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EFfECT OF CQPmmmi ON VARIOüS ASPECTS
OF CGS PRODÜCTION IN YOUN' ?JLLtTS
lARRY lauIS HOWE. 8.S. In Ag.
IN
AWIHAl HtíSBANDÃY
Subm1tte<S to the 6raduate Faculty of Texas Techr>o1oftcat Colle^e
In ?art1a1 FulfillBient of the Iteti&lrements for
the Oegree of
msim ar SCIENCE
Approved
Accepteí
Dfean of the Sr radiia
Hty, 19
TtXA3 TE-rr.ULO-iCAL COLLCttE LUBBOCK, TEXAS LIBRARY
^ ^
T3
' ^ ACKNOWLEÜGHENTS
I m deeply Indebted to Or. Ralph M. Ourham for organizatlon of
the research and guldance In the analysis of the research data. I an
alto gratftfui to Or. Frank A. Hudson, Or. Fred G. Harbaugh, Or. Robert
C. Albln, and Or. SaaNjel £. Curi for thelr helpfui crftlclsm of n^
th€Sl$ and to J . Robert Stovell and Harold 6. HlUey for thelr help In
co11«ct1on of the data.
I aiso want to thank Texas Technological College for thelr
financial asslstance during this research and Mrs. laiogene Prather
for her asslstance In typing this thesls.
11
COHTEHTS
ACKHOMIEDQCHTS H
IIST OF TAaES ^v
INTROOüCnO« • ^
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEOüRE 3
RESÜLTS ^
OISCUSSIí^ * 27
smwRY * - 52
BIBlIOfiRAP«Y 34
111
LIST OF TA8LES
1. Pre-Laying Ratlon Changes of Pullets Fed 10, 25, and 40 Percetit «anure 4
2. Post*Lay1ng Ratlon Changes of Pullets féé 10, 25, and 40 Percent Nanure 6
3. Means of Traits of Pullets Fed 10, 25, and 40 Percent Manure for the Perlod, 6-13 ^eeks 10
4. Analysis of Varlance of First-Wonth Total Egg Production of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of Hanure; Cowparlng Pre-Lay Treatnent Effects • • 12
6. Analysis of Varlance of First-Month Total Egg Production ef Pullets Hú Three Leveis of Manure; Co^arlng Post-lêy Treatinent Effects. • . • • 12
6. Analysis of Varlance of F1rst*Month Total Egg Production of Pullets Há Three Leveis of Hanure; Cd^arlng Purê-Group TreatiKiit Effects. 12
7. Analysis of Varlance of Second-Month Total Egg Production of Pullets Fed Three Le^ls of Hanure; Coi^rlng Post-Lay Treatnent Effects • 13
8. Analysis of Varlance cf Thlrd-Month Total Egg Production of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of *tenure; CowpaHng Post-Lay Treatfflent Effects. 13
9. Analysis of Varlance of Total Egg Production of Pullets Hú Three Leveis of Manure; CÒinoarlnri Pre-Lny Treatusent Effects 13
10. Analysis of Varlance of Total Pee-Nees of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of ítonure; Cooparlng Pre-Lay Treatments 14
11. Analysis of Varlance of Total Egg Production of Pullets Hú Three Leveis of Manure; Conparlng Post-Lay Treatment Effects. 14
12. Analysis of Varlance of Total Pee-Wees of Pullets feú Three Leveis of Manure; Coni arlng Post-Lay Treatments. . . . 14
1v
13. Analysis of Varlance of Total Medli s of Pullets ¥eà Three Leveis of Manure; Conparlng Post-Lay Treatnent Effects . . 15
14. Analysis of Varlance of Total Larges of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of Manure; Conparlng Post-Lay Treatfj nt Effects . . 1"
15. Analysis of Varlance of Total Snalls of Pullets ¥eú Three Leveis of Manure; Coiaparlng Post-Lay Treatment Effects . . 15
16. Sumaary of Ouncan*s New Mui tipie*Range Test for Total Egg Production of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of Manure; CoRiperlng Pre^ and Post-Treatment Interactlon Effects . . 16
17. Analysis of Varlance of Total f^é Consusiptlon of Pullets ¥eú Three Leveis of Manure; Conparlng Pure*6roup Treatnent Effects 17
18. Analysis of Varlance of Total Feed Consunptlon of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of tenure; Conparlng Pre- and Post-Treatnent Interactlon Effects . . . . 17
