


““Block quotes”Block quotes”

A.A. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without words should appear (without quotation marks) apart from the quotation marks) apart from the surrounding text, in block format, with surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from each line indented five spaces from the left margin. the left margin.


Example of a block quoteExample of a block quote::

Bowie & Dabbs (2003) made the following Bowie & Dabbs (2003) made the following observation regarding primary care to poor workers:observation regarding primary care to poor workers:

Another important barrier to accessing and utilizing primary health care is lack of insurance. As the numbers of uninsured have grown, employment-related health insurance coverage for workers continues to decline. Only 29% of poor workers were covered by employer-related insurance in 1993. (p. 233)


Example of the same block quote, stated another Example of the same block quote, stated another wayway::

Previous observations were made in the literature Previous observations were made in the literature regarding primary care to poor workers:regarding primary care to poor workers:

Another important barrier to accessing and utilizing primary health care is lack of insurance. As the numbers of uninsured have grown, employment-related health insurance coverage for workers continues to decline. Only 29% of poor workers were covered by employer-related insurance in 1993. (Bowie & Dabbs, 2003, p. 233)


Reproduce a quote exactlyReproduce a quote exactly. If there are errors, . If there are errors, introduce the word introduce the word sicsic italicized and bracketed-- italicized and bracketed--for example [for example [sicsic]--immediately after the error to ]--immediately after the error to indicate it was part of the original source. indicate it was part of the original source.

Use three dots with a space before, between, and Use three dots with a space before, between, and after each (ellipsis points) when omitting material, after each (ellipsis points) when omitting material, four if the omitted material includes the end of a four if the omitted material includes the end of a sentence (with no space before the first). Do not sentence (with no space before the first). Do not use dots at the beginning or end of a quotation use dots at the beginning or end of a quotation unless it is important to indicate the quotation unless it is important to indicate the quotation begins or ends in mid-sentence.begins or ends in mid-sentence.


Example of the previous block quote, using ellipsis points to omit Example of the previous block quote, using ellipsis points to omit material:material:

Previous observations were made in the literature regarding Previous observations were made in the literature regarding primary care to poor workers:primary care to poor workers:

Another important barrier to accessing and utilizing primary health care is lack of insurance. As the numbers of uninsured have grown, employment-related health insurance coverage for workers continues to decline. Only 29% of poor workers were covered… [with health] insurance in 1993. (Bowie & Dabbs, 2003, p. 233) Note: “by employer related” was Note: “by employer related” was omitted and replaced with different words in required brackets. omitted and replaced with different words in required brackets.

In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) found no interaction amongst variables in the cross-sectional data. Walker's research supports the work of others tudying similar variables (James & King, 2004; Salinger, 1999). However, interactions among variables were identified in the longitudinal data.

Other In-Text Citation Rules (Cont.)

AcronymsAcronyms: When spelling out the name : When spelling out the name of an organization or group, spell it out of an organization or group, spell it out entirely the first time, then afterward, entirely the first time, then afterward, use the acronym.use the acronym.

ExampleExample: In a government study : In a government study (National Institute of Mental Health (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1998), it was found that…[NIMH], 1998), it was found that…

Thereafter: Thereafter: The previously cited study The previously cited study (NIMH, 1998) found that…(NIMH, 1998) found that…


Multiple works by the same authorMultiple works by the same author::If citing multiple works by the same author If citing multiple works by the same author at the same time, arrange dates in order. at the same time, arrange dates in order. Use letters to distinguish multiple Use letters to distinguish multiple publications by the same author in the same publications by the same author in the same year.year.

Example: Several studies reached the same Example: Several studies reached the same conclusion (Johnson, 1988, 1990a, 1990b, conclusion (Johnson, 1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1999) about breast self examination among 1999) about breast self examination among African American women.African American women.


Personal Communications:Personal Communications:For “unrecoverable data” such as emails, For “unrecoverable data” such as emails,

conversations, and interviews, use personal conversations, and interviews, use personal communication citations.communication citations.

