MSS'10 CPW TN6 TP 892842-7 - LEAD Southeast High … · · 2017-10-03Tennessee Science 6 Worksheets from every chapter for: • Reinforcement • Directed Reading for Content Mastery

Tennessee Science6

Worksheets from every chapter for:• Reinforcement

• Directed Reading for Content Mastery• Chapter Review

Grade 6

Chapter Practice Workbook

MSS'10_CPW_TN6_TP_892842-7.indd 1MSS'10_CPW_TN6_TP_892842-7.indd 1 4/9/09 12:00:35 PM4/9/09 12:00:35 PM

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Glencoe Science

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted toreproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced onlyfor classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be usedsolely in conjunction with the Middle School program. Any other reproduction, for sale or otheruse, is expressly prohibited.

Send all inquiries to:Macmillan/McGraw-Hill • Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 978-0-07-892842-0

MHID: 0-07-892842-7

Printed in the United States of America.

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Chapter 1–The Nature of Science andTechnology

Reinforcement 1Directed Reading 5Chapter Review 9

Chapter 2–Interactions of LifeReinforcement 11Directed Reading 15Chapter Review 19

Chapter 3–The Nonliving EnvironmentReinforcement 21Directed Reading 25Chapter Review 29

Chapter 4–EcosystemsReinforcement 31Directed Reading 35Chapter Review 39

Chapter 5–Exploring SpaceReinforcement 41Directed Reading 45Chapter Review 49

Chapter 6–The Sun-Earth-Moon SystemReinforcement 51Directed Reading 55Chapter Review 59

Chapter 7–The Solar SystemReinforcement 61Directed Reading 65Chapter Review 69

Chapter 8–Stars and GalaxiesReinforcement 71Directed Reading 75Chapter Review 79

Chapter 9–Views of EarthReinforcement 81Directed Reading 85Chapter Review 89

Chapter 10–AtmosphereReinforcement 91Directed Reading 95Chapter Review 99

Chapter 11–WeatherReinforcement 101Directed Reading 105Chapter Review 109

Chapter 12–ClimateReinforcement 111Directed Reading 115Chapter Review 119

Chapter 13–Ocean MotionReinforcement 121Directed Reading 125Chapter Review 129

Chapter 14–Energy and Energy ResourcesReinforcement 131Directed Reading 135Chapter Review 139

Chapter 15–ElectricityReinforcement 141Directed Reading 145Chapter Review 149

Table of Contents iii

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This chapter practice workbook contains resource materials for all chapterswithin Tennessee Middle School Grade 6. Within you will find:

Reproducible pages for• Reinforcement• Directed Reading for Content Mastery• Chapter Review

Meeting Individual Needs Reinforcement: There is one worksheet for each section, or lesson, of thechapter. The Reinforcement worksheets are designed to focus primarily onscience content and less on vocabulary, although knowledge of the sectionvocabulary supports understanding of the content.

Directed Reading for Content Mastery: The Content Mastery worksheetscontain a variety of formats for vocabulary and major concept development.

Chapter Review: These worksheets are preparation for chaptertests. The Chapter Review worksheets cover all major vocabulary, concepts,and objectives of the chapter. The first part is a vocabulary review and thesecond part is a concept review.

To the Student

iv To the Student

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The Nature of Science and Technology 1

Directions: In the sentences below (labeled 1 and 2), a code letter has been substituted for each letter of the

alphabet. To find out what the sentences say, use the following key to decode them. In the key, the code letters

are shown directly below the alphabet letter each stands for. Write the correct letter above each code letter, then

read the sentences aloud.

KeyA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZZ Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A

1. ____________________________ ______ ____ ___________ ______ H X R V M X V R H Z D Z B L I

___ ___________________________ _______________ ________Z K I L X V H H F H V W G L

____________________________________________________________ _______R M E V H G R T Z G V D S Z G R H

___________________________________ _______________________ _______S Z K K V M R M T Z I L F M W F H

2. __________________________ _______ ___ _____________ _______H X R V M X V R H Z K Z I G L U

_____________ _______________B L F I O R U V

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.

3. List some examples of the types of information that could be found in a scientist’s journal.

4. Explain why observing using only your senses can be misleading.

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2 The Nature of Science and Technology

Name Date Class

Doing Science

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the words below. Some of the words might not be used.

variable models trials experiment

control metric bias hypothesis

experimental research design English descriptive research

1. A method of solving scientific problems based mostly on observations

is ________________________________________.

2. A(n) ________________________________________ is a method of answering scientificquestions by testing a hypothesis through the use of a series of carefully controlled steps.

3. Prior knowledge, new information, and previous observations are used to form

a(n) ________________________________________.

4. A(n) ________________________________________ is a sample treated like otherexperimental groups except that the variable is not applied.

5. Computer ________________________________________ help modern scientists dotheir work.

6. After a hypothesis is developed, a(n) _______________________________________ is oftendesigned to test the hypothesis.

7. Multiple ________________________________________ of an experiment ensurevalid results.

8. Experiments are reliable only if one ________________________________________ at atime is tested.

9. The International System of Units is based on the ____________________________ system.

10. A random sample is one way to reduce ________________________________________when choosing people for an experiment.

Directions: Match the SI unit with what it measures by writing the correct letter in the space provided.

11. meter a. mass

12. kilogram b. volume

13. square meter c. length

14. cubic meter d. area

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Directions: Use the words to complete the sentences below. Some of the words may not be used.

engineered knowledge technology

solutions tested discoveries

science engineering techniques

1. Scientific ____________________ often challenges old ways of thinking or doing things.

2. ____________________ and ____________________ are involved in applying scientificdiscoveries to solve problems.

3. Technology includes products and tools, such as hardware, ____________________, or systems.

4. Scientific ____________________ are constantly incorporated into products that influence ourstyle of living.

5. The goal of science and technology is to find ____________________.

6. A model is ____________________ to find constraints in its design.

Directions: Answers the following questions on the lines provided.

7. What does the term biotechnology mean? Give an example of a problem solved by applicationof biotechnology.

8. Name three aspects of everyday life that have been greatly changed by new technologies.

Science, Technology, and Engineering

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OverviewThe Nature of Science and Technology

Directions: Scientists go through several steps as they solve problems. Read the following stages in problem

solving. Then write the letter of each stage that is described below on the lines provided.

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1. After taking measurements for 2 hours, Danita tried to make sense ofthe numbers.

2. James added a fertilizer to half of the plants and plain water to the other half.

3. Donna wondered why she could never grow flowers in her garden.

4. Luis thought the plants would grow with the addition of nutrients.

5. The students looked at the data and realized that the plants needed a lot of fertilizer.

A. Recognize the problem.

B. Form a hypothesis.

C. Test your hypothesis.

D. Analyze your data.

E. Draw conclusions.

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Section 1 ■ What is science?Section 2 ■ Doing Science

Across5. A statement or prediction that can be tested

6. Factor that can change in an experiment

7. Unit of length in the SI system

8. The different times an experiment is done

Down1. An important step scientists must do

2. A way of testing an idea

3. Information gathered during an experiment

4. The slanting of information

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5

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Directions: Use the following terms to complete the crossword puzzle.

bias meter trials data

observe variable hypothesis experiment


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Section 3 ■ Science, Technology,and Engineering

Directions: Identify an example of each of the following types of technology.

1. Hardware

2. Technique

3. Social-Technical System

Directions: Use the terms from the list to complete the following sentences.

engineering problem pilot plant

science solutions technology testing

4. ________________________________________ is the field that devises ways to makeproducts from a new technology.

5. The first step in finding a scientific solution is to define a

_________________________________.

6. New discoveries in _________________________________________ provide the basicknowledge to make new products.

7. Engineers use ________________________________________ techniques to discoverdesign flaws.

8. The application of knowledge to new products or methods is called

________________________________________.

9. A ________________________________________ is used to test a manufacturing processon a small scale.

10. The goal of scientists and engineers is finding

______________________________ to problems.

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Key TermsThe Nature of Science and Technology

Directions: Use the following terms to complete the sentences below.

constant independent variable control

model constraint dependent science

hypothesis technology scientific methods

descriptive research biotechnology experimental research design

1. A(n) ________________________________________ represents something that is too big,too small, too fast, or too slow to observe directly.

2. A variable that stays the same in an experiment is a(n) _____________________.

3. The variable that is changed in an experiment is the _____________________.

4. A(n) ________________________________________ is a sample that is treated like otherexperimental groups except the independent variable is not applied to it.

5. A prediction that can be tested is a(n)_________________________________.

6. _________________________________________ is a way to investigate what is happeningaround us.

7. ________________________________________ is the application of science to makeproducts or tools people use.

8. When your research is based mostly on observations, it is called

________________________________________.

9. When your research tests a hypothesis by the observation of a series of carefully

controlled steps, it is called ________________________________________.

10. ______________________________ are ways, or steps to follow, to try to solve problems.

11. The factor being measured in an experiment is the ________________ variable.

12. Applying technology to living organisms is called ________________.

13. A ________________ is a limiting factor in a design.



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Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition. The boxed letters should spell the words

that describe the most important scientific tool.

1. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

2. ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

3. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

4. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

5. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

6. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

7. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

8. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

9. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1. use of knowledge to make products or tools

2. a prediction or statement that can be tested

3. SI is used for this purpose

4. sample treated like other experimental groups except no variable is used

5. sample taken without bias

6. a factor in an experiment that can change

7. a way or a process to investigate what is happening around us

8. way to organize and record results and observations

9. The boxed letters spell:

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Chapter Review

The Nature of Science and Technology

Part B. Concept Review1. Number these steps for doing an experiment in the correct order in the blanks provided.

a. Test your hypothesis.

b. Analyze your data.

c. Recognize the problem.

d. Form a hypothesis.

e. Communicate your results.

f. Draw conclusions.

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Chapter Review (continued)

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Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.

2. Scientists use (observations, experiments, observations and experiments) to find answers toquestions.

3. In today’s society, there is/are usually (only one, a pair of, several) scientist[s] working on aproblem at one time.

4. (Making a detailed plan, Making a model, Identifying the problem) is the first step a scientistwould take to solve a problem.

5. New artifacts, new techniques, and new social-technical systems are types of (scientificdiscovery, technology, engineering advances).

6. The first step in finding a scientific solution to a problem or human need is (make adiscovery, define a problem, test a model).

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

7. How do new scientific discoveries affect our everyday life? Give examples.

8. What are some ways that data can be recorded in a science journal?



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Interactions of Life 11

Directions: Classify the features in the picture as either living organisms or nonliving factors.

Living EarthReinforcement

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Sun

Wind

Swan

Dragonfly

FishWater

Soil Rocks

Deer

Trees

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

6. _____

1. Living Organisms

2. Nonliving Factors

Directions: Place the letter of each term below within the circles. The term that includes all of the others should

be in the outermost circle. Place the others in order until the smallest group is in the center circle.

a. population b. ecosystem c. community d. organism

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12 Interactions of Life

Name Date Class

Populations


1. How can competition limit a population’s growth?

2. How can a limiting factor affect a population’s growth?

3. Which has a higher biotic potential, a pumpkin or a peach?

4. If two squirrels live in one square m of a 50 square m park, what is the park’s estimated squirrelpopulation?

5. What are some factors that might stop a population’s exponential growth?

6. What is carrying capacity?

7. Give an example of how migration affects population size.

8. Is it possible for a population with a high birth rate to decrease in size? Explain.

9. Describe how scientists measure wildlife populations such as rabbits.

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Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in

the blank at the left.

Column I

1. plant eaters

2. consume wastes and dead organisms

3. a consumer captured and eaten by another consumer

4. use the Sun to make energy-rich molecules

5. animals that eat other animals

6. eat plants and other animals

7. consumers that capture and eat other consumers

8. cannot make their own energy-rich molecules

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Column II

a. carnivores

b. consumers

c. omnivores

d. herbivores

e. predators

f. producers

g. decomposers

h. prey

Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each example.

commensalism mutualism parasitism

9. A clown fish is protected by an anemone’s tentacles.

10. cyanobacteria, or alga, living in the tissues of a fungus

11. a roundworm that lives in a puppy

Directions: Label the examples below either habitat or niche.

12. A chameleon changes its colors to blend in with its surroundings.

13. Ducks and amphibians live in or near a pond.

14. Birds nest in trees.

15. A male lion’s mane attracts a mate.

16. Your cat’s sense of smell helps it find its way home.

17. Monarch butterflies eat milkweed, making them poisonous to otherspecies.

18. Woodpeckers use their beaks to pry insects from trees.

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Directions: Complete the two concept maps using the words listed below.

population consumers decomposers biosphere herbivores

producers community carnivores omnivores ecosystem


Content Mastery

OverviewInteractions of Life

The 4. _____________ includes the top portion of Earth’s crust, all the waters that coverEarth’s surface, and the surrounding atmosphere.

An 3. _____________ consists of all the communities that live in an area and thenonliving features of their environment.

A 2. _____________ consists of all the populations that live in an area.

A 1. _____________ consists of all the organisms of one species that live in an area.

8. ____________ eat consumers.

9. ____________ eat producers and consumers.

7. ____________ eat producers.

10. ____________ consume dead organisms.

All living organisms on Earth are either producers or consumers.

Green plants andother

5. ____________ use an outside energysource to makeenergy-richcompounds.

There are four categories of 6. ____________, noneof which can make their own energy-rich compounds.

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Section 1 ■ Living EarthSection 2 ■ Populations

Directions: Circle the word listed below in the puzzle. Then complete the sentences by writing the words in the

appropriate spaces.

habitat carrying limiting biosphere population

community ecologists size biotic


Content Mastery

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1. The part of Earth that supports life is called the ____________________.

2. ____________________ are scientists who study the interactions of organisms and theirenvironments.

3. All the people living in one area make up that area’s ____________________.

4. All the animals and plants living in an area make up a ____________________.

5. The desert is a tarantula’s ____________________.

6. Competition limits a population’s ____________________.

7. Anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population is a ____________________factor.

8. ____________________ capacity is the largest number of individuals of one species that anecosystem can support over time.