19. Siwuiary of Dimcan*s New Multlple-Range Test for Total Cofisunption of Pullets Hú Three Leveis of Manure; Cimpêring Pre- and Post-Treataaent Interactlon Effects . . . 18
20. Analysis of Varlance of Feed Conversion of Pullets Fed Three Leveis of Manure; Conparlng Prts- and Post-Treatnent Interactlon Effects . . . . . . 19
21. Sttj ary ©f Duncan*s Hew Multlple-Range Test for Feed Conversion of Pullets T^ Three Leveis of Manure; Conparlng Pre- and Post-Treatnent Interactlon Effects . . . 20
22. Treatnent Means of Eggs, Egg Slzes, and Peeú Consunption of Pullets Fed 10, 25, and 40 Percent Manure 21
rain.Taiabi,
IMTRODUCTION
Coprophagy 1s defined by Webster as "the feedinq on or eat ing of
dung or excrement that 1s normal behavior among r/iany i n s e c t s , b i r d s , and
other animais but In man 1s a sytnptom of som forms of Insani ty ."
This phenoroenon was f i r s t observed In experimental animais by
Osbome and Mendel (1911) in t h e l r work wlth nutr i t ion of r a t s , and has
s ince been studied by raany groups of I n v e s t i g a t o r s . Most research, to
date , has been l imited to rats and rabbits while work wlth farm animais
1s non*ex1stent.
Est lnates that have been nade with the rabbit (Éden, 1940) and
the rat (Bames e t ai*» 1957) indlcate that approximately one-half of
the excreted feces of these t^o spec ies i s eaten , even when they are
malntained on raised wire screens . This r e l a t i v e l y large araount of re -
cycl ing o f fecal material suggests that coprophagy nay have an inportant
role in the nutr i t ion of these s p e c i e s . Several s tudies have provided
evidence that the rat can acquire a significant portion of its nutritive
requlrenent by fecal ingestion (Steenbock et al ., 1923; Barki et_al., 1949),
Barnes and Flala (1958)reported that prevention of coprophagy, in con-
junction with a vltanin B, deficient diet, resulted in a growth depression
However, when these rats were pemitted access to thelr feces, while still
under the influence of the vltanin deficiency, their growth rate retumed
to the control levei after a time lapse of approximately four weeks.
Such reports would suggest that the act of coprophagy not only
is a natural phenonenon for these species, but also nay be an essential
1
fimction for the anlnaVs general well-being. Since ali reports reviewed
have been with aninals in captivlty, 1t cannot be ascertalncd to what
extent this function occurs In the wild state.
Although l i t t l e , i f any, controlled coprophagical research has been
done wlth fam animais, a fom of coprophagy Is practiced In the Com Belt
where swine are used as the coprophagists. This Is almost standard pro-
cedure In that área, and is considered very inportant, econonlcally, since
swine have the abllity to renove undlgested nutrients fron the com in
the cattle feces.
For the past two years at Texas Technological College, fattening
cattle have been fed an all-concentrate diet consisting of 89 percent
nllo, 10 percent cottonseed meai. and one percent of various supplenents,
conprlslng a 13.5 percent protein ratlon.
I t was observed that cattle fed this particular ratlon In United
vmQunU were llterally "grazlng" the feed-lot, i .e. , consuning their own
feces. Questions arose as to whether the cattle were actually benefiting
fron this recycllng of the feces, and concerning the possible nutri tive
value of such for inclusion in rations of other species.
Chenical analyses at the Texas Technological College Nutrition
Laboratory indicated rather consistently that the feces fron cattle fed
this ali-concentrate ratlon contalned approxinately 19 percent crude
protein (NX6.25) and three percent ether extract.