Example: The best strategy for parent training Example: The best strategy for parent training is to use experienced parents for trainers is to use experienced parents for trainers (J.B. Smith, personal communication, (J.B. Smith, personal communication, November 27, 2012).November 27, 2012).

Note: Personal communication citations Note: Personal communication citations DO DO NOT NOT appear on the reference page.appear on the reference page.

Reference Formats

General Reference Rules:

All references cited in the text must All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list.appear in the reference list.

Each entry in the reference list must be Each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text.cited in the text.

There are different reference formats There are different reference formats for journals, books, edited books, for journals, books, edited books, newspapers, and so forth. The newspapers, and so forth. The differences are differences are important!important!

Abbreviations used in References Chap. Chap. ChapterChapter ed. ed. EditionEdition rev. ed.rev. ed. Revised editionRevised edition 22ndnd ed. ed. Second editionSecond edition Ed.Ed. Edited byEdited by (Eds.)(Eds.) Multiple editorsMultiple editors Trans.Trans. Translated byTranslated by p.p. Page number, with space after Page number, with space after

periodperiod

Abbreviations used in References pp.pp. Page numbers (plural)Page numbers (plural) Vol.Vol. A specific VolumeA specific Volume vols.vols. A work with multiple volumesA work with multiple volumes No.No. NumberNumber Pt.Pt. PartPart Suppl.Suppl. SupplementSupplement Tech. Rep.Tech. Rep. Technical ReportTechnical Report

An important note regarding the use of “pp.” for page numbers Use the abbreviation "pp." for page Use the abbreviation "pp." for page

numbers in encyclopedia entries, multi-numbers in encyclopedia entries, multi-page newspaper articles, chapters or page newspaper articles, chapters or articles in edited books, but articles in edited books, but notnot in in journal or magazine article citations, journal or magazine article citations, where numbers alone should be used where numbers alone should be used (see examples of reference formats).(see examples of reference formats).

Rules for Italics (Underlining)

Do notDo not italicize or underline common foreign italicize or underline common foreign abbreviations (vice versa, et al., vis-a-vis). abbreviations (vice versa, et al., vis-a-vis).

Do notDo not italicize or underline for mere italicize or underline for mere emphasis. emphasis.

Italicize or underlineItalicize or underline the titles of books and the titles of books and articles, letters used as statistical symbols, articles, letters used as statistical symbols, and volume numbers in reference lists. and volume numbers in reference lists.

A reference list should be provided at the end of all papers to assist readers in identifying and retrieving sources.

Only include references for material cited in your paper. Note that this is what differentiates a reference list from a bibliography.

Items in your reference list should be listed alphabetically by the first author's surname. The list is double spaced and formatted using a hanging indent (i.e., the second line of each item is indented five spaces).

There are five core elements to each listing:

Element One = authorElement Two = yearElement Three = title of article/ chapterElement Four = name of journal/ book (Vol/Issue # if scholarly journal)Element Five = publisher location and name (page #s if scholarly journal)

Other Reference Considerations:-Publisher’s City-Different works by same author-Capitalization-Italics versus underlining

Reference Examples: Book:Book:

Pope, R. L., Reynolds, A. L., & Mueller, J. A. (2004). Pope, R. L., Reynolds, A. L., & Mueller, J. A. (2004). Multicultural Multicultural competence in student affairs. competence in student affairs. San San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Francisco, CA: Jossey-

Bass.Bass.

Edited Book:Edited Book: Gilligan, C, Lyons, N. P., & Hammer, T. J. (Eds.). (1989). Gilligan, C, Lyons, N. P., & Hammer, T. J. (Eds.). (1989). Making Making

connections: The relational worlds of adolescent connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma girls at Emma Willard School. Willard School. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Cambridge, MA: Harvard University University

Press.Press.