9. The highest rate of reproduction for a population is its ____________________ potential.


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Directions: Write the word that completes each sentence in the correct space in the puzzle. The answers are

listed below. The letters in the dark, vertical box spell the answer to question 7.

commensalism mutualism

consumer symbiosis niche producer


Content Mastery

Section 3 ■ Interactions WithinCommunities

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1. A ______ refers to how an organism survives, including its habitat, how it obtains food andshelter, and how it avoids danger.

2. A ______ is an organism that cannot make its own energy-rich molecules.

3. A ______ is an organism that uses an outside energy source to make energy-rich molecules.

4. A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is called ______.

5. ______ is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected.

6. ______ is any close relationship between species.

7. ______ is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment.

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Key TermsInteractions of Life

Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each description.

biosphere carrying capacity commensalism community consumer

ecology ecosystem habitat limiting factor niche

mutualism parasitism population producer symbiosis

1. how an organism survives, including its habitat, how it obtainsfood and shelter, and how it avoids danger

2. the place in which an organism lives

3. all the organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species

4. all the populations in an ecosystem

5. all the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features oftheir environment

6. the part of Earth that supports life, including the top portion ofEarth’s crust, all the waters that cover Earth’s surface, and thesurrounding atmosphere

7. anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population

8. the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystemcan support over time

9. the study of interactions that occur among organisms and theirenvironment

10. organisms that use an outside energy source, such as the Sun, tomake energy-rich molecules

11. organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules

12. any close relationship between species

13. a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

14. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and theother is not affected

15. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but theother is harmed


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Chapter Review

Interactions of Life

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Unscramble the letters to form the correct term for each definition.

1. iglimnti cotraf

2. chein

3. drouscerp

4. omyntcium

5. cloogey

6. smuncores

7. rhibosepe

8. loonpuapti

9. grycairn acyacipt

10. emyescost

11. ibatath

anything that restricts the number ofindividuals in a population

the ways an organism meets its survival needs

organisms that use any outside energysource, such as the Sun, to produce energy-rich molecules

all the populations in an ecosystem

the study of interactions that occur amongorganisms and their environment

organisms that cannot make their ownenergy-rich molecules

the part of Earth that supports life

all the organisms in an ecosystem thatbelong to the same species

the largest number of individuals of one speciesthat an ecosystem can support over time

all the organisms living in an area and thenonliving features of their environment

the place in which an organism lives

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. Some terms will not be used.

symbiosis mutualism commensalism

parasitism ecosystem competition

12. ______________________________ refers to any close relationship between species.

13. When one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected, the symbiotic relationship

is called ______________________________.

14. ______________________________ is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed.

15. A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is

called ______________________________.

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Part B. Concept Review1. List the three things that make up the biosphere.

a.

b.

c.

2. Briefly compare a termite’s habitat and its niche in a forest.

3. Give an example of each of the following types of relationships.

a. Predator/prey:

b. Mutualistic:

c. Parasitic:

d. Commensalistic:

4. Briefly describe the difference between a limiting factor and an ecosystem’s carrying capacity.

5. List four types of consumers.

a.

b.

c.

d.

6. Explain the difference between a population and a community.

7. Using leaves and other vegetation, giraffes, and lions as examples, explain how energy is transferred through a food chain.

Assessment

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The Nonliving Environment 21

Directions: Classify the factors in the picture as either biotic factors or abiotic factors by listing them under

the correct heading. A factor might fall into both categories.

Abiotic FactorsReinforcement

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Sun

Duck

Fish

Water

Soil

Rock

Deer Tree

Butterfly

Wind

1. Abiotic Factors

2. Biotic Factors

Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

3. Air contains 78 percent hydrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 0.03 percent carbon dioxide.

4. Organisms that are capable of photosynthesis are called consumers.

5. Temperature and precipitation are the two most important elements of climate for the majorityof living things.

6. A mountain with forests on one side and desert on the other, is exhibiting evidence of the rainshadow effect.

7. Ecosystems with a lot of water support fewer organisms than ecosystems with little water.

11

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22 The Nonliving Environment

Name Date Class

Cycles in Nature

Directions: Match the term in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in

the blank at the left. All terms may not be used.

Column I

1. photosynthesis is part of this continuous movement

2. gas removed from the air during photosynthesis

3. element that helps plants grow

4. process that changes nitrogen gas into compound plants can use

5. process of water changing from a gas to a liquid

6. transfer of nitrogen from air to soil to organism,and back to air or soil

7. process of water changing from a liquid to a gas

8. continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface to the air, and back to Earth’s surface

Directions: Match the cause in the first column with the effect in the second column. Write the letter of the

correct effect in the blank at the left. An effect may have more than one cause.

9. water vapor condenses

10. fossil fuels burn

11. forests are cut down

12. clouds become large and heavy

13. nitrogen removed when harvesting crops


14. What are the three primary steps of the water cycle?

15. Explain the importance of nitrogen to living things.

Reinforcement


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Column II

a. nitrogen cycle

b. evaporation

c. carbon dioxide

d. water cycle

e. respiration

f. nitrogen

g. condensation

h. carbon cycle

i. transpiration

j. nitrogen fixation

a. soil infertility

b. precipitation

c. increase of carbon dioxidein the air

22


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Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.

chemosynthesis producers energy pyramid

consumers photosynthesis food web

1. The production of energy-rich food molecules from chemicals is called ____________________.

2. A diagram that shows all the possible feeding, or energy transfer, relationships in a

community is called a(n) ____________________.

3. A food chain begins with ____________________.

4. ____________________ make up the second and higher steps in a food chain.

5. A diagram that shows the comparative amount of energy at each feeding level is called

a(n) ____________________.

6. The production of energy-rich sugar molecules using light energy is called ____________________.

Directions: The steps in the following food chains are out of order. Put them in the correct order by numbering

them using 1 as the producer level. Place the number of the step in the blank at the left.

7. ______ a. hawk 8. ______ a. tiger 9. ______ a. grasses 10. ______ a. marmot

______ b. grain ______ b. grass ______ b. hawk ______ b. grass

______ c. mouse ______ c. deer ______ c. grouse ______ c. bear

______ d. snake ______ d. insects


11. In the above food chains, what do all the first-step organisms have in common?

Second-step organisms?

12. Explain why an energy pyramid is in the shape of a pyramid.

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Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.

temperature soil water

food chains biotic factors abiotic factors


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OverviewThe Nonliving Environment

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7. What is the name of the process that involves water vapor in the atmosphere becoming liquid water?

8. What are the two methods producers use to make their own energy-rich molecules?

which is the toplayer of Earth’s crust

1. 2.

which depends on

sunlight

5.

sunlight

are living organismswhich are part of

4.

Environmentalfactors

climate

which isessential for

cell fluids

are nonliving factors including

3.

air

6.


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Section 1 ■ Abiotic Factors

Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.


Content Mastery

2 1

3

6

8

9

12

13

10

5 7

11

4

Across2. Organisms that use photosynthesis3. Location on Earth relative to equator;

helps determine the amount of sunlightan area receives

6. Depends on sunlight and altitude8. Energy source for most life on Earth9. Composed of about 78% nitrogen

11. Air currents caused by temperaturedifferences

12. Term that means “living”

13. Topmost layer of Earth’s crust

Down1. Made up of biotic and abiotic

features4. The major ingredient of the fluid

inside cells5. Decaying organic matter in soil7. As this gets higher, trees get shorter,

and the atmosphere gets thinner10. Average weather over time


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Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.

1. Cool temperatures cause ndceotinsaon of water vapor.

2. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to makegrasu molecules.

3. Nitrogen fixation is performed by cerbatia.

4. Energy is stored in fats, bcaryhodtarse, and proteins in thebody.

5. Production of food from chemicals is called escmhoeshntiys.

6. In a food chain, herbivores eat desrpocur.

7. Energy decreases moving from level to level in an energyymiprad.

Directions: Identify each set of steps as the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle, or the water cycle.

8. condensation, precipitation, surface water evaporation, transpiration

9. a gas from the atmosphere is changed into usable compounds by lightning or by bacteria,decomposing organic matter and animal waste release those compounds into the soil, plantsuse the compounds to build cells

10. a gas given off by plants is used by people and animals, a different gas exhaled by people andanimals is used by plants

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from the text.

11. While most organisms get energy from sunlight, bacteria that use chemosynthesis

to produce food get energy from ____________________.

12. A ____________________ is made up of food chain(s) and shows all the possible feeding rela-tionships in a community.

13. Carnivores and ____________________ eat other consumers in a food chain.

14. The process of liquid water changing into water vapor and entering the atmosphere is called

____________________.


Content Mastery

Section 2 ■ Cycles in NatureSection 3 ■ Energy Flow

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Key TermsThe Nonliving Environment

Directions: Circle the terms in the puzzle. Then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.


Content Mastery


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C

O

N

D

E

N

S

A

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N

G

G

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W

A

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C

Y

C

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E

P

N

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S

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C

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M

F

P

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A

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P

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M

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C

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M

G

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W

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S

Y

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S

O

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L

U

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H

B

N

N

A

B

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T

I

C

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N

I

B

U

B

D

L

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C

H

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M

B

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V

A

P

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1. Nonliving environmental features are _____________ .

2. mixture of mineral and rock particles, remains oforganisms, water, and air

3. process in which liquid water changes into water vapor

4. shows the comparative amount of energy available at each feedinglevel in an ecosystem

5. average weather conditions over time

6. shows how water moves through the environment

7. process in which water vapor changes into liquid water

8. Living environmental features are _____________ .

9. model of possible feeding or energy transfer, relationships amongmultiple organisms in a community

10. production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals


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Chapter Review

The Nonliving Environment

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition. Unscramble the boxed letters to find a

word that describes a biological process discussed in the chapter.

1. average weather conditions over time ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. environmental factors that include soil, sunlight, and air ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. organisms that are not capable of photosynthesis ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. made of overlapping food chains ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. gas used during photosynthesis ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. decaying matter found in soil ___ ___ ___

7. bacteria in hydrothermal vent communities use this process to produce food

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. the air that surrounds Earth ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. a model that shows comparative energy levels for different feeding levels ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. place where humus is found ___ ___ ___

11. An important biological process: ______________________________________________

Part B. Concept Review1. Number these food chain steps in the correct order using the blanks provided.

a. omnivores and carnivores

b. producers

c. herbivores

2. Number these gases in order from the one with the greatest amount in the atmosphere to theone with the least amount in the atmosphere.

a. oxygen

b. nitrogen

c. other gases

d. carbon dioxide

Asse

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Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.

3. Plants, algae, animals, and bacteria use oxygen for (transpiration, respiration, condensation).

4. Temperature depends on (sunlight, rainfall, wind), which depends on latitude.

5. (Chemosynthesis, Photosynthesis, Humus) is the production of food without light energy.


6. List the three main components of the water cycle and provide a brief description of each.

a.

b.

c.

7. If nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a form plants can use, how do they get nitrogen? Whatis this process called?

8. Why are the numbers of organisms smaller at high levels of an energy pyramid?

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

9. What types of organisms are found in soil?

10. Explain how soil can be both biotic and abiotic.

11. Using the carbon cycle as an example, explain how Earth’s biosphere recycles materials over and over.

Assessment

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Ecosystems 31

Directions: What kind of ecological succession occurs after each of the following events? Write either primarysuccession or secondary succession under each diagram.

How Ecosystems Change

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3. _________________________________ 4. _________________________________


5. What is ecological succession?

6. What is the general name for the first species to grow after a volcanic eruption covers an area

with lava?

7. How does soil form from bare rock?

8. How does succession occur after a forest fire?

9. Which takes longer, primary succession or secondary succession? Explain.

10. What is a community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession called?

Reinforcement

1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________

11


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32 Ecosystems

Name Date Class

Biomes

Directions: Complete the table below using information in your textbook.


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Reinforcement

Biome

1. Tundra

2. Taiga

3. Temperatedeciduousforest

4. Temperate rain forest

5. Tropical rain forest

6. Desert

7. Grassland

Climate Dominant PlantsCharacteristic

Animals

22


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Ecosystems 33

Directions: Describe two life zones in the ocean and how organisms are affected by the conditions in each zone.

1.

2.

Aquatic Ecosystems

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Reinforcement


3. The illustrations above show two types of freshwater ecosystems. Which supports more species and why?

4. What is an estuary and why is it important to marine organisms?

5. Why are wetlands protected in most areas?

6. How do coral reefs form? What makes them vulnerable to environmental stress?

33



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Ecosystems 35

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.

cold forest region tundra deserts grassland


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OverviewEcosystems

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such as thethat is a that are

taiga3.2.1.

Majorbiomes

includeinclude includeinclude

that is a

the driestbiomes on

Earth

prairies of North America

cold, dry, treeless region

4.

Directions: In the spaces provided, indicate whether each ecosystem is saltwater, freshwater, or both.

5. coral reefs

6. estuaries

7. rivers and streams

8. open oceans

9. lakes and ponds

10. wetlands


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Name Date Class

36 Ecosystems

Section 1 ■ How EcosystemsChange

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. Some terms may be used more than once.

primary secondary succession pioneer climax

1. The gradual change from one community of organisms to another is

ecological ____________________.

2. Succession that takes place in a forest that has been destroyed by fire is an

example of ____________________ succession.

3. The first organisms to move into a disturbed environment are the

____________________ species.

4. A community that tends to remain the same and is in the final stage of

succession is a ____________________ community.

5. Ecological succession that takes place in a location that does not have

soil is ____________________ succession.

6. A beech-maple forest is an example of a ____________________ community.

7. When no life exists at all in an area, ____________________ succession begins.

8. Physical disturbances such as fires disturb the stability of a ____________________ community.

9. ____________________ succession can take hundreds or even thousands of years todevelop into a climax community.

10. Number the following sentences describing primary succession so that they are in the correct order.

a. Mosses and ferns grow in soil formed by decaying lichens.

b. Thicker, richer soil supports the growth of shrubs and trees. Insects,small birds, and mammals move in.

c. Eventually, the soil layer thickens and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over.

d. Life on a bare rock begins as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces to form soil.