In this research, a deviation of the above practices was used In
that the feces of the ali-concentrate*fed fattening cattle was removed
fron the feedlot and substltuted in the rations of pre- and post>lay1ng
pullets in varylng proportlons. The purpose of this research was to study
the effect of this substltution of such feces on various aspects of egg
production of young pullets.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDÜRE
Twelve-hundred twenty day-old Hy-LIne 934>H, hyorid pullets were
obtalned June 16, 19ô3, froi% Hy-Line uatcheri^s, ^rydn, Texas.
The chicks were randonly placed In elght specially-built, wire-
scre«»ned cages, wlth ali groups receiving a commercial 20 percent protein
chick starter for six weeks. Consunption was calculated to provida three
pounds per chick for th« six-week perlod.
I . Pre*Lay Treatnents
At six weeks of age the pullets were weighed, leg-banded and
randonized Into four lots of 152 and four lots of 153 each. Three hun>
dred and five birds were assigned to each of four treatnents with each
treatnent groups containing one lot of 152 and one of 153 birds. Treat
ment I , the basal ratlon, served as the control. Treatnents I I , I I I , and
IV were the sane as I but with feedlot manure replacing miIo at leveis
of 10, 25, and 40 percent, respectlvely, of the total ratlon (Table 1).
The nanure was scraped fron the feed-lot by use of a tractor-drawn blade,
hauled to the site of the grinder to dry, and gmund as needed. No
speclal preparation of the manure was nade for inclusion in the rations,
except for grinding through a hamnemill containlng 3/16 Inch seives
to ellninate chunkiness. This gave a unifom conslstency and fácilItated
nlxing.
At 12 weeks of age, the birds were weighed. Feed consunptions,
gains, and fwà conversions were calculated, (Table 3). Wheat bran and
alfalfa leaf meai were added at this tine (Table 1).
The grower supplenent was renoved at 17 weeks of age, being re-
placed In half by nllo and In half by the 38 percent protein supplenent
(Tible 1) . Ali of the birds were poxed, blocked, and debeaked, both
3
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At six, twelvo, anc) slxteer weekr>. 'OI trcs^^rprtr recelved ^
pounds c^ flsh llver solu!>les per lOCO pounds of ratlon RÍX ^or ove week.
I I . Post-Lay Treatnents
At ^0 weeks of age, the expected time of Inltiation of la>, tí<e
pullets were dlvlóed into 16 treatroeiit groups, encompassing ali possible
conbinations of pre- and post-laylng treatments, and caged. One-fourth
of the group raised on tne Control ratlon, prior to lay, contlnued to
recelvc this ratlon, one-fourth recelved the Nunber I I ratlon or treat
nent, one-fourth recelved the Nunber I I I ratlon, and one-fourth recelved
the Nunber IV ratlon. The sane was true for the renalning three pre-lay
treatnents. At the time of caging, only enough cages were available to
house 1152 birds. The slxteen treatments were establlshed with 72 birds
per treatnent. Each treatnent was subdivided Into two repllcates of 36
birds each, with two birds per cage. The treatment repllcates were
randonized throughout the laying house.
Manure was substltuted at the same leveis during the laying phase,
I . e . , 10, 25, and 40 percent of the total rations. The method of sub
stltution for the laying phase, however, was altered to 1/3 of mi Io and
2/3 of protein supplenent rather than conpletely for nllo, as was the
case for pr€^\éy treatnents. Because of the lack of nrevious work, I t
was posttflated that the manure would fumlsh largely energy, as well as
a certain anount of protein. A review of the data for the f i rst slx-
week experlnental perlod (7-13 weeks) Indicated that feed consunption
Increased and efflclency of feed utilizatlon decreased alnost In pro-
portlon to the anount of nanure Included In the respective treatnents
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(Table 3). Undoubtedly, the problem here was that the manure was sub
stltuted for the energy-producing ingredient of the ratlon, milo. Inas-
troich as the manure analyzed 19 percent crude protein, and consumption was
greater for the manure diets, there was an excess ^rotein intake since
the pullets also ate extra supplement. Therefore, a change in the method
of substltution was instigated for the layinn phase as Indicated above.
A fatty llver premix, containlng choline chicride, was included
in ali rations at 20 weeks of age, and contlnued through 36 weeks to
alleviate the possibillty of a choline deficiency.