* NOTE THAT THE NAME OF THE SCHOOL RETAINS ITS * NOTE THAT THE NAME OF THE SCHOOL RETAINS ITS CAPITALIZATION SINCE IT IS A PROPER NOUN *CAPITALIZATION SINCE IT IS A PROPER NOUN *

Reference Examples:

Chapter in an Edited Book:Chapter in an Edited Book:

McEwen, M. E. (2003). The nature and uses of McEwen, M. E. (2003). The nature and uses of theory. In theory. In S. R. Komives, D. B. Woodard, S. R. Komives, D. B. Woodard,

Jr. Jr. CA: Jossey-Bass.CA: Jossey-Bass.

Reference Examples:

Journal Article:Journal Article:

Boatwright, K. J., & Egidio, R. K. (2003). Boatwright, K. J., & Egidio, R. K. (2003). Psychological predictors of college Psychological predictors of college women's leadership aspirations. women's leadership aspirations. Journal Journal of College Student of College Student

Development, 44, Development, 44, 653-669.653-669.

Reference Examples:

Komives, S. K., Owen Casper, J., Longerbeam, S. Komives, S. K., Owen Casper, J., Longerbeam, S. D., D., Mainella, F., & Osteen, L. (2004). Mainella, F., & Osteen, L. (2004). Leadership and dentity development. Leadership and dentity development.

Concepts & Concepts & Connections, Connections, 72(3), 1-6. * 72(3), 1-6. *

*NOTE issue # next to Vol #*NOTE issue # next to Vol #

Reference Examples:

Newspaper Article:Newspaper Article:

Coughlin, E. K. (1993, March 24). Coughlin, E. K. (1993, March 24). Sociologists examine the Sociologists examine the complexities complexities of racial and ethnic of racial and ethnic identity in America. identity in America. The Chronicle of The Chronicle of

Higher Education, Higher Education, pp. A7-A8.pp. A7-A8.

Reference Examples:

Magazine Article:Magazine Article:

Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the the melting pot. melting pot. Time, 135, Time, 135, 28-31.28-31.

Reference Examples:

Websites:Websites:Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the roots of leadership development: Getting to the roots of positive forms of leadership. positive forms of leadership. Leadership Leadership Quarterly, Quarterly, 16, 16, 315-338. Retrieved from 315-338. Retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescripti on.cws_home/620221/descriptionws_home/620221/description* NOTE THAT YOU DO NOT END THIS TYPE OF * NOTE THAT YOU DO NOT END THIS TYPE OF REFERENCE WITH A PERIOD.REFERENCE WITH A PERIOD.

Major Reference Formats for Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

Books, single author

Miller, G. (1981). City by contract. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Mulroy, E.A. (1995). The new uprooted: Single mothers in urban life.

Westport, CT: Auburn House.

Books, No Author or Editor Listed

Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G.

& C. Merriam.

Book, Corporate Author, Edition other than 1st: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association.

(1990). (1990). Diagnostic and statistical Diagnostic and statistical manual of manual of mental disordersmental disorders (3rd (3rd ed.). Washington, ed.). Washington, DC: Author.DC: Author.

Note: “Author” is used as above when Note: “Author” is used as above when author author and publisher are and publisher are identical.identical.

Books, 3-5 authors

Becker, F., Bowie, S. L., Dluhy, M., & Topinka, J. (1998). Assessing the privatization of managing public housing: Final report. Miami, FL: Florida International University Institute of Government.

Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (1995). The craft of research.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Book Chapter in an Edited Book (Cont.)

Bowie, S.L., Dutton-Stepick, C., & Stepick, A. (2000). Voices from the welfare vortex: A descriptive profile of urban, low-income African American women on the eve of devolution. In L.G. Nackerud, & M. Robinson

(Eds.),Early implications of welfare reform in the southeast (pp. 91-111). Huntington, NY: Nova Science

Publishers

Journal Articles

Bowie, S. L. (2001). The impact of privatized management in urban public housing communities: A comparative analysis of perceived crime, neighborhood problems, and

personal safety. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 28 (4), 67-87.