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Ecosystems 37

Directions: Use the following terms to identify the biome in which you would expect to find each animal listed below.

tundra grassland temperate rain forest

taiga temperate deciduous forest desert

1. salamanders

2. caribou

3. oak tree

4. zebra

5. moose

6. kangaroo rat

Directions: Match the words and phrases in Column II with the descriptions in Column I. Write the letter of the

correct word or phrase in the blank at the left.

Column I

7. organisms that float near the surface of freshwater lakes and ponds

8. extremely fertile, productive environments that serve as important nurseries for many ocean fish

9. home to organisms adapted to dramatic changes in temperature,moisture, and salinity

10. flowing freshwater environments

11. usually covered with a thin sandy, or gravelly soil that contains little organic matter

12. located in New Zealand, southern Chile, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States

13. large geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems


Content Mastery

Section 2 ■ BiomesSection 3 ■ Aquatic Ecosystems

Column II

a. intertidal zones

b. temperate rain forests

c. rivers and streams

d. biomes

e. algae, plants, and plankton

f. estuaries

g. deserts

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38 Ecosystems

Key TermsEcosystems

Directions: Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle.


Content Mastery

21

6

4

8

7

10

9

3

11

5

13

12

Across

1. The first living things in a disturbedenvironment, such as lichens

3. Forests with warm temperatures, wetweather, and lush plant growth

5. Region that is wet for all or most of a year

9. A community that has reached a stablestage of ecological succession

11. Climax communities dominated by grasses

12. A cold, dry, treeless region, sometimescalled a cold desert

13. Water ecosystem formed from the calciumcarbonate shells secreted by a particularanimal

Down

2. The portion of the shoreline that iscovered with water at high tide andexposed to the air during low tide

4. The normal, gradual changes that occurin the types of species that live in an area

6. Forests dominated by trees with needlelikeleaves

7. Large geographic areas that have similarclimates and ecosystems

8. A cold forest region dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees.

10. The area where a river meets an ocean andcontains a mixture of freshwater andsaltwater


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Ecosystems 39

Chapter Review

Ecosystems

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Write the correct term in the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed letters to spell the term that

answers question 14.

1. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___

4. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. ___ ___ ___ ___

10. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

13. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

1. a community that has reached a stablestage of ecological succession

2. the normal, gradual changes thatoccur in the types of species that livein an area

3 the portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide andexposed to the air during low tide

4. temperate and tropical regions thatreceive between 25 cm and 75 cm ofprecipitation a year and and have climaxcommunities of grasses

5. forest with warm temperatures, wetweather, and lush plant growth

6. forest dominated by climaxcommunities of trees that lose theirleaves every autumn

7. large geographic areas that have similarclimates and ecosystems

8. a cold, dry, treeless region, sometimescalled a cold desert

9. a cold forest region dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees

10. the driest biome, often covered with athin, sandy, or gravelly soil, contains little organic matter

11. the area where a river meets an oceancontains both freshwater and salt water

12. regions that are wet for all or most ofa year

13. ecosystems formed from the calciumcarbonate shells secreted by animals

14. The first living things to arrive at a primary succession:

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40 Ecosystems

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: For each of the following, write either P for pioneer species or C for climax community in the lines provided.

1. beech-maple forest

2. lichens

3. mosses and ferns

Directions: For each of the following, write either P for primary succession or S for secondary succession in the

lines provided.

4. erupting volcano

5. abandoned paved parking lot

6. wilderness after a forest fire

Directions: Match the location and wildlife with the correct biomes. Biomes may be used more than once.

7. Douglas fir; spruce; black bear; cougar

8. eastern United States; Europe

9. kangaroos; wildebeests; cattle

10. just south of the tundra biome; cone-bearing evergreen trees; elk

11. near the equator, including in South America

12. white-tailed deer; brightly colored leaves in autumn

13. cactus; scorpions; kangaroo rats

14. snowy owls; reindeer; lichens

15. more biological species than anywhere else in the world


16. In water environments, what are the most important factors that determine which species can survive?

17. Name three standing freshwater ecosystems.

18. Why are wetlands important?

19. What causes tides to rise and fall each day?

Assessment

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a. taiga

b. temperate deciduous forest

c. desert

d. grassland

e. tropical rain forest

f. tundra

g. temperate rain forest


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Exploring Space 41

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

1. A refracting telescope is a type of ______ telescope.

2. Radio waves and gamma rays are two types of ______ waves.

3. Sound waves are examples of ______.

4. A ______ uses mirrors to focus light from the object being viewed.

5. Because radio waves can pass freely through Earth’s atmosphere,

______ are useful under most weather conditions.

6. A ______ is a motor that burns fuel without air.

7. In a ______, a convex lens focuses light to form an image at thefocal point.

8. To hear astronauts in space, the sound waves are converted to

______ and then back to sound waves.

9. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same ______.

10. ______ travels at 300,000 km/s in a vacuum.

11. In a radio telescope, radio waves strike a large, concave ______.

12. Today the largest optical telescope has four 8.2-meter ______.

13. Because the Hubble Space Telescope uses mirrors, it is a ______ typeof optical telescope.

14. Optical telescopes allow scientists to study the ______ from objectsin space.

15. At the end of the reflecting telescope is a ______ mirror.

16. Most optical telescopes used by professional astronomers

are in ______.

17. The ______ is the arrangement of the forms of electromagneticradiation according to their wavelengths.

18. The ______ views stars from orbit

19. Earth’s ______ makes it difficult for astronomers to view the universe clearly from the surface.

Radiation from SpaceReinforcement

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42 Exploring Space

Name Date Class

Early Space Missions

Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. The terms read

across or down.

Reinforcement


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S

P

A

C

E

P

R

O

B

E

T

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N

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O

S

A

B

P

A

R

R

T

O

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B

I

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S

E

J

A

E

E

J

A

C

V

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C

M

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R

C

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R

Y

N

L

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G

L

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N

N

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I

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S

S

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J

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P

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C

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A

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N

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G

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1. The Moon is a natural ____________________ of Earth.

2. The first human to set foot on the Moon was Neil ____________________.

3. The path of one object circling another is an ____________________.

4. ____________________ was the program that first sent people to the Moon.

5. The ____________________ probes flew past Jupiter and other planets before headingoutward toward deep space.

6. The first citizen of the United States to orbit Earth was John ____________________.

7. In ____________________, a team of American astronauts first met and connected with aspacecraft in orbit.

8. A ____________________ travels far into the solar system, collecting information andreturning it to Earth.

9. Galileo dropped a smaller probe into Jupiter’s ____________________.

10. Cooperative missions between countries are being planned to send spacecraft to

____________________ and elsewhere.

11. Launched in 1989, ____________________ provided information about Jupiter.

12. Space exploration began when the Soviets launched ____________________, the firstartificial satellite.

13. The simplest _____________________ engine is made of a burning chamber and a nozzle.

14. Weather satellites provide information about the global weather systems on ______________.

15. Project ____________________ began the United States’ effort to reach the Moon.

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Exploring Space 43

Directions: Identify Figure A and Figure B as a space station or a space shuttle. Before each statement at

the bottom of the page, write the name of the spacecraft that the item describes. If an item describes both types

of spacecraft, write both.

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

________________________ 1. This spacecraft orbits Earth.

________________________ 2. Astronauts were able to conduct experiments when workingin this.

________________________ 3. This glides back to Earth and lands like an airplane.

________________________ 4. The Americans launched Skylab in 1973.

________________________ 5. This reusable spacecraft transports astronauts and othermaterials.

________________________ 6. A former Soviet cosmonaut spent a record 438 days aboard oneof these.

________________________ 7. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 byone of these.

________________________ 8. This spacecraft provides living quarters and working space forpeople living and working in space.

________________________ 9. Several countries may cooperatively build one of these in thefuture.

________________________ 10. Its astronauts move mechanical arms to launch andrecover satellites.

________________________ 11. The Soviet craft is named Mir.

________________________ 12. Its solid-fuel booster rockets are reused.

________________________ 13. American astronauts spent up to 84 days working in this.

Current and Future Space Missions

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Exploring Space 45

OverviewExploring Space


radio telescopes satellites visible light

space probes rockets reflecting telescopes

space shuttles refracting telescopes

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using

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46 Exploring Space

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Section 1 ■ Radiation from Space


speed of light optics lens electromagnetic

spectrum convex radio stars telescope

4

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Across

2. A piece of curved glass that magnifies objects

4. These waves carry energy through empty space.

6. Active __________ uses a computer to correct for changes.

8. This appears when white light passes through a prism.

9. 300,000 km/s

Down

1. An instrument that produces magnified images of distant objects

3. These can be seen in the night sky.

5. Refracting telescopes use _________ lenses.

7. Radio telescopes pick up these waves.


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Exploring Space 47

Section 2 ■ Early Space Missions

Section 3 ■ Current and FutureSpace Missions

Directions: Explain how each technological advancement listed below has improved or will improve space

exploration or our knowledge of the universe.

1. Space probes such as Pioneer 10 and Voyager

2. International Space Station

3. Next Generation Space Telescope

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48 Exploring Space

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Key TermsExploring Space

Directions: Complete the sentences using the terms listed below.

satellite space probe reflecting

refracting Mars Project Apollo Sputnik I

observatory spectrum rocket orbit

space station space shuttle Project Gemini

1. Any object that revolves around another object is a(n) ____________________.

2. A(n) ____________________ telescope uses mirrors to focus light.

3. The curved path that a satellite follows is a(n) ____________________.

4. ____________________ was the last stage in the American effort to landpeople on the Moon.

5. A(n) ____________________ telescope uses convex lenses to focus light.

6. The ____________________ is a reusable spacecraft that transports astronauts, satellites,and other materials to and from space.

7. A(n) ____________________ is an instrument that gathers information and sends it backto Earth.

8. During ____________________ teams of astronauts orbited Earth to practice skills thatwould be needed to land on the moon.

9. A(n) ____________________ is a building that houses an optical telescope.

10. The different forms of radiation arranged according to their wavelengths is called the

electromagnetic ____________________.

11. A(n) _____________________ is an engine that burns fuel without requiring air.

12. Mir is an example of a ____________________.

13. The first artificial satellite was ____________________.

14. Viking I was the first spacecraft to land on ____________________.


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Exploring Space 49

Chapter Review

Exploring Space

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.

electromagnetic spectrum orbit rockets Project Gemini

reflecting telescopes space shuttle refracting telescopes Project Apollo

observatories space station satellite Cassini

space probes radio telescopes Project Mercury

1. Most optical telescopes used by professional astronomers are housed

in ______.

2. The path of a satellite around Earth is called its ______.

3. ______ was the final stage of the space program to reach the Moon.

4. Any object that orbits Earth is a ______.

5. The space probe ______ was launched in October 1997 to studySaturn.

6. The ______ is the arrangement of electromagnetic waves accordingto wavelengths.

7. As part of ______, John Glenn became the first American to orbitEarth.

8. A cosmonaut spent 438 days living and working in the ______ Mir.

9. Optical telescopes that use concave mirrors to focus light from

objects are ______.

10. The Voyagers were ______ that traveled beyond our solar system.

11. Scientists use ______ to study radio waves traveling through space.

12. A goal of ______ was to have two spacecraft hook up together whilein orbit.

13. The ______ is a reusable spacecraft that glides back to Earth after itleaves orbit.

14. Reflecting telescopes and ______ are two types of optical telescopes.

15. ______ are motors that don’t require air to burn fuel.

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50 Exploring Space

Directions: Identify each of the following as a natural satellite (N) or an artificial satellite (A).

16. the Moon 19. _______ Earth

17. the space shuttle Discovery 20. _______ Sputnik

18. Skylab

Part B. Concept Review1. Number the early space travel events below in the sequence that they occurred, beginning with 1.

a. John Glenn is the first American to orbit Earth.

b. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin land on the Moon.

c. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space.

d. President John F. Kennedy calls for the United States to place people on the Moon.

Directions: Use the figure to help you complete each statement. Write the term that completes each statement

on the blank provided.

2. Only X rays and gamma rays are shorter than ___________________ waves.

3. The electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths is ___________________.

4. ___________________ waves are shorter than microwaves and longer than visible light.

5. The electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelengths is ___________________.

6. The wavelengths of visible light are ___________________ than those of X rays.

Directions: Answer the following question in complete sentences.

7. What are some benefits that the space shuttle provides that earlier spacecraft didn’t provide?

Assessment

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Red

Wavelength (in meters)

Radio waves Microwaves X rays

Gamma rays

UltravioletInfrared

Visible light

104 102 1 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14

Violet


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The Sun-Earth-Moon System 51

Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. The terms read across or down. Then write the term

on the line.

1. occurs when the Sun is directly over the equator

2. Earth’s spinning that causes night and day

3. solstice that occurs in December in the southern hemisphere

4. round, three-dimensional object whose surface at all points is the same distance from its center

5. a complete orbit made by Earth around the Sun

6. imaginary line around which Earth spins

7. property of Earth that causes seasons

8. shape of Earth’s orbit

9. solstice that occurs in December in the northern hemisphere

10. time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis

11. time it takes Earth to revolve around the Sun

12. two times during the year, the Sun is directly over this imaginaryline that circles Earth halfway between the poles.

13. occurs when the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator

EarthReinforcement

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52 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

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The Moon—Earth’s Satellite

Directions: Identify each phase of the Moon in Figure 1 by writing its name on the line beneath the phase

shown. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.

Figure 1

5. What phase occurs between the full moon and the third quarter?

6. What phase occurs between the third quarter and the new moon?

7. What phase occurs between the new moon and the first quarter?

8. What phase occurs between the first quarter and the full moon?

Directions: Identify Figures 2 and 3 as either a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse. Then on the lines

below, explain why each type of eclipse happens and who would be able to see the eclipse.

Figure 2

Reinforcement


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1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________

10.

11. Figure 2:

12. Figure 3:

Light

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Light rays

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Figure 3

9.

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crust lunar shadow thinner

basin minerals water surface

ice core

1. Information from Clementine helped scientists measure the thickness of the Moon’s

____________________.

2. Lunar Prospector enabled scientists to confirm that the moon has an iron-rich

____________________

3. Hydrogen is one of the elements that make up ____________________.

4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is an impact crater, or impact ____________________, on thesurface of the Moon.