Minor ratlon changes were made on ali treatnents at 25 and 50
percent egg production, or at approximately 23 and 25 weeks, respectively.
At 25 percent production, the protein supplement was increased and
powdered oyster shell was added to the ratlon, both at the expense of
nllo. At 50 percent production, the wheat bran and alfalfa leaf meai
were ellmlnated. The difference was made up In part by mil o and in part
by powdered oyster shell (Table 2).
A lighting program was started at the time of caging. In i t ia l ly ,
the lights were tumed on at 4:00 a.m. and off at 6:00 p.m. Thereafter,
by use of an automatic timing device, the perlod of lighting was increased
15 minutes each week until a 20 hour lighting program per day was estab
llshed.
Side louvers on the house were kept open on sultable days for
ventilation, and closed each night. Heating was by a single, suspended,
fan-type, gas heater to prevent the house temperature from falllng below
62 degrees F. Droppings were removed periodically.
AH treatnent groups were administered their respective rations
i, (.
twice dally. each nomiiig and iavening. Fresh v;êtcr was available at ali
times In a continuaily fed and dralned trough. located between the double-
rowed ceges.
£993 fron ali treatiients were gathered each cvening, and v/erc' sized
for peev<ees, snalls, buediuns, larges, extra larges. and double-yclks, and
candled to renove defective eggs. In i t ia l ly , a particular day's eggs were
sized and candled that day. I t soon became apparent. hov/cver, that removal
of eggs containlng blood-spots could be acconplished more effectively i f
they were allowed to stand fOr 24 hours before candling. This procedure
was used for the remainder of the four-nonth experimental lay perlod.
The analysis of varlance was used to determine si^jí^ificance of
the treatnents and was based on group varlatlon rather than bird varlation.
The error tem to test slgnificance In this analysis was the varlance
between repllcates wlthln treatnents.
RESÜLTS
I. Pre-Lay Treatnents
Results of the first six-week experlnental pre-laying perlod
(7-13 weeks) show that bird weight gains increased as feedlot manure leveis
Increased for the respective treatnents. However, feed consunption in
creased and effidency of f^ú utilizatlon decreased In the same respect
(Table 3). The young pullets receiving the Control ratlon (Treatment I),
which Included no manure, had an average perlod gain of 1.17 pounds with
4.S poimds of feed requlred for each pound of gain.
In Treatnent II the pullets recelved 10 percent nanure and gained
an average of 1.19 pounds for the perlod, They had a feeá conversion of
4.77 pounds of feed per pound of gain.
The birds In Treatnent III that were feú manure at the levei of
25 percent of the ratlon gained ãn average of 1.24 pounds for the perlod
and requlred S.64 pounds of fmú to produce a powú of gain. An average
perlod gain of 1.27 pounds wlth 6.04 pounds of feed requlred per pound
of gain was obtalned with the pullets In Treatnent IV, which had manure
substltuted for nllo at the levei of 40 percent of the total ratlon.
These results indlcate tf at the manure had a low energy value,
In view of the fact that It was substltuted at the various leveis for
nllo, the energy producing portion of the rations. The nanure-fed pullets
coASuned nore H%ú, Thelr consunption approxinated the sane ratio as that
of the manure Included In the respective treatnents, apparently In an
attenpt to satisfy thelr energy requlrenents for growth. Conversions
decreased In the same respect* Therefore, it was theorized that the manure
had very little, If any, value as an energy source. Because of Its re
latively high crude protein content - 19 percent (Nx6.25) - the
9
10
substltution during the laying phase was changed to 1/3 of milo Mà 2/3
of protein supplenent.
TABLE 3
mm$ ô í TRAITS OF PÍW.LETS FE0 1 0 , 2 5 , AND 40 PERCciT HANURE FOR THE PERIOO, 6-13 WEEKS
Nunber
Gain (Ibs.)
&a1n/b1rd (Ibs.)
Feed/petmd of gain
.j.'ii.j.,j.v i.ia..i',: r : r i t v i B : r : ; j a s s
Treatnent I
305
356
1.17
(Ibs.) 4.50
Treatment 11
305
364
1,19
4.77
Treatnent III
305
377
1.24
5.64
Treatnent IV
305
389
1.27
6.04
Oeath loss was mini mal éurin^ the pre-lay phase, and there was no
difference between treatnents.