Anonymous or unknown author(Common in Newspapers)

Caffeine linked to mental illness. (1991, Caffeine linked to mental illness. (1991, July 13). July 13). New York Times,New York Times, pp. pp.

B13, B15. B13, B15.

Magazine Article

Gardner, H. (1991, December). Do Gardner, H. (1991, December). Do babies sing a universal song? babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today,Psychology Today, 70-76. 70-76.

Pamphlet/Brochure

Just Say No Foundation. (1992). Just Say No Foundation. (1992). Saving Saving our youth.our youth. [Brochure]. [Brochure].

Washington, Washington, DC: Author. DC: Author.

Avoid Biased and Pejorative Language Generally speaking, avoid writing Generally speaking, avoid writing

anything that will offend anyoneanything that will offend anyone Do not use ethnic labels (e.g., Do not use ethnic labels (e.g.,

Hispanic), when you can use Hispanic), when you can use geographical labels (e.g, Mexican geographical labels (e.g, Mexican Americans)Americans)

Don’t refer to “men” when referring to all Don’t refer to “men” when referring to all adults, when you can use “men and adults, when you can use “men and women.”women.”

Avoid Biased and Pejorative Language (Cont.)

Do not use “homosexuals,” when you Do not use “homosexuals,” when you can use “gay men and lesbians.”can use “gay men and lesbians.”

Do not use “depressives,” when you Do not use “depressives,” when you can use “people with depression.”can use “people with depression.”

Avoid Biased and Pejorative Language (Cont.)

Correct use of the terms “gender” and Correct use of the terms “gender” and “sex”“sex”

The term “gender” refers to culture and The term “gender” refers to culture and should be used when referring to men should be used when referring to men and women as social groups.and women as social groups.

The term “sex” refers to biology and The term “sex” refers to biology and should be used when biological should be used when biological distinctions are emphasized (e.g., “sex distinctions are emphasized (e.g., “sex differences in hormone production.”)differences in hormone production.”)

Be Sensitive to Labels

Persons in clinical studies are Persons in clinical studies are “patients,” not “cases.”“patients,” not “cases.”

Avoid equating people with their Avoid equating people with their conditions. For instance, do not say conditions. For instance, do not say “schizophrenics,” say “people “schizophrenics,” say “people diagnosed with schizophrenia.”diagnosed with schizophrenia.”

Use the term, “sexual orientation,” not Use the term, “sexual orientation,” not sexual preference.”sexual preference.”

Use of Ethnic Terminology in Writing

In racial references, the manual simply In racial references, the manual simply recommends that we respect current recommends that we respect current usage. Currently both the terms "Black" usage. Currently both the terms "Black" and "African American" are widely and "African American" are widely accepted, while "Negro" and "Afro-accepted, while "Negro" and "Afro-American" are not. These things American" are not. These things change, so use common sense. change, so use common sense.

Use of Ethnic Terminology in Writing

Capitalize Capitalize BlackBlack and and WhiteWhite when the when the words are used as proper nouns to refer words are used as proper nouns to refer to social groups. Do not use color words to social groups. Do not use color words for other ethnic groups. The manual for other ethnic groups. The manual specifies that specifies that hyphens should nothyphens should not be be used in multiword names such as Asian used in multiword names such as Asian American or African American. American or African American.

Use of Age Terminology in Writing

In referring to age, In referring to age, be specific about be specific about age rangesage ranges; avoid open-ended ; avoid open-ended definitions like "under 16" or "over 65." definitions like "under 16" or "over 65." Avoid the term Avoid the term elderlyelderly. . Older personOlder person is is preferred. preferred. BoyBoy and and GirlGirl are acceptable are acceptable referring to high school and and referring to high school and and younger. For persons 18 and older use younger. For persons 18 and older use menmen and and womenwomen. .

This Concludes the APA Style Workshop

Questions?Questions?

Documents

MSSW Program Orientation, Fall 2014 APA-Style Writing Workshop Presenter: Dr. Stan L. Bowie The University of Tennessee College of Social Work Knoxville,