5. The Clementine spacecraft was placed in ____________________ orbit.

6. Throughout the Moon’s rotation, most of the South Pole-Aitken Basin stays in

____________________.

7. Clementine also took photographs for use in making a map of the Moon’s _______________.

8. Some scientists theorize that ____________________ may exist in the floors of the craters atthe Moon’s poles.

9. Data show that the Moon’s crust is ____________________ on the side of the Moon facing Earth.

10. Another kind of information collected by Clementine indicates what kinds of

____________________ make up Moon rocks.


11. Why might the South Pole-Aitken Basin be a good place for a solar-powered Moon colony?

12. Where did the spacecraft Clementine get its name?

Exploring Earth’s MoonReinforcement

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OverviewThe Sun-Earth-Moon System

Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below.

the passage of a year orbit day and night

about 365 days axis 24 hours

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7. What phase comes after the new moon? ____________________ What phase comes after the

full moon? ____________________

8. Why do scientists believe there might be water on the Moon?

Earth

rotates on an revolves in an

completing one trip in

causing

completing one trip in

causing

1. 2.

4.

6.

3.

5.


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Content Mastery

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Topic: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___

Directions: Use the words from above to fill in the blanks and complete the following sentences.

1. A round three-dimensional object is called a ____________________.

2. Earth’s orbit is an ____________________ –an elongated enclosed circle.

3. It is the ____________________ of Earth that causes seasons.

4. After the summer ____________________, days begin to get shorter.

5. In the northern hemisphere, the Sun reaches the ____________________ equinox on March 20 or 21.

6. Earth’s tilt causes the Sun’s ____________________ to strike the hemisphere at different angles.

Name Date Class


Section 1 ■ Earth

Directions: Circle the following terms in the word search below. Words read across or down. Unscramble the

circled letters and fill in the blanks below to spell the topic of the puzzle.

Sun summer sphere spring radiation tilt

hemisphere fall ellipse Earth solstice winter


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Section 2 ■ The Moon—Earth’s Satellite

Section 3 ■ Exploring Earth’s Moon

Directions: Two eclipses are shown below. Explain what is happening during each eclipse and what you would

see from Earth.

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1. Lunar eclipse:

2. Solar eclipse:

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.

3. How did Clementine increase our knowledge of the Moon?

Light

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Light rays

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon


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Name Date Class


Key Terms The Sun-Earth-Moon System

Directions: Write the letter of the term that correctly completes each sentence in the space at the left.

1. Earth moves in a(n) ______ around the Sun.

a. circle b. ellipse

2. Earth’s ______ takes place on an imaginary line called its axis.

a. rotation b. revolution

3. The point at which the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the

equator is the ______.

a. equinox b. solstice

4. Earth’s yearly orbit around the Sun is one ______.

a. revolution b. rotation

5. During a ______ the dark side of the Moon faces Earth.

a. full Moon b. new Moon

6. There are equal hours of daylight and nighttime during a(n) ______.

a. solstice b. equinox

7. The changing appearances of the Moon as seen from Earth are its ______.

a. phases b. maria

8. After a new moon, when more of the Moon’s lighted side becomes

visible, the phases are ______.

a. waxing b. waning

9. When objects hit the Moon, they created craters, or ______.

a. impact basins b. magnetic fields

10. Dark, flat regions on the Moon are called ______.

a. umbra b. maria

11. During a ______, the moon blocks the Sun’s rays.

a. lunar eclipse b. solar eclipse

12. Because it bulges slightly at the equator, Earth is not a perfect ______.

a. sphere b. ellipse


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Name Date Class

The Sun-Earth-Moon System

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Write the letter of the term or phrase that completes the sentence.

1. Earth is a(n) ______, which is a round, three-dimensional object.a. ellipse b. sphere c. cone d. cylinder

2. Earth rotates on its axis about every ______.a. year b. month c. week d. day

3. In the northern hemisphere, the ______ occurs on June 21 or 22.a. spring equinox b. fall equinox c. summer solstice d. summer equinox

4. When all of the Moon’s surface that faces Earth is lit up, there is a ______.a. first quarter moon c. full moonb. third quarter moon d. new moon

5. ______ are dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon’s surface formed wheninterior lava filled large basins.a. Craters b. Maria c. Volcanoes d. Eclipses

6. In 1998 NASA launched the ______ to continue photographing the Moon and collecting data.a. Lunar Prospector c. Hubble Space Telescopeb. Clementine d. Ranger

7. A ______ occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth andcasts a shadow on Earth.a. lunar eclipse b. waning gibbous c. waxing gibbous d. solar eclipse

8. The imaginary line around which Earth spins is called its ______.a. axis c. International Date Lineb. equator d. prime meridian

9. The yearly orbit of Earth around the Sun is called its ______.a. rotation b. ellipse c. tilt d. revolution

10. When meteorites or other objects strike the Moon, they create ______.a. maria b. eclipses c. magnetic fields d. impact basins

11. The phase of the Moon that immediately precedes the new moon is the ______.a. waxing crescent c. waning crescentb. first quarter d. third quarter

12. If you followed a compass needle pointing north, you would end up at the ______.a. geographic north pole c. geographic south poleb. magnetic north pole d. rotational north pole

13. More of the lighted surface of the Moon is facing Earth at ______.a. waning gibbous c. new moonb. third quarter d. waxing crescent

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Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Identify the type of eclipse shown in Figures 1 and 2. Then use the illustrations to answer the

following questions.

Figure 1

1. Figure 1: ________________________ 2. Figure 2: ________________________

3. What is the light-colored outer shadow on Earth’s surface cast by the Moon during a solar eclipse?

4. If you were in the area of Earth that is within the penumbra, would you see a total or partial

solar eclipse?

5. What causes a lunar eclipse?

6. What causes a solar eclipse?

7. Is the umbra larger during a solar eclipse or during a lunar eclipse? Why?

Directions: Answer the following question using complete sentences on the lines provided.

8. Describe how Earth’s tilt leads to seasonal changes.

Light

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Light rays

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Figure 2


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The Solar System 61


1. Name the two models of the solar system and explain the difference between them.

2. State what scientists hypothesize regarding the formation of the Sun and the planets.

3. Name the inner and outer planets and contrast the two groups of planets.

Directions: In the chart below, list the discoveries about the solar system made by each scientist.

The Solar System

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5. Galileo

6. Kepler

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62 The Solar System

Name Date Class

The Inner Planets

Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from the

Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.


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Reinforcement

Size andcomposition

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22.

23. 24. 25.

Atmosphere

Temperatures

Surfacefeatures

Moons(number/names)

Spaceprobes

22


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The Solar System 63

Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun.

Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.

The Outer Planets

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1.

Fifth fromSun

2.

Sixth fromSun

3.

Seventh fromSun

4.

Eighth fromSun

Size andcomposition

5.

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25.

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Atmosphere

Below theatmosphere

Notablefeatures

Moons(number/names)

Spaceprobes

( ( ( () ) ) )

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64 The Solar System

Name Date Class


1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located?

2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?

Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.

3. Figure 1:

A.

B.

C.

4. How does a comet begin and end?

Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.

5. A.

B.

C.

6. What two space objects produce meteorites?

Other Objects in the SolarSystem


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A

B

C

A

B C

Earth'satmosphere

Earth'satmosphere

Earth'satmosphere

Earth

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Figure 2

Figure 1

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1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Venus

Uranus

Jupiter

Outer planetsInner planets

Meteoroids orbit the

orbit the

orbit the

orbit the

orbit the

includeinclude

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The Solar System 65

OverviewThe Solar System


Asteroids Neptune Comets Earth

Mars Saturn Mercury


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Directions: List the inner planets in order below. Then write two facts about each of them on the lines provided.

5. Planet:

Planet Facts:

6. Planet:

Planet Facts:

7. Planet:

Planet Facts:

8. Planet:

Planet Facts:


Content Mastery

Sun

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name Date Class

66 The Solar System

Section 1 ■ The Solar SystemSection 2 ■ The Inner Planets

Directions: Study the following diagram. Then identify each inner planet by filling in the blanks.

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The Solar System 67

Section 3 ■ The Outer PlanetsSection 4 ■ Other Objects in the

Solar System


comets Saturn Oort rings meteors

asteroid Pluto Neptune Uranus Great Red Spot


Content Mastery

Across

1. Large storm on Jupiter

4. Its axis of rotation is tilted on its side.

6. Sixth planet from the Sun with a complex ring system

8. The ______ Cloud contains many comets.

9. Large dirty snowballs that orbit the Sun

10. Shooting stars

Down

2. Found around Saturn

3. Dwarf planet

5. A piece of rock similar to the material that formed into the planets

7. Its orbit sometimes makes this the farthest planet from the Sun.

5

1 2 3

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68 The Solar System

Key TermsThe Solar System


solar system Saturn Mercury comet meteorite

Neptune Venus Pluto Great Red Spot asteroid

meteor Earth Jupiter Mars Uranus

1. After it hits Earth, a meteoroid is called a(n) ____________________.

2. The planet ____________________ is sometimes called Earth’s twin.

3. The dwarf planet ____________________ has a moon named Charon.

4. The ____________________ is a giant storm on Jupiter.

5. A(n) ____________________ is made of dust and rock particles mixed with frozen water,methane, and ammonia.

6. The planet ____________________ apparently shrank in diameter.

7. The ____________________ belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

8. The ____________________ has nine planets.

9. Methane gives ____________________ its distinctive blue-green color.

10. Because its density is so low, the planet ____________________ would float in water.

11. The planet ____________________ is one astronomical unit from the Sun.

12. Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede are all moons of ____________________.

13. The planet ____________________ is fourth from the Sun.

14. A meteoroid that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere is called

a(n) ____________________.

15. The axis of rotation of ____________________ is tilted on its side.


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The Solar System 69

Chapter Review

Name Date Class

The Solar System

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: If a statement is true, write true in the blank. If a statement is false, change the italicized term to

make the statement true, and write the new term in the blank.

1. A meteor is a meteoroid that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere.

2. A meteoroid is composed of dust, rock particles, and frozen gasesand has a nucleus, coma, and tail.

3. The heavily cratered planet closest to the Sun is Neptune.

4. On the third planet from the Sun, Mars, water exists as a solid, liquid,and gas.

5. The Martian atmosphere is much thinner than Earth’s.

6. The largest gaseous planet, Saturn, has 61 moons.

7. A belt of meteoroids (small, planetlike fragments) lies between theinner planets and outer planets.

8. A gaseous planet with thin, dark rings and 21 satellites is Neptune.

9. Meteorites are small pieces of dust and rock moving in space.

10. The Sun and all objects orbiting it make up the solar system.

11. A large, gaseous planet with the lowest density and 31 moons is Saturn.

12. The second planet from the Sun, which has moonlike phases and asurface heat of over 450°C caused by the greenhouse effect, is Mercury.

13. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth andthe Sun.

14. A comet is a meteoroid that strikes Earth.

15. The reddish-yellow planet that has polar ice caps and is the fourthplanet from the Sun is Jupiter.

16. A large, blue-green, gaseous planet similar to Uranus is Neptune.

17. A large, swirling gas storm on Jupiter is the Io.

18. The outer planets are Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury.

19. Usually the outermost planet of the solar system is Neptune.

20. The inner planets are Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, and Jupiter.

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70 The Solar System

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Answer the questions on the lines provided.

1. Compare and contrast Venus and Earth.

2. Compare and contrast Pluto with the outer planets.

3. State the hypothesis about how the solar system was formed.

4. Describe the origin and structure of a comet.

5. List evidence that large amounts of water were once present on Mars.

6. What is unique about Uranus?

7. List three discoveries made by the Voyager space probes.

Assessment

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Stars and Galaxies 71

Directions: Use the clues provided to solve the crossword puzzle.

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Across

3. The Big Dipper is part of thisconstellation. (2 words)

5. This is the amount of starlight received onEarth. (2 words)

7. Our Sun is a star of this color.

10. This the actual amount of light that a stargives off. (2 words)

13. This is another name for the North Star.

14. These are groups of stars thatform patterns.

Down

1. The North Star is in this constellation.(2 words)

2. This is the apparent shift in positionof an object when viewed from twodifferent places.

4. Relatively cool stars look either orange orthis color.

6. This is the brightest star in the sky.

8. This is the distance of about 9.5 trillionkilometers that light travels in one year.(2 words)

9. Astronomers study these to learn aboutthe properties of stars.

11. This constellation, named after a mythicalhunter, includes the star Betelgeuse.

12. Even though this star has an absolutemagnitude greater than that of Sirius, itlooks dimmer from Earth since it’s 100times farther away.


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72 Stars and Galaxies

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The Sun

Directions: The diagram shows interior and outer features of the Sun. Write the name of each feature on the

lines provided in the diagram.

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1.

2.

3.

5.

4.

6.

Directions: Answer the questions in complete sentences.

7. How can the Sun be classified?

8. How is the energy of the Sun produced?

9. How does our Sun differ from most other main sequence stars?

10. How do CMEs (coronal mass ejections) affect Earth?

11. How are sunspots related to prominences and solar flares?


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Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. In the puzzle, the

terms read across or down.

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1. A ____________________ is a large cloud of dust and gas that becomes a star.

2. A graph that shows the relationship between a star’s absolute magnitude and temperature

is an ____________________.

3. A star that is a ____________________ has exhausted its supply of hydrogen.

4. The ____________________ of atoms powers the Sun and other stars.

5. The temperature and brightness of stars are indicated by their ____________________.

6. About 90 percent of the stars, including our Sun, are ____________________ stars.

7. A ____________________ is produced when the outer core of a star explodes after the core collapses.

8. The hottest, brightest stars are ____________________ and white.

9. Medium hot and bright stars like our Sun are ____________________ in color.

10. When a star has no fuel left and its outer layers escape into space, it is a ____________________.

11. As heavier elements are formed by fusion, a massive star expands into a ____________________.

12. When a collapsed core becomes so dense only neutrons can exist there, a

____________________ is formed.

13. A ____________________ is so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field.

14. Write the remaining letters in the puzzle in the order in which they appear to reveal a famous

scientist’s theory.


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Galaxies and the Universe

Directions: Use the terms below to complete the following sentences.