II. Post-Li^y Treatnents
A cemparlson of the laying results for the first nonth of the four-
nonth experlnental laying phase reveals highly significant differences
between pre-lay treatnents (Table 4). The pullets In Treatnent III
(25 percent manure) had a greater production (^< .01) than those in
Treatntnt I (Control) and Treatment II (10 percent manure), and slgnlfi-
cantly (P<.05) nore than those In Treatnent IV, which recelved 40 percent
nanure. Treatnent IV had a greater production (P<.05) than Treatment I.
A conparlson of the laying results during this perlod, considering only
the post-1v treatnent effects, showed the Control had a greater egg prod
uction than any of the manure treatments. There were significant
11
differences found using tr e analysis of varlance (Table 5). However, appH-
catlon of Dimeiii's new nul ti pie-range test revealed no such differences.
There were no significant differences between treatnents, consid
ering only the pre-lay effects, in the three remaining one-month periods.
However, there were significant (P^.Ol) differences In the stcond and
thlrd nonth periods considering only the post-lay treatnents during lay
(Tables 7 and 8). The Control had a greater production (P<.01) than
those receiving 25 percent manure (Treatnent II) and 40 percent (Treatnent
IV), and Treatnent II laid significantly (P<.05) more than Treatnent IV
in the second nonth of lay. In the third month, Treatment I (Control)
had a production significant (P<.01) over only Treatnent IV, and the 10
percent nanure (Treatnent II) group again laid significantly (P<.05)
nore than the 40 percent manure group.
The above results Indlcate that the nanure-raised pullets had a
greater early egg production, with the greatest production fron those in
Treatnent III. Conversely, early production favored those birds on the
Control ratlon (Treatnent I) during the laying phase. Production was
consistently lowest In Treatnent I and highest in one of the manure
treatnents during the entire laying phase on a pre-lay treatment basis.
This was alnost reversed considering only post-lay effects where production
was consistently lowest In Treatment IV and highest in Treatnent I.
Table 6 Indlcates that there were no significant differences between
the purê groups, I.e., those receiving the same ratlon during both the
pre<* and post-laylng phases, In the first nonth perlod. Treatnents II-II,
III-III, and IV-IV had greater egg productions than the Control (I-I).
However, the analysis of varlance Indicated a nuch greater within varlance,
due to the Inconsistency of the repHcatlons. There were also no significant
TABLE 4
AíiALYSIS OF VARIAÍ4CE OF FIRST-HOríTH TOTAL EGG PRODUCTION OF PULLETS FEO THREE LEYELS OF MANüRE, CO«PARI«G PRE-LAY TREATMLNT EFFEaS
Source of Oegrees of Sun» of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square
Total
Treatnent
Wlthln
31
3
28
107,361
76,571
30,790
?5.523.6 23
1,099.6
•* Siqnificant at .01 levei.
TABLE 5
AHALVSIS OF VARIAHCE OF FIRST-MÔHTH TOTAL im PR00ÜCTI3M OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVÊLS OF MANURE; CO^ARING POST-LAY TREATWEHT EFFECTS
!U ."•'••. :iü ,'rAJi.-:=::s:S33a3a
Source of Degrees ef Sum of Hean Varlance Freedon Squares Square
Total 31 107,361
Tf^atnent 3 26,340 8.787.3 3.03'
Wlthln 28 81,021 2,893.6
•
• Significant at .05 levei.
TABLE 6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF FIRST-MONTH TOTAL EGG PRODUCTION OF PUUETS FEO THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COHPARING PÜRE-GROUP TREATWENT EFFECTS
Source of Varlance
Total
Between
Wlthln
Degrees of Freedon
7 3 4
Sun of Squares
19,771.0
1,993.5
17,777.5
Square
659.0
F
.148
"TV"
13
TABLE 7
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF SEC0ND->«}NTH TOTAL EGG PRODUCTION OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF HANURE; COHPARING POST-LAY TREATMENT EFFECTS
asa Source of Oegrees of Sun of Itaan Varlance Freedon Squares Square
Total
Between
Wlthln
31
3
28
81,966
49,628
32,338
16,542.7
1.154.9
14.32**
• • Significant at .01 levei.