Milky Way one trillion Andromeda

Local Group Steady state theory galaxy cluster

Doppler shift Big Bang theory irregular spiral

elliptical Clouds of Magellan Oscillating model

1. The two types of ______________________________ galaxies are barred and normal.

2. A ______________________________ is a group of galaxies.

3. ______________________________ galaxies have many different shapes and are usuallysmaller and less common than other types of galaxies.

4. An elliptical galaxy about 2.9 million light-years away is in the constellation

of ______________________________.

5. Galaxies shaped like footballs are ______________________________ galaxies.

6. Two irregular galaxies called the ______________________________ orbit the Milky Way.

7. A ______________________________ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held togetherby gravity.

8. The _______________________________ is an explanation for the formation ofthe universe.

9. The solar system in which we live is in the ______________________________ Galaxy.

10. The Milky Way Galaxy may contain ______________________________.

11. The Andromeda Galaxy is a member of the ______________________________.

12. The ______________________________ causes changes in the light coming from distantstars and galaxies.

13. One model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________, whichproposes that the universe was always as it is now.

14. Another model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________,which believes that the universe expands and contracts in a regular pattern.

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Overview Stars and Galaxies

Directions: Unscramble each term to complete the concept map below.

salaxige

1. ____________

trass

2. ____________

nima quescnee

4. ___________________

staruepings

6. ____________

thiwe frawds

3. ___________________

antigs

5. ____________

are composed of

that can be


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Directions: Use the terms from the concept map to complete the sentences below.

7. Most stars are __________________________ stars.

8. In the late stages of their life cycle, stars can expand to become

__________________________ or __________________________.

9. A __________________________ is a star that has contracted after using its supply

of helium.

10. __________________________ are large groups of stars, gas, and dust held together

by gravity.


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7.

8.

9.


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Section 1 ■ StarsSection 2 ■ The Sun

Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes each sentence.

1. Patterns of stars in the sky are called (galaxies/constellations).

2. Constellations that circle Polaris are (circumpolar/binary).

3. Scientists use (telescopes/spectroscopes) to break visible light from a star into its component colors.

4. Distances in space are measured in (light-years/CMEs).

5. The absolute (magnitude/brightness) of a star is a measure of the amount oflight it gives off.

6. A measure of the amount of light received on Earth is called the (absolute/apparent) magnitude.

Directions: Identify the following parts of the Sun in the spaces provided.

prominence surface sunspot


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Section 3 ■ Evolution of Stars

Section 4 ■ Galaxies and the Universe

Directions: Identify the stages in the life cycle of an average star. Use the words below to fill in the blanks.

white dwarf nebula giant main sequence

1. Star begins in a clouds of gas and dust. ___________________

2. Star continues to use hydrogen for energy; heat from fusion causes pressure that

balances the pull of gravity. ___________________

3. Star’s core is exhausted of hydrogen; its outer layers expand and cool. _________

4. Star’s core is exhausted of helium; its outer layers escape into space leaving only the core;

the core contracts, or gets smaller. ___________________

Directions: Identify the type of galaxy shown in each illustration. Use the words to fill in the blanks below.

irregular spiral elliptical

5. ___________________ 6. ____________________ 7. ___________________

Directions: Answer the questions below on the lines provided.

8. In which galaxy is our solar system?

9. What is the name for the change in a star’s spectrum when it moves away

from Earth?

10. What is the theory that explains how the universe began with an enormous

explosion?

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Key Terms Stars and Galaxies


1. ______ is a measure of the amount of light a star actually gives off.

a. Apparent magnitude b. Absolute magnitude

2. A ______ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.

a. solar system b. galaxy

3. The largest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is the ______.

a. chromosphere b. corona

4. Distances between stars and galaxies are measured in ______.

a. light-years b. millions of kilometers

5. An object so dense that nothing can escape its gravity field is a ______.

a. white dwarf b. black hole

6. A ______ is a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky.

a. constellation b. flare

7. A star beginning as a large cloud of gas and dust is called a ______.

a. nebula b. neptune

8. The Milky Way is a(n) ______ galaxy.

a. spiral b. elliptical

9. Areas of the Sun’s surface that appear dark because they are cooler

than surrounding areas are called ______.

a. CMEs b. sunspots

10. The collapsed core of a supernova that contains only neutrons is

a ______.

a. neutron star b. super giant


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Stars and Galaxies

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Match the terms in Column I with their descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct

description in the blank at the left.

Column I

1. white dwarf

2. absolute magnitude

3. apparent magnitude

4. parallax

5. constellations

6. main sequence

7. nebula

8. giant

9. light-year

10. supergiant

11. neutron star

12. black hole

13. sunspots

14. chromosphere

15. corona

16. supernova

17. binary system

18. photosphere

19. galaxy

20. Big Bang theory

Name Date Class

Column II

a. explanation for the beginning of the universe

b. relatively cool star that has expanded to more than 700times as large as our sun

c. groups of stars whose positions in the sky seem tochange as Earth moves

d. distance that light travels in one year

e. lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere that gives off light

f. classification of about 90 percent of the stars

g. actual amount of light a star gives off

h. two or more stars revolving around one another

i. produced from an explosion that occurs when a star’score collapses

j. star in which only neutrons can exist in its core

k. earliest stage of a star’s formation

l. amount of a star’s light observed on Earth

m. large, cool expanding star in which helium fuses toform carbon

n. object so dense that nothing, including light, can escape it

o. layer of the sun’s atmosphere above the photosphere

p. large group of stars, gas, and dust held together bygravity

q. apparent shift in position of an object when viewedfrom different places; used to determine distances

r. small, hot star consisting of a hot, dense corecontracting under the force of gravity

s. dark, cooler areas of the Sun’s surface

t. outer layer and largest part of the Sun’s atmosphere

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Assessment

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Directions: Write the word yes in front of any characteristic of the Milky Way. Write the word no in front of

any characteristic that does not match the Milky Way.

3. spiral galaxy

4. member of the Local Group

5. 5.8 million light-years from the galaxy in Andromeda

6. more than 400 billion stars

7. elliptical galaxy

8. 100,000 light-years in diameter

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

9. How is the Sun different from other stars? How is the Sun similar to other stars?

10. How is the Big Bang theory supported by the observed Doppler shift of galaxies?

11. How does the Sun produce energy?

12. Compare and contrast apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.

13. How are sunspots, flares, and prominences related?

Part B. Concept Review1. Sequence the colors of stars by temperature,

labeling the hottest star number 1.

blue

yellow

red

2. Identify the sequence of the evolution ofstars by labeling the stages. Use 1 to labelnebula.

nebula

white dwarf

giant

main sequence star


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Views of Earth 81

Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the words listed below. Some words may be used more than once.

plateaus river plains Colorado Plateau

uplifted landforms Grand Canyon flat

Great Plains mountains Gulf coastal

lowlands Atlantic interior

Features that make up the shape of the land at Earth’s surface are called

1. ____________________. There are three basic types of landforms, 2. ____________________,

3. ____________________, and 4. ____________________. Plains are large, relatively

5. ____________________ areas. In the United States, plains cover about one-half of all the land

areas. 6. ____________________ plains are broad areas along coastlines. These plains are called

7. ____________________ because of their low elevation. The coastal plain along the East Coast

of the United States is called the 8. ____________________ Coastal Plain. The plain that

surrounds the Gulf of Mexico is the 9. ____________________ Coastal Plain.

10. ____________________ plains extend across the center of the United States. The

11. ____________________ make up a large portion of the interior plains.

Relatively flat areas of land that rise steeply from the land around them are called

12. ____________________. They are areas of nearly horizontal rocks that have been

13. ____________________ by forces within Earth. An example of a plateau in the United States

is the 14. ____________________, which lies just west of the Rocky Mountains. Here the

Colorado 15. ____________________ has cut deep into the rock layers, forming the

16. ____________________.

Directions: Name the four kinds of mountains and give one example of each.

17.

18.

19.

20.

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_______ 1. equator

_______ 2. prime meridian

_______ 3. International Date Line

_______ 4. 15°S latitude, 90°E longitude

_______ 5. 15°N latitude, 165°E longitude


_______ 7. 30°N latitude, 165°W longitude


_______ 9. 30°N latitude, 120°W longitude


90º

60º

45º

30º

15º0º

15º

30º

45º

60º

90º180ºF150º120º90º60º30º0ºC30º60º90º

East (E)West (W)

120º150º180ºF

N

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EW

L M

E H

B

A

G

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J

I

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CC

Directions: The map shows longitude in 15-degree increments, which correspond to the time zones. Use the

lines of longitude to estimate the time for the following places.

11. You’re at point B on the map. It’s 7:00 A.M. What time is it at point E?

12. You’re at point H on the map. It’s 5:00 P.M. What time is it at point G?

13. You’re at point H on the map. It’s 7:00 P.M. What time is it at point D?

14. You’re at point J and you travel eastward to point L. Do you lose orgain a day?

82 Views of Earth

Name Date Class

Viewpoints

Directions: Study the map. Write the letter of each map feature or location on the line provided.

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Views of Earth 83

Directions: Write the letter of the term that best completes or answers the sentence.

1. A ______ projection has parallel latitude lines and parallel longitude lines. The areasof the continents are distorted, especially near the poles.a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator

2. On a ______ projection, latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines are curved.The land areas are less distorted at the poles.a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator

3. A ______ projection is made from projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic

4. A ______ map shows changes in elevation of Earth’s surface.a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic

5. The 1 on the map scale 1:24,000 represents 1 cm. What does the 24,000 represent?a. 24,000 cm b. 24 cm c. 24,000 km

6. On a map scale, 1 cm equals 1 km. What distance is represented by 10 cm on the map?a. 1,000 km b. 1,000 cm c. 10 km

Directions: Use Figures 1–3 to answer the following questions.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

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7. What is the contour interval for Figure 1?

8. What is the contour interval for Figure 2?

9. Which figure represents a hill, and how do you know?

10. In which direction does the Buck River flow, and how do you know?

1900 m

1800 m

15 m

40 m

NBuck River

Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cmContour interval 500 cm



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Views of Earth 85

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms listed below.

maps contour lines longitude and latitude landforms

mountains plains plateaus


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OverviewViews of Earth

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8. Name two kinds of imaginary lines that cross each other, showing location.

9. Name two kinds of large, flat landforms.

10. Name a map feature that explains what symbols on the map mean.

which can show featuresof Earth’s surface called

2.

1.

3.

4.

6. 7.5.

Models of Earth’s surface are

which can showlocation by using

that can be large,flat areas called

that can be steep,raised areas called

that can be raised,flat areas called

which can showelevation by using


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86 Views of Earth

Section 1 ■ Landforms

Directions: Using the terms below, identify the landforms shown at 1, 2, and 3.

mountain plateau plain


Content Mastery



4. The broad, flat lowlands along coasts are called csoatla anslip.

5. The tearG alinsP is a large, flat area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

6. The aaplchipAan Mountains are some of the oldest mountainsin North America.

7. Mount St. Helens and Mauna Loa are cainvolc mountains that formed from molten materials that reachedEarth’s surface through cracks in the crust.

8. The Appalachian Mountains are leddof mountains.

9. Mountains formed when blocks of Earth’s crust are pushed upby forces inside Earth are depprawu mountains.

10. The Atlantic Coastal Plain came into existence when the aseveell dropped.

1.

1. 2. 3.

2.

3.

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Views of Earth 87


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Section 2 ■ ViewpointsSection 3 ■ Maps

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6. The contour interval of the map is (1 cm/5 m).

7. The distance on the map between points E and F is 1 cm. The actual distance on Earth betweenthese points is (1 cm/16 m).

8. The hike between points A and B is (steeper/less steep) than the hike between points C and D.

9. Explain your answer to question 8.

Scale: 1 cm = 16 m

55 50 45 40

A

BC D

E F

Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.

1. Flat maps can show elevation with (contour lines/a map scale).

2. Distance above or below sea level is called (latitude/elevation).

3. Distance in degrees north or south of the equator is called (topographic/latitude).

4. Distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian is called (legend/longitude).

5. The difference in elevation from one contour line to the next is the contour (interval/projection).

Directions: Study the topographical map below. Then circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes

each sentence.


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88 Views of Earth

Key TermsViews of Earth


1. The ______ is an imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the north andsouth poles.

a. latitude b. equator

2. Lines that run north and south on a globe or map are called lines of ______.

a. longitude b. latitude

3. Lines that run parallel to the equator on a globe or map are called lines of ______.

a. longitude b. latitude

4. The symbols used on a map are explained in the ______.

a. contour lines b. map legend

5. The ______ is a ratio that tells how distances on a map compare to actualdifferences on Earth.

a. map scale b. contour line

6. The large, flat areas of land that make up much of the United States are

called ______.

a. plains b. plateaus

7. A large, flat, raised area of land is called a ______.

a. contour b. plateau

8. Steep, raised areas of land are called ______.

a. mountains b. coastal plains

9. Mountains formed when tremendous forces cause horizontal rock

layers to buckle and fold are ______.

a. volcanic mountains b. upwarped mountains

10. Mountains formed when one block of rocks is pushed up while the

adjacent block drops are ______.

a. fault-block mountains b. volcanic mountains


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Views of Earth 89

Chapter Review

Views of Earth

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that best completes each statement.

1. Imaginary lines used to determine distances north and south are called (meridians, latitude lines,longitude lines).

2. On a (Robinson, Mercator, conic) projection, lines of latitude are parallel and lines of longitudeare curved, resulting in less distortion.

3. About one-half of the land area in the United States is made up of (plateaus, plains, mountains).

4. On a topographic map, (contour lines, distance scales, contour intervals) are used to connectpoints of equal elevation.

5. On a road map, a (Robinson, Mercator, conic) projection would be used.

6. Maps show distance using (contour lines, map scales, map legends).

7. (Upwarped, Folded, Volcanic) mountains were formed when crust was pushed up by forcesinside Earth.

8. Lines of longitude can be used to determine the exact (north/south, east/west, north/east)location of a place.

9. The 180° meridian is the (equator, prime meridian, International Date Line).

10. Relatively flat, raised areas of land are called (plateaus, plains, mountains).

11. Mountains that begin when molten material reaches Earth’s surface through a weak area ofcrust are (upwarped, fault-blocked, volcanic) mountains.

12. A contour interval shows the difference in (projection, elevation, scale) between two side-by-side contour lines.

13. A map projection showing correct shapes of continents with distorted areas is a (Robinson,Mercator, conic) projection.

14. The exact location of a place on a map can be found using (latitude lines, longitude lines,latitude and longitude lines).

15. Zero longitude is designated by the (equator, prime meridian, International Date Line).

16. The Appalachians, the oldest North American mountains, are an example of (volcanic, folded,upwarped) mountains.

17. Sharp, jagged peaks are characteristic of (fault-blocked, folded, upwarped) mountains.

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90 Views of Earth

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Fill in the table with the terms that best describe these landforms.

Assessment

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Directions: Fill in the blanks of the following paragraphs to describe the types of mountains.

Plains and PlateausLocation Elevation Characteristics How formed

1. Coastal

2. Interior

3. Plateau

Type

Folded mountains are formed when land is 4. ____________________. The land buckles and

folds, which can be seen in folded layers of rock. The 5. ____________________ Mountains are

very old folded mountains that have been worn down by 6. ____________________ and erosion.

Upwarped mountains are formed when the 7. ____________________ by forces within Earth.

The soil erodes away, exposing sharp 8. ____________________. The 9. ____________________

of South Dakota are upwarped mountains.

Fault-block mountains are made of 10. ____________________ of rocks. Faults, or large

11. ____________________ along which there is 12. ____________________, separate the blocks.

Fault-block mountains have 13. ____________________ peaks. The Sierra

14. ____________________ are fault-block mountains. 15. ____________________ mountains

form when molten material reaches the surface through a 16. ____________________. The

materials pile up in 17. ____________________ and form a 18. ____________________ structure.

The 19. ____________________ Islands are volcanic mountains.

Directions: Below is a list of tasks. Which of these maps would be best to use for each task?

a. Mercator projection b. conic projection c. Robinson projection d. topographic map

20. travel from one city to another

21. estimate the elevation of an ancient ruin in the mountains above a river

22. take part in a sailboat race from Bermuda to Cancun

23. contrast the size of Europe and Greenland


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Atmosphere 91


1. Which atmosphere layer contains electrically charged particles that reflect radio waves?

2. In which atmosphere layer(s) does the temperature increase as altitude increases?

3. In which atmosphere layer(s) does the temperature decrease as altitude increases?

Directions: Use the chart to answer questions 4–7.

Earth’s AtmosphereReinforcement11

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4. What information does the chart show?

5. A, B, and C represent three different gases. What is A?

How do you know?

6. What is B?

How do you know?

7. What is C?

How do you know?

A

B

Argon

Carbon dioxide

C

Neon

Gas

0.03

Percent by volume

Helium

Methane

Krypton

Xeron

Hydrogen

Ozone

Gas

trace

trace

trace

trace

trace

trace

Percent by volume

78.09

20.95

0.93

0.0 to 4.0

trace


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Reinforcement

8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of the frying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?

9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer thanoutside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?

10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?

22

Absorbed byEarth’s surface Reflected by Earth’s

surface

Absorbed by cloudsand atmosphere

Scattered by cloudsand air

25%

50%

5%

20%

What happens to radiation comingto Earth from the sun?

5. Radiation

6. Conduction

7. Convection

Types of heat transfer How they are produced

produced by

produced by

produced by

92 Atmosphere

Name Date Class

Energy Transfer in theAtmosphere

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided using information from the graph.

1. Why doesn’t all radiation directed at Earth reach the surface?

2. What percent of radiation is lost before reaching Earth’s surface?

3. What percent of radiation is lost after reaching Earth’s surface?

4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation receivedfrom the Sun?

Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the followingquestions on the lines provided.


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Atmosphere 93

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the letters

in the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.

1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere

___ ___ ___

2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. Heat from the Sun

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earth’s eastward rotation

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. The phrase is:

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Atmosphere 95

OverviewAtmosphere


weather exosphere coldest air temperature ionosphere stratosphere

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Content Mastery

arethe

The layersof the

atmosphere

1.

4.

2.

3.

which is theregion of

which alsocontains the

whichcontains the

whichhas the

thermosphere

troposphere

mesosphere

ozone layer

space travel

in which 5. ____________occurs


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96 Atmosphere

Name Date Class

Section 1 ■ Earth’s Atmosphere

Section 2 ■ Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere


1. The layer of atmosphere that we live in is the oreeshroppt.

2. The most common gas in our atmosphere is gnoetrin.

3. The layer of atmosphere that contains the ozone layer is the rattsoreephs.

4. Harmful energy that comes from the sun is travelutoil triadiona.

5. Chemical compounds that pollute the atmosphere are frochrabonlorolucos.

6. Energy is transferred when molecules bump into one another in notonducci.

7. A cycle in which air is warmed, warm air rises, air is cooled, and cooled air sinks

is a nocitecnov centurr.

8. All the water on Earth’s surface is called the dropshyere.

9. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid is called cannedsitnoo.

10. When water changes from a liquid to a gas, it asprotavee.


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Directions: Match each cause with the correct effect. Write the letter of the effect in the blank before the cause.

Cause

3. The equator receives more of the Sun’s energy.

4. Warm air is less dense than cold air.

5. The poles receive less of the Sun’s energy.

6. Cold air is more dense than warm air.

7. Warm air molecules are farther apart.

8. Earth rotates.

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Atmosphere 97

Section 3 ■ Air Movement

Directions: Identify the illustrations below as showing a sea breeze or land breeze.

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Effect

a. Cold air sinks.

b. Air near the equator is

warmer.

c. The Coriolis effect exists.

d. Warm air rises.

e. Warm air is less dense.

f. Air near the poles is colder.

Warm air

Cool airCool air

Warm air


Content Mastery

1. 2.


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Directions: Use the terms to complete the puzzle below. The letters in the dark, vertical box will spell a familiar term.

Coriolis effect troposphere sea breeze

ionosphere ozone layer jet stream radiation

land breeze condensation hydrosphere

Key Terms Atmosphere

1. Part of atmosphere that protects Earth from harmful radiation

2. The transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another

3. Narrow belt of strong wind at high altitude

4. All the water on Earth’s surface

5. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid

6. Layer of atmosphere closest to Earth’s surface

7. A layer of charged particles above Earth

8. Constant movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.

9. Shifts the direction of free moving fluids such as air and water

10. A local wind system created during the day

9

8

10

7

6

5

4

2

11

3


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Atmosphere 99

Chapter Review

Atmosphere

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

1. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ___________________________; it contains cloudsand smog.

2. An oxygen form present in the ___________________________ filters ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

3. Heat transfer that occurs when molecules come in contact with one another

is ___________________________.

4. Winds blowing from the northeast to the southwest near the North Pole are known

as ___________________________.

5. Air masses moving in the northern hemisphere are turned westward from their original

paths in the ___________________________.

6. A windless zone at Earth’s equator where air rises almost straight up is called

the ___________________________.

7. The ___________________________ reflects radio waves at night.

8. Cool, dense air near the sea moves inland toward warm, less dense areas during the day and

sets up ___________________________.

9. At 30° north or south of the equator, air descending to Earth’s surface creates

steady ___________________________.

10. The transfer of energy in the form of rays or waves is known

as ___________________________.

11. The ___________________________ blow from southwest to northeast at 30° to 60° latitudein the northern hemisphere.

12. Cool, dense air moves during the night from the land toward water

as ___________________________.

13. Skin cancer can be caused by too much exposure to ___________________________.

14. Each hemisphere has two narrow belts of fast-moving winds

called ___________________________.

15. Some chemicals that are being blamed for the destruction of the ozone layer

are ____________________.

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100 Atmosphere

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Describe each of the following concepts on the lines provided.

1. three things that can happen to the energy Earth receives from the Sun

2. the danger of ultraviolet radiation

3. the relationship of radiation, conduction, and convection

4. the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons

5. the cause of the difference in temperature between the equator and the poles

6. the two most abundant gases in our atmosphere

7. the factors that affect air pressure

8. the Coriolis effect on wind patterns

9. sea breezes during the day and land breezes at night

Assessment

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Weather 101


1. How does temperature affect humidity?

2. Why can’t cold air hold much water vapor?

3. How do clouds form?

4. Complete the chart below about the types of clouds in Figures 1 through 4.

Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct


Column I

5. snow

6. rain

7. sleet

8. hail

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Column II

a. water drops that fall when the temperature is above freezing

b. water drops that fall and become solid when the temperatureis below freezing

c. water drops that freeze in layers around small nuclei of iceduring thunderstorms

d. water drops that pass through a layer of freezing air near thesurface, forming ice pellets

Type

Description

Weather

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4


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102 Weather

Name Date Class

Weather Patterns

Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.

1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?

2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?

3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?

4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?

5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.

6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.

7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?

8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.

9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.

Reinforcement22


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Warm air

Topeka, KS Kansas City, KS

Cold air

Indianapolis, IN Columbus, OH

Cold airWarm air

Figure 1 Figure 2

a. heavy rain

b. strong winds

c. lightning

d. thunder

e. tornado

Element ofThunderstorms Caused by


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Weather 103

Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the following

questions.

1. Which station has the lowest pressure?

2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?

3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?

4. Which station has the highest pressure?

5. What kind of front is south of Station A?

6. Which station has the most cloud cover?

7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?

9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?

Weather Forecasts33 Reinforcement33

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2D

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H10 163

2017 103 21

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127

1091716L

HL



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Weather 105


Sun fronts water air masses

low pressure high pressure air


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OverviewWeather

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where air moves from

which can form

to

Weather is caused by the interaction

1. 3.2.

4.

5.

which form

7. ____________areas

6. ____________areas

of


8. Clouds form as moist air rises and ____________________.

9. When dense, cold air meets less dense warmer air, the warm air is pushed

____________________.

10. Winds form because air moves from an area of high pressure to an area

of ____________________ pressure.


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106 Weather

Section 1 ■ What is weather?

Directions: Write the letter of the correct question next to its answer below.

Questions

a. What is the dew point?

b. What is sleet?

c. What is fog?

d. What is humidity?

e. What is wind?

f. What is relative humidity?

g. What is weather?

h. What is temperature?

i. What are clouds?

j. What are types of precipitation?

k. What is caused by the interaction of air, water, and Sun?

Answers

1. a description of the current state of the atmosphere

2. the amount of water vapor in the air

3. objects that form as warm air rises, expands, and then cools

4. the temperature at which condensation forms from saturated air

5. the measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air compared tothe amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature

6. rain, snow, sleet, and hail

7. a stratus cloud that forms near the ground

8. the weather

9. air moving in a specific direction

10. a measure of the average amount of motion of molecules

11. rain drops that pass through a layer of freezing air near Earth’s surface forming pellets


Content Mastery


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Weather 107


1. A boundary between two different air masses is called a norft.

2. Atmospheric serpuser is determined by the temperature anddensity of the air and the amount of water vapor in it.

3. Storms and ipitrpitconea occur at fronts.

4. Fronts usually bring a change in etertermaup.

5. Fronts always bring a change in wind iridotnec.

6. A(n) ria sams is a large body of air with the same properties asEarth’s surface under it.

7. A line connecting points of equal temperature is a(n) timsrohe.

8. A(n) tiostan emdol shows the weather conditions at one specificlocation.

Directions: Write the descriptive terms for air masses in their proper places on the map. Note that cool/moist

and warm/moist appear twice.

hot/dry cool/moist warm/moist cold/dry

cool/moist warm/moist


Content Mastery

Section 2 ■ Weather PatternsSection 3 ■ Weather Forecasts

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12. 13. 14.


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108 Weather

Key TermsWeather

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. Then circle the terms in the word search puzzle.

1. ____________________ is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount

of water vapor needed for saturation at a certain temperature.

2. The temperature at which air is saturated and condensation begins is

the ____________________.

3. When air is cooled to the dew point near the ground, it forms a stratus

cloud called ____________________.

4. When you observe a change in the weather from one day to the next, it is

due to the movement of ____________________.

5. A ____________________ is a large swirling low-pressure system that forms over tropical waters.

6. A ____________________ studies weather.

7. An ____________________ connects locations of equal temperature.

8. An ____________________ connects locations of equal pressure.

9. A ____________________ is a violent whirling wind that moves over land.

10. The boundary between cold and warm air masses is a ____________________.


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1. Violent, whirling wind associated withthunderstorms

2. Line connecting points of equal temperature3. Person who studies weather4. Line connecting points of equal

atmospheric pressure5. Boundary formed between two colliding

air masses6. Large body of air with the same properties

as the surface over which it develops7. Present state of the atmosphere8. Amount of moisture in air compared to

amount needed for saturation at a giventemperature

9. Weather information collected by meteorologists at specific locations

10. Temperature at which air is saturated andcondensation begins

11. Severe storm that forms over tropical oceans12. Great masses of air molecules pushing

down from above13. Includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail14. Millions of drops of water suspended in

the sky15. Stratus cloud that forms near the ground16. Air holding all the moisture it can at a

particular temperature17. What type of cloud brings long, steady

rain?

1. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. ___ ___ ___ ___

6. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

13. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

14. ___ ___ ___ ___

15. ___ ___

16. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

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Weather 109

Chapter Review

Weather

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Write one letter in eachspace. Use the letters in the boxes to find the answer to question17.

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5. What atmospheric conditions cause the following?

a. cold front:

b. thunderstorm:

c. tornado:

d. hurricane:


6. What is the difference between isobars and isotherms?

7. Explain the relationship between fronts and low pressure systems.

8. List four forms of precipitation.

9. Describe how low pressure systems form at cold, warm, and stationary fronts.

Assessment

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110 Weather

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: In the following table, write the description and weather associated with each type of cloud.

Cloud type Description Weather Associated

1. Cirrus

2. Cumulus

3. Stratus

4. Nimbus


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Climate 111

What is climate?

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Directions: On the map above, note the factors that can affect the climate. Then, in the table below, enter the

names of these factors and describe the effects they cause.