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THIRO-MONTH TOTAL EGG PRODUCTION OF PULLETS FEO THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING POST-LAY TREATMENT EFFECTS
,'i'.i'iia';r.'i'sr'
Source of Degrees of Sun of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square
Total
Between
Wlthln
31
3
28
34.085
15,048
19,037
5,016.0
679.9
7.38**
r
• Significant at .01 levei.
TABLE 9
ANALYSIS 0¥ VARIANCE OF TOTAL EGG PRODUCTION OF PULUTS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING PRE-UY TREATMENT EFFECTS
Source of Oegrees of Sun of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square F
Total 31 747,519
Between 3 104,364 34.788 1.51
Wlthln 28 643,155 22,968
14
TABLE 10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL PEE-WEES OF PUUETS FEO THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING PRE-LAY TREATMENTS
saamaaasssa
Source of Degrees of Sun of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square F
ToUl 31 13,289
Between 3 5,063 1,687.7 5.74** Wlthln 28 8,226 293.8
• • Significant at .01 levei.
TABLE 11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL EGG PRODUCTION OF PULLETS FEO THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COí ARING POST-LAY TREATí€NT EFFECTS
' 'M,,':\\ .Liíiai".' 1 ' r ',ff.
Source of Varlance
Total Between
Wlthln
Oegrees of Freedon
31
3
28
Sun of Squares
747,519
308,687
438«832
Mean Square
107,895
15,672
F
6.57**
• • Significant at ,01 levei.
TABLE 12
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL PEE-WEES OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING POST«LAY TREATMENTS
aaBCBBBWiViTir'BiTitfimv ,i .; ,.;•.•••ir;.v.: .iiU'
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square
Total 31 13,289.0 Between 3 4.948.5 1,649.5 5.54**
Wlthln 28 8,340.5 297.9
* • Significant at .01 levei.
15
TABLE 13
ANALYSIS OF VARIAííCE OF TOTAL MEDIUMS OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING POST-LAY TREATMENT EFFECTS
Source of Degrees of Sun of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square
ToUl 31 521.002.0
Between 3 399,011.5 133.003.8 30.53**
Wlthln 28 121.990.5 4,356.8
** Significant at .01 levei.
TABLE 14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL URGES CF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING POST-LAY TREATMENT EFFECTS
iTriMiar.iii':" i.':\iXA.f.r, Source of Degrees of Sun of Mean Varlance Freedon Squares Square F
Total 31 273,078.0
Between 3 94,838.5 31,612.8 4.97**
Wlthln 28 178,239.S 6,365.7
•* Significant at ,01 levei.
TABLE 15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL SMALLS OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE • COMPARING POST-LAY TREAT^NT EFFECTS
Source of Oegrees of Sum of ^ a n Varlance Freedon Squares Square
ToUl Between Wlthln
31 3
28
101,324.5 28,437.0 72.887,5
9,479.0 2,603.1
3.64*
* Significant at .05 levei.
16
Ul
9
t;
O as o t:: i/> " S C H- o K. O O U I I—
OC U i O o CK ^-*
2|í3 (/> £ I K Ui Ui
'^&£ MJ Ul •-•
•C «MJ y f
i "
«M t
CM
. • - * ( • «L.
<M
CM
I
t
f u> ae. Ul -J i -^ • 4 < flü UJ I M •>i« U | cc
H» S I -
m to o o
25 iS '^ as ca
s^^ I
CM t
t CM
«M t
CO t
CM
I
t
1*1
s
t
t
« « « « « «
« « n « « «
o
8
e
JC o.