Key

Mountains

City

Ocean

Factors Effects

1.

2.

3.

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112 Climate

Name Date Class

Climate Types


1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the region’s ____________________.

2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.

3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive.

4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________.

5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called

____________________.

6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________.

7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is

a(n) ____________________ adaptation.

8. In the Köppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and

____________________.


9. What is an adaptation?

10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?

11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?

12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?

13. Name the six groups of climates in the Köppen classification system.


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Climate 113


1. In the illustration, what season is it in thenorthern hemispheres? In the southern hemisphere?

2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations oftemperature and day length greatest? Least?

3. What are the effects of El Niño?

4. What is global warming?

5. How might global warming affect Earth?

6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?

7. What is the greenhouse effect?

8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?

9. How do scientists know what Earth’s climate was like in earlier geologic eras?

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Climate 115

OverviewClimate


mild solar output large cities tropical

volcanic eruptions temperate continental

seasons polar dry

meteorite collisions high elevation

Climate

12.

can be changed byhas three zones determined by latitude

11.

10.

9.

8.

7.

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

has six classificationsdetermined by precipitation

and temperature

polar

tropical

El Niño


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116 Climate

Section 1 ■ What is climate?Section 2 ■ Climate Types

Directions: Unscramble the following terms to complete the concept map below.

tudealti gelar estici dnalmsfor

isodbe fo tarew oecan rrucenst isanotumn

a. temperature, moisture, andamount of sunlight.

b. it cools.

c. structural adaptation.

d. leeward side of mountains,away from the wind.

e. more slowly than land.

f. behavioral adaptations.


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climate

1.

3.

6.

5.

affect(s)

4.

2.

Directions: Choose the phrase on the right that correctly completes each sentence. Write the letter of the phrase

in the space provided.

7. The fur of mammals is an example of a _____.

8. Water heats up and cools

down _____.

9. As air rises, _____.

10. Climates can be classified based

on _____.

11. Hibernation and estivation are two

kinds of _____.

12. Deserts are common on the _____.


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Climate 117

Section 3 ■ Climatic Changes

Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes each sentence.

1. (Earth’s rotation/Earth’s tilt) causes seasons.

2. El Niño occurs when (rain/wind) patterns change over the Pacific Ocean.

3. The amount of (carbon dioxide/volcanic ash) in the atmosphere helps create the greenhouse effect.

4. Great events such as meteorite collisions and (volcanic eruptions/glaciation) can affect the amount of sunlight reaching Earth.

5. Because of fairly (low/constant) solar radiation near the equator, the tropics do not have great seasonal temperature changes.

Directions: Place the sentences in the top oval in correct order in the flow chart that follows.


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• Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase.

• Global warming occurs.• People burn fossil fuels and cut down forests.

8.

7.

6.


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118 Climate

Key TermsClimate

Directions: Use the following terms to complete the puzzle below. The letters in the dark vertical box will spell a

familiar word.

adaptation global warming hibernation

temperate zone deforestation tropics greenhouse effect


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1. Regions of Earth that receive the most solar radiation

2. Increase in global temperatures

3. An animal’s long period of inactivity during winter

4. Moderate temperature zone between the polar zone and the tropics

5. Any structure or behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment

6. Destroying and cutting down trees

7. Natural heating caused when gases in the atmosphere trap heat

8. The familiar word in the dark vertical box is ____________________.

7

6

5

4

3

2

11


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Climate 119

Climate

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Match the terms in Column I with their description in Column II. Write the letter of the correct


Column I

1. adaptation

2. climate

3. El Niño

4. temperate zones

5. seasons

6. hibernation

7. polar zones

8. greenhouse effect

9. global warming

10. tropics

11. deforestation

Column II

a. the pattern of weather in a region

b. the region that extends from the poles to 66 1/2° northand south latitudes

c. any structure or behavioral feature that helps anorganism survive in its environment

d. short-term periods of climate change caused by variationsin daylight, temperature, and weather patterns

e. a climate event that starts in the tropical Pacific Oceanand sets off changes in the atmosphere

f. the region that receives the most solar radiationbecause the sun shines almost directly overhead

g. rise in the average global surface temperature

h. destroying and cutting down of trees

i. natural heating process of Earth caused by gases trapping heat in the atmosphere

j. a period of reduced activity that some mammalsundergo in the winter

k. areas between tropics and polar zones

Chapter Review

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Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

1. Describe how the Koppen system classifies climate.

2. List four of the classifications used in the Köppen climate classification system.


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120 Climate

3. Describe how El Niño affects the climate.

4. How do spiny leaves help a cactus survive in the desert?

5. Explain the difference between the greenhouse effect and global warming. Does one have any-thing to do with the other? Explain.

6. How has Earth’s climate changed in the past?

7. How do mountains affect the climate of nearby areas?

8. Explain how humans add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and how they can reduce theamount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Assessment

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Ocean Motion 121

Ocean WaterReinforcement11

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Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.

1. Elements are added to oceans at a faster rate than they are removed.

2. Oxygen enters the ocean in two ways—directly from the atmosphere and indirectly fromorganisms when they go through the process of respiration.

3. The most abundant elements in seawater are carbon and nitrogen.

4. About 20 percent of Earth is covered by ocean water.

5. Salts can be removed from ocean water by a process called salinity.

6. After water vapor from volcanoes cooled, torrents of rain filled basins on Earth’s surface toform more volcanoes.

7. Salinity is usually measured in grams of seawater per kilogram of dissolved salt.

8. Magnesium and chloride make up most of the ions in seawater.

9. Some of the ions in seawater come from rocks that are slowly formed by rivers and groundwater.

10. The proportion and the amount of dissolved salts in seawater have greatly increased overhundreds of millions of years.

11. Although oceans provide food, oxygen, and natural resources, they have no effect on weather.


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Reinforcement22

North Pacific Current

Kuroshio Current

California Current

N. Equatorial Current

Equatorial Counter Current

S. Equatorial Current

E.Au

stra

lian

Cu

rrent

Gulf Stream

L abrador C.

Sargasso Sea

N. Equatorial C.

EquatorialCounter CurrentS. Equatorial C.

Brazi

lC.

Benguela Current

Agulhas C.

Antarctic Circumpolar C.

PeruCurrent

3. What is the name of the current that flows southerly along the west coast of the United States?

Is this current warm or cold?

4. In what direction do cold currents generally flow in the northern hemisphere?

5. Because of the influence of the Coriolis effect, what is the general motion of surface currents

north of the equator?

south of the equator?

122 Ocean Motion

Name Date Class

Ocean Currents


1. What kind of current forms when more dense seawater moves toward less dense seawater?

2. What causes an upwelling?

Directions: Use the information from the figures below to help answer the following questions. Meeting Individual Needs

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Ocean Motion 123

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed

letters to answer question 11.

1. collapsing wave ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. kind of tide that occurs when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon form a right angle ___ ___ ___

3. horizontal distance between two waves or two crests ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. lowest point of a wave ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. rise and fall in sea level ___ ___ ___

6. rhythmic movement that carries energy through matter or space ___ ___ ___

7. kind of tide that occurs when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon line up together ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. pulls the water back into the sea after a wave breaks ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. highest point of a wave ___ ___ ___ ___

10. vertical distance between a wave’s crest and trough ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. What is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide?

Ocean Waves and TidesReinforcement33

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Ocean Motion 125

Directions: Use the following terms and descriptions to fill in the outline.

crest Move water horizontally High tide

trough Covers 70 percent of Earth Low tide

Are affected by the Coriolis effect Tidal range

Form when a mass of seawater becomes more dense than the water around it

I. Ocean water

A.

B. Contains many dissolved salts

II. Ocean currents

A. Surface currents

1.

2. Are powered by wind

B. Upwellings

C. Density currents

1. Water that circulates deep in the ocean

2.

III. Ocean waves and tides

A. Parts of a wave

1. The highest point of the wave, or the ________________________.

2. The lowest point of the wave, or the ________________________.

B. Tides

1. ________________________, when sea level appears to rise

2. ________________________, when sea level appears to drop

3. ________________________, the difference between the level of the ocean at high

tide and low tide


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OverviewOcean Motion

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126 Ocean Motion

Section 1 ■ Ocean WaterSection 2 ■ Ocean Currents

Directions: Use the terms to complete the paragraphs below them.

salts sodium chloride rivers salinity basins

Billions of years ago, low areas on Earth called 1. ____________________ filled with water to

form oceans. In addition to water, oceans contain dissolved

2. ____________________. Many of them come from 3. ____________________ that empty

into the ocean. The measure of the amount of salt in seawater is called

4. ____________________. The two most common ions in ocean water,

5. ____________________ and 6. ____________________, combine to form halite, or table salt.

Coriolis effect current warm surface

rotation upwelling density

Ocean water is always moving. The mass movement or flow of ocean water is called a

7. ____________________. Currents caused by wind that moves water

parallel to Earth’s surface are called 8. ____________________ currents. The

direction of currents is influenced by the 9. ____________________, which is caused by the

10. ____________________ of Earth. Other currents, called

11. ____________________ currents, occur because warm seawater is less dense than cold

seawater. This means the 12. ____________________ water rises, and the cold water sinks and

travels along the ocean bottom. Areas of 13. ____________________ occur when a vertical

circulation in the ocean brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface.


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Ocean Motion 127

Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the waves using the correct terms from the list.

crest wave height wavelength trough


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Section 3 ■ Ocean Waves and Tides

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Direction of wave 1. 2.

3.

4.

Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes the sentence.

5. For the most part, the Moon’s gravity causes (tides/wind).

6. Water waves are caused by (crests/wind).

7. Friction with the ocean bottom causes water at the bottom of the wave to

(slow down/speed up).

8. High tides are higher than normal when there are (neap tides/spring tides).

Directions: Label each figure below as conditions either for a spring tide or a neap tide.

Sun

Newmoon

Earth

Sun

1stquartermoon

Earth

9. 10.


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128 Ocean Motion

Key TermsOcean Motion



Content Mastery


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7

6

4

3

5

2

8

9

1

10

Across

1. The lowest point of a wave

7. Mass movements, or flows, that move water horizontally

8. The difference between the levels at high tide and low tide is the ______ range.

9. Low area in which oceans formed

10. A rise and fall in sea level

Down

2. Circulation in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the surface

3. The highest point of a wave

4. When denser seawater sinks under less dense seawater, a ______ current is formed.

5. Rhythmic movement that carries energy from one place to another

6. A collapsing wave

7. Measure of the salts dissolved in seawater


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Ocean Motion 129

Chapter Review

Ocean Motion

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Use the clues below to complete the puzzle.

1 2

4 5

10

9

3

7

11

12

6

8

Across

1. Causes the wind and surface currents toturn (two words)

3. A collapsing wave

4. A low area on Earth

7. Rhythmic movements that carry energythrough matter and space

9. Movement that occurs when more denseseawater sinks under less dense seawater

10. The difference between sea level at hightide and at low tide (two words)

11. Vertical circulation that brings deep, coldwater to the ocean’s surface

12. Lowest point of a wave

Down

2. Mass movement of water horizontally(two words)

5. Measure of the amount of salts dissolvedin seawater

6. Highest point of a wave

8. Rise and fall in sea levelAs

sess

men

t


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130 Ocean Motion

Assessment

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

1. Describe how Earth’s oceans may have been formed.

2. Ocean water contains dissolved gases and salts. From where do such substances originate?

3. List two reasons why some substances do not remain dissolved in the water for long periodsof time.

4. How does the Coriolis effect cause surface currents to move in certain directions?

5. Why are currents on the western coasts of continents relatively cold, whereas currents on theeastern coasts are relatively warm?

6. Explain the movement of water molecules in waves.

7. Explain how breakers form.

8. Explain the difference between spring and neap tides.

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Energy and Energy Resources 131


1. What is energy?

2. How can you tell when something has energy?

Directions: Fill in the following table with what kind of energy each of the examples contains.

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3. a flying bird

4. a burning candle

5. a battery

6. a hamburger

7. a book on a shelf

8. a green plant

9. a beam of sunlight

10. a piece of radioactive metal

11. a cup of hot cocoa

Example Type of energy

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.

12. ____________________ energy is the energy of motion.

13. A balloon floating in the air has more ____________________ energy than a boulder at thetop of a cliff.

14. When you pick up a book, you are ____________________ energy from your hands to the book.

15. The faster an object moves, the ____________________ its kinetic energy.

16. A scooter moving at 10 km/h has ____________________ kinetic energy than a motorcyclemoving at the same speed.

17. ____________________ is energy stored due to an object’s position.

18. A bowling ball sitting on a shelf has ____________________ potential energy than a basketball on the same shelf.

19. A sock lying on a dresser has ____________________ potential energy than a skateboard onthe floor.


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Reinforcement22

132 Energy and Energy Resources

Name Date Class

Energy Transformations

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.

1. In every energy transformation, some ____________________ is released.

2. When you climb a rope, you change ____________________ energy into

____________________ energy.

3. Energy can never be created or destroyed, just ____________________ or

____________________.

4. As temperature increases, ____________________ energy increases.

5. Fireworks change ____________________ into ____________________ and

____________________ energy.

6. When a pendulum swings, if it is not continuously pushed, it will stop eventually because

some of its energy is changed into ____________________ energy.

7. In the muscle cells in your body, ____________________ energy is changed into

____________________ energy.


8. Trace the energy transformations from a hamburger you eat to riding your bike.

9. In most forms of generation of electrical energy in power plants, the last two steps are thesame. What are they?

10. Trace the energy transformations from a radio signal to the music you hear.


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Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the following statements.

1. (Oil, Wind, Water) is a fossil fuel.

2. As you go deeper into Earth, the temperature (increases, decreases, stays the same).

3. (Coal, Oil, Water) is a renewable resource.

4. (Geothermal energy, Fossil fuels, Hydroelectric energy) cause(s) acid rain.

5. A mountainous region would be a likely source for (nuclear, hydroelectric, wind) energy.

Directions: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is true, write true on the

line. If it is false, change the underlined term to make it true.

6. Fossil fuels cause air pollution.

7. Geothermal energy is caused by falling water.

8. A thermal cell produces electricity directly from sunlight.

9. A reflecting panel uses the kinetic energy of moving air.

10. About 68% of the electrical energy in the United States is produced by nuclear fuel.


11. Explain why it would be necessary for a home using solar energy to have some type of anenergy storage device.

12. Explain how hydroelectric energy works.

13. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fossil fuels.

Sources of EnergyReinforcement33

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position power plants light solar

magma nuclear food and fuel

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Content Mastery

OverviewEnergy and Energy Resources

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are

whichcomesfrom

whichcomesfrom

whichisan

which isenergy

of

which isstored in

which isstored in

which isproduced

by

Some formsof energy

chemical

the Sun

geothermal

electrical

4.

potential

6.

2.

1.

the nucleusof an atom

3.

inexhaustibleresource

5.

7.


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Name Date Class


Section 1 ■ What is energy?Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

energy stored in a bicycle at the top of a hill

the heat released by a steaming bag of popcorn

the bonds between the protons of a silver atom

the bonds between the atoms of a match

energy used to power a computer

the motion of a skateboard

the light of a candle


8. If two skydivers are the same distance from the ground, the one with

the greater mass will have greater aeilnoptt energy.

9. Your body’s source of energy is the aecchilm energy in food.

10. Whenever a change in your surroundings occurs, yrngee is being

transferred from one place to another.

11. If two roller coasters have the same mass, the one with the greater

ceilotvy will have greater kinetic energy.

12. In a light bulb, acceeillrt energy produces thermal energy, which

then produces radiant energy.


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Directions: Draw a line between each type of energy on the left to the example of this type of energy on the right.

1. kinetic energy

2. radiant energy

3. nuclear energy

4. thermal energy

5. potential energy

6. chemical energy

7. electrical energy


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Directions: Read each step. Then put the steps in order from first to last. Write 1 for the first step, 2 for the

second step, and so on.

1. Fossil fuels are burned. The thermal energy of the burning fuel turns water intosteam.

2. Over millions of years, the chemical energy in ancient organisms is transformedinto the chemical energy of fossil fuels.

3. The turbine turns a generator. The kinetic energy of the generator is convertedto electrical energy.

4. Organisms transform the radiant energy in sunlight into chemical energy.

5. The kinetic energy of steam is transferred to a turbine.

Directions: Use the words in the list to fill in the blanks below.

conservation electrical hydroelectric nuclear

nonrenewable turbine renewable photovoltaic

6. One problem with using _________________________ energy is that it produces radioactive waste.

7. The _________________________ of a _________________________ power plant isturned by moving water.

8. A _________________________ device converts solar energy directly into

_________________________ energy.

9. Windmills produce electricity by using a _________________________ source of energy.

10. The law of _________________________ of energy states that energy cannot be created ordestroyed; it can only change form.

11. Coal and oil are examples of _________________________ resources.


Content Mastery

Section 2 ■ Energy Transformations

Section 3 ■ Sources of Energy

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Name Date Class


Key TermsEnergy and Energy Resources

Directions: Circle eleven terms in the puzzle and then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.


Content Mastery

R

A

D

I

A

N

T

B

A

N

K

I

N

E

T

I

C

O

H

N

T

E

A

E

L

U

A

P

N

O

H

G

E

N

E

R

A

T

O

R

N

U

A

C

N

T

C

N

T

N

E

T

S

U

R

S

R

E

A

E

E

R

B

L

A

A

E

T

H

E

G

I

A

A

I

E

C

A

R

A

R

B

C

E

T

C

S

I

E

W

Y

N

L

R

V

C

R

L

M

B

R

W

L

D

E

L

U

B

L

E

E

E

C

H

E

M

I

C

A

L


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1. the ability to cause change

2. type of energy stored within an atom

3. form of energy also known as light energy

4. kind of energy that is stored in bonds between atoms

5. another name for a renewable energy source

6. form of energy that an object has due to its temperature

7. type of energy that an object has because of its movement

8. device that converts energy of motion into electrical energy

9. type of energy that is stored in an object because of itsposition

10. wheel composed of a series of blades that is used to turna generator

11. type of energy source that will eventually be used up


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Chapter Review

Energy and Energy Resources

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Place the letters of the words defined on the spaces provided. When you are finished, the letters in

the vertical box spell out the answer to question 14.

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

11

9

10

11

12

13 Asse

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1. Energy sources that are in limited supply

are ______ resources.

2. device with blades that uses kineticenergy to turn a generator

3. a device that directly converts solar energyinto electricity

4. energy of hot objects

5. energy from separation of positive andnegative charges

6. device that converts kinetic energy intoelectrical energy

7. resource that is constantly being replenished

8. Energy stored in the bonds between atoms

is called ______ energy.

9. Energy sources other than fossil fuel are

______ resources.10. energy of light11. energy due to position12. energy due to motion13. the ability to cause change

14. What is the energy stored in the bondsbetween protons in the nucleus?


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Part B. Concept Review1. Number the steps for converting nuclear energy into electrical energy in the correct order in

the blanks provided.

a. kinetic energy turns turbine

b. nuclear energy converted into thermal energy

c. kinetic energy produces electricity

d. thermal energy boils water

e. kinetic energy turns generator

Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that best completes each statement.

2. As the mass of an object moving at a given speed decreases, its kinetic energy (increases,decreases, remains the same).

3. As the velocity of a falling object increases, its potential energy (increases, decreases, remains thesame).

4. A feather floating in the air has (kinetic energy, potential energy,both kinetic and potential energy).

5. Hydroelectric energy can generate electricity because of the initial (potential, radiant, kinetic)energy of the water.

6. A photovoltaic collector turns radiant energy into (thermal, chemical, electrical) energy.

7. If you put a book up on a shelf, you increase its (potential, kinetic, both potential and kinetic)energy.

8. Wind turbines convert (potential, kinetic, thermal) energy into electrical energy.


9. What is a renewable resource? What is a nonrenewable resource?

10. When you drop a book on the floor, what happens to its original potential energy?


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Electricity 141

Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle.

Electric ChargeReinforcement11

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1 3

4

8

2

5

10

12

9

7

6

14

11

13

Across

1. Negatively charged atomic particle

6. Can result from touching uninsulated wire

7. Positively charged atomic particle

9. Holds protons and neutrons together inthe nucleus (3 words)

11. What like charges do.

13. Something electrons cannot movethrough easily

14. Tiny particle of matter

Down

2. Metal used for electrical wire

3. Gets stronger as you get closer to an electriccharge (2 words)

4. Something electrons move through easily

5. What opposite charges do

8. Charge of an atom that has lost electrons

10. Atomic particle that has no charge

12. Buildup of electric charges


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Reinforcement22

142 Electricity

Name Date Class

Electric Current

Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below.

chemical reactions ohms electric potential energy

resistance volts electric current

negative positive V circuit

Life as we know it would be impossible without electricity. Think of the number of electrical

devices we rely on every day: lights, refrigerators, computers, televisions, flashlights, car headlights,

watches–the list is endless. All of these devices, and countless others, need a constant, steady

source of electrical energy. This steady source of electrical energy comes from a(n)

1. _______________________, which is the steady flow of electrons through a conductor.

This steady flow of electricity requires a closed path, or 2. _______________________,

through which to flow. Its basic elements are a conductor, such as wire, through which electrons

flow and a source of electrons, such as a battery.

An electric current carries energy that comes from separating positive and negative charges.

Negatively charged electrons “seek out” positively charged electrons to recombine. This can

only happen if they travel through the circuit. In a circuit, the electrons flow from the

3. _______________________ end to the 4. _______________________ end.

A familiar source of electrons in electric circuits is a battery. The total stored electrical energy

in a battery—the energy available to do work—is called 5. _______________________. This

energy is measured in units called 6. _______________________, which is abbreviated

7. _______________________. Batteries rely on 8. _______________________ to separate

positive and negative electrical charges. When the negative and positive ends of the charges are

connected by a conductor, a circuit forms and the electrical energy is available to do work.

However, the electrons don’t flow completely freely through the circuit. Depending on the

material used for the conductor, the electrons have more or less difficulty flowing. The measure of

how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a circuit is called 9. _______________________.

This is measured in units called 10. _______________________.


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Electricity 143

Directions: Use the terms and statements from the list below to complete the table.

kilowatt amount of electric energy used by a device

series: a circuit that has only one path for the electric current to follow

Ohm’s law power = current ✕ voltage series circuit

parallel: a circuit that has more than one path for the electric current to follow

watt voltage = current ✕ resistance kW

P = I ✕ V parallel circuit V = I ✕ R W

Electric CircuitsReinforcement33

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Important Facts About Electric Circuits1. There is a relationship among voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit.

a. Name of law:

b. Expression of law:

c. Equation:

2. There are two types of electric circuits.

a. Two types of circuits: (1)

(2)

b. Definitions of these circuits: (1)

(2)

3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured.

a. Definition of electrical power:

b. Unit of electrical power: (1) Name:

(2) Abbreviation:

(3) Term for 1000 units:

(4) Abbreviation for 1000 units:

c. Determining the electrical (1) Expression:

power of a circuit: (2) Formula:



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Electricity 145


circuit parallel the same

different I = V/R Ohm’s


Content Mastery

OverviewElectricity

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Directions: Number the following statements so that they are in the correct order.

7. The boy puts his hand on the doorknob.

8. The boy walks to the door of his room.

9. The boy walks across the carpet.

10. The boy feels a slight shock from static electricity.

series circuit

in which allincluded

devices receive

in which allincluded

devices receive

two types of which are

4.

______________ current

5.

______________ circuit

6.

______________ current

which can bedesigned using

2.

______________ law

which can bewritten as

3.

1.

Current electricity

flows in a


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Name Date Class

146 Electricity

Section 1 ■ Electric Charge

Directions: Place a C on the line to the left of each item that is a conductor. Place an I on the line to left of each

item that is an insulator.

1. glass ______ 4. wool ______ 7. wood

2. gold ______ 5. copper ______ 8. rubber

3. plastic ______ 6. your body ______ 9. aluminum

Directions: Use the figures below to mark the following statements T for true or F for false. Explain your

answers. In Figure A, a charged rod is repelling a copper ball. In Figure B, two charged balls are attracted.

Figure A Figure B


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Copper ball androd repelled

Hard rubber rod+

+

++

Charged balls attracted

1 2

+

+

++

10. In Figure A, the rod is positively charged.

11. In Figure B, ball 1 has a negative charge.

12. In Figure B, the positively charged rod will be attracted to ball 2.


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Electricity 147

Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the questions below. A is a battery, B is a switch, and C is a lightbulb.


Content Mastery

Section 2 ■ Electric CurrentSection 3 ■ Electric Circuits

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B

Bulb 1 Bulb 2 Bulb 3

Point 1

A

B

C

Point 2A

1. What kind of circuit is Figure 1?

2. Are the lightbulbs lit in Figure 1?

3. If the switch was closed in Figure 1, how many of the bulbs would be lit?

4. If the circuit was cut at point 1, would any bulbs be lit? If so, which ones?

5. What kind of circuit is Figure 2?

6. Are the lightbulbs lit in Figure 2?

7. If the circuit was cut at point 2, would either bulb be lit?

Figure 1

Figure 2


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Name Date Class

148 Electricity

Key TermsElectricity

Directions: Write the correct term next to its description below.

electric field circuit conductors electric current voltage

electric force insulators parallel circuit resistance electrical power

Ohm’s Law ion static charge series circuit electric discharge

1. the buildup of electric charges on an object

2. materials that allow electrons to move through them easily

3. materials through which electrons cannot move easily

4. the steady flow of electrons through a conductor

5. an unbroken path through which an electric current can flow

6. the measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow througha material

7. a circuit with one path along which current can flow

8. a circuit with more than one path along which current can flow

9. an atom with a positive or negative charge

10. measure of how much electricity a power source can provide

11. causes charged particles to attract or repel each other

12. relationship between voltage, current, and resistance

13. area around an electric charge which is strongest closest tothe charged particle

14. rate at which electrical energy is converted to another type ofenergy

15. rapid movement of electric charge from one place to another


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Name Date Class

Electricity 149

Chapter Review

Electricity

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Use the clues to complete the puzzle.

2

1

3

7

9

5

6

10

11

13

8

12

4

Across2. Circuit with more than one path

4. A material that current does not easilyflow through

8. Rapid movement of excess electrons fromone place to another (2 words)

11. Rate at which electric energy is convertedto another form (2 words)

12. Closed path through which current canflow

13. Buildup of electric charges in one place (2 words)

Down1. Exists around every electric charge

(2 words)

3. Steady flow of electrons (2 words)

5. Circuit with only one path

6. Relationship between voltage, current, andresistance (2 words)

7. Measure of how difficult it is for electronsto flow

9. A material that current flows through easily

10. Measure of electrical potential energy

Asse

ssm

ent


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Name Date Class


150 Electricity

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.

1. An object becomes positively charged if it ____________________.

2. Objects with unlike charges ____________________ each other.

3. The farther you get from an electric charge, the ____________________ the electric field.

4. When an object is grounded, it becomes electrically ____________________.

5. A simple circuit consists of a conductor, wires, and ____________________.

6. As energy carried by a current increases, ____________________ increases.

7. Electric energy can be stored by ____________________ charges.

8. In a battery, electrons flow from the ____________________ terminal to the

____________________ terminal.

9. When a wire is made thicker, its resistance ____________________.

10. The unit used to measure electric current is the ____________________.

11. According to Ohm’s law, voltage = ____________________ ✕ ____________________.

12. If a 1.5-V battery is connected in a simple circuit to a lightbulb with a resistance of 8 ohms,

the amount of current flowing through the circuit is ____________________.

13. In a series circuit, each device that is added to the circuit decreases the ____________________.

14. If you multiply the voltage in a circuit by the current, you are finding the

____________________ of the circuit.

15. Electric energy usage on your electric bill is measured in ____________________.


16. How are series and parallel circuits similar? How are they different?

17. What are two ways an electric shock can harm the body?

Assessment

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MSS'10 CPW TN6 TP 892842-7 - LEAD Southeast High … · · 2017-10-03Tennessee Science 6 Worksheets from every chapter for: • Reinforcement • Directed Reading for Content Mastery