10
O
o. Oi
c
9 -O
c
« - - r C s I r - C M ^ « ^ » — C M C O j # » « J . • • JL • A i n e M C M W ' » ' ^ ' * ' ^ * * ^
i— ^ €M « «*> t I t I I
• - CM • e a t -
I
e C
X
s =
3 S
^ A
17
TABLE 17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL FEED CONSUMPTION OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING PÜRE-GROUP TREATMENT EFFECTS
Source of Varlance
Total
Between
Wlthln
Degrees of Freedoffl
7
3
4
Sun of Squares
131,306
129,079
2,226
Mean Square
43,026.5
556.5
F
77.32**
** Significant at .01 levei.
TABLE 18
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL FEED CONSUf^TION OF PULLETS FED THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING PRE- AND POST-TREATMENT INTERACTION EFFECTS
Source of Varlance
Total
Between
Wlthln
••'•ii,"f'i"n'ffmii'i".a". ' : ' / . ' : ••:.";'". TI
Oegrees of Freedon
31
3
28
Sun of Squares
428,50<)
409,647
18,862
Mean Square
27,309.8
1,178.9
F
23.17**
•* Significant at .01 levei.
18
€f\
U4
o
i O
o SZ o •-•
OC to
H> Ui P Q I i w f->Uta.
U* p UJ $r CL o c o
to Ul
U J O H
^ t / } ^-4
CK U i H -I 3» ^
U i U l i t i
*-N> t u «C
u; Ul o at t*. E. CO (O o
I
I luO O
t o
t CM
Í O i
CO
tn %
CM
I
CM I
CM
f CM
ro I
CM I
i CO
CM
CM
I
t * •
t t l
t t t
X t t
t t t s
s s t t
t í í I •
t í í t *
t { t t
t S t {
« «
« «
s t t t t t s
t t S « t I t t t « « « «
t i t t f t < s f t S f t t
í ^ n r ^ ^ m C O r O C M » — W C M r - Í M C M » — »—
« i r # — « M C 0 r > C M < * C M « M r - ' < r í O C 0 » — r - «w-
VI
o c «9
O)
%
%
"O
c «A
cx.
I
CL
c e
• • 3 f-» r— TO
> s t o I—
c o . «
c e !S 8 d
Z u) a!
. 11
19
TAüLE 20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF FEED CONVERSIO?) OF i^ULirTS ff^^ THREE LEVELS OF MANURE; COMPARING PRE- AND POST-TREATHENT IÍ4TERACTI0N EFFECTS
Source of Varlance
Total
Betureen
.*!th1n
Oegrees of Freedon
31
3
28
' U.T» o f Squares
2,021
2.409
.112
Hean Square
.1(1
.007
F
23.00**
* • Significant at .01 levei
20
i/>
S - UJ U3 1-4 U l ã£
i
CM I
CM I
I O
C«i í
CM
I CM
«M t
ro I
CO t
CO 1
•o
CO t
<M
4f>
I
CM u I
I
t
t *
t •
t I t *
t t í *
« t f * « « «
t í í t * • *
í í l « * * •
I I í t í t í t t í • •
I l t « I I t I í t • *
S I t I t { { f t t . •
9! S
c >» m
X»
t t t t t t t t t t t t
^ , - . ^ C M f M C M r - t M < ^ « < ^ « 7 ' ^ ' * * } ' f j ^ C n f i r L c ^ C M C M ^ ^ ^ A c M C O ^ C M r -
. »-• ^
4» | M »
i r c
*
4^ m 4-» C
8 • « « •
V-•»•
& •r» 4/)
X» e MB
<U M IO x: cx a> c: * * • *
>» i«
f - »
« 0) s. cx CT! c
. X r*" 3 * "O
< ^ »-i4
r— •»
1*— Cã O S ' S
4J « « g 4i> 1»
c 8 S •r»
- lÊ & «
;:; s . : I
TABLE 22
TREATMENT MEANS OF EGGS, EGG SIZES, AND FEED CONSIWPTION OF PULLETS FEO 10, 25, ANO 40 PERCFÍfT MANURE
•ii.Jts:
Pre-Treatnent Basis Ouring Lay
21
1
First Month
Second Nonth
Thlrd Month
Fourth Month
reewees
^nalls
Médiuns
Larges
Ex. Larges Double Yolks
Total
H^à Con-stnnptlon
First Wonth
Second Month
Thlrd Month
Fourth Month
Keewees
Snalls
Médiuns
Larges
Ex. Larges
Double YoUs
Total
Feed Consunption
159.6 800.0
903.4
818.5
63.0
288.9
1,222,0
1.011.3 91,0
5.4
2,681.5
1.142.8
185.0
P17.4
912.8 846.6
76.1
306.1
1,250.5 1,028.8
95.4
6.6 2,761.5
1,203.9
253.5 814.1
898.1 821.4
86.3
334.6
1,268.3 998.8 9n.8
7.9
2,787.1
1,175.0
Post-Treatnent Basis During Lay
233.5 854.8
922.3
837.4
82.4
326.8
1.350.5
1,002.3
81.5
5.4
2,848.8
1,058.0
203.0
825.5
916.5 830.8
79.4
326.4
1,298.2
971.3 93.6
6.9
2,776.0
1,111.8
192.3
803.0
900.9
815.4
73.3
315.9
1,237.9
979.1
98.4
7.0
2,712.3
i,ir?.5
20 5.0
831.1
908.1
819.5
68.0 314.?
1,283.8
983.8 108.6
8.1 2,767.7
1,161.0
178.4
779.4
882.B
822.5
59.5
275,4
1,138.1
1,069.1
112.3
M 2,663.6
1,330.3
22
TAELE 22—Contlnued
First ftonth Second Month Thlrd Month Fourth Month
Peeiífees Snalls Médiuns Larges Ex. Larges Double Yolks
Total Feed Con
sunption
Pm-
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4
2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4
3-1 3-2 •>—«iS
3-4
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4
Pure Treatnent Basis During Lay*** l l l 2I2 3Í3
181.5 824.5 806.5 822.0
69.5
307.5 1,319.0
967.0 68.5
3.0
2,734.5
1.021.3
216.5 849.5 834.0
848.0
78.5 347.0
1,286.0 1,005.5
125.0 6.0
2,848.0
1,141.5
206.5 802.5 819.0 810.5
79.5 349.5
1,267.5 940.0 96.5
9.5 2.737.5
1,?09.5
4I4
223.0 833.0 801.5 841.0
62.0 324.5
1,193.0 1,040.0
Ul.C 18.0
2,798.5
1,373.0
and Post-Treatnent Interactlon Effects During Lay Eggs fe^ Consunption Pe^é Conversion
2.734.5 2.763.5 2,639.0 2,589.0 2,838.5 2,848.0 2,671.5 2,689.0
3.023.5 2.812.5
2,737.5 2,575.5 2.795.0
2.679.5 2,798.0 2,798.5
1,021.0 1,067.0 1,126.0 1,357,0 1,138.0 1,142.0 1,200.0 1,331.0 1,118.0 1,117.0 1,210.0 1,256.0
955.0 1,123.0 1.194.0 1,373.0
2.675 2.595 2,340 1.910 2.485 2.495 2.230
2.015 2.705 2.520 2.265 2.050 2.930 2.385 2.340 2.040
Recelved the sane treatnent during both pre-lay M d post-lay phases.
23
differences between these pure groups In the later three nonthly periods.
There was no defini te trend regarding egg size in t »e nonthly
porlods, considering elther pre-lay or po^t-lay treatnent effects. How
ever. between the pure groups a deflnite trend was set in that an increase
In the nanure fraction facllitated a larger r>ercentage of extra-large and
double-yolk eggs.
There were no significant differences between treatments, conparlng
only pre-laying ratlon effects. In total eggs (Table 9) or egg size wlüi
the exception of total pee-wecs produced by each treatment (Table 10).
Treatnents I and IV produced less of this slie, the difference being
significant (P<.01).
Tables 11. 12, 13 and 14 show that there were significant dif
ferences (P<.01) between treatnents In total eggs and in egg slzes of pee~
wee, nediun, and large due to post-laylng treatnent effects. The pullets
In Treatnent I had a greater production (P<.01) than those receiving 40
percent nanure (Treatnent IV) and significantly more than Treatnent I I I
(25 percent nanure). Treatnents I I I and IV laid less pee-wees than
elther the Control (Treatnent I ) or Treatment I I , and Treatnent I I
proàuoiú less than the Control, both differences being significant {P<.05).
Treatnent IV had a greater production (P^^.Ol) of large eggs than the three
renaining treatnents. The analysis of varlance Indicated a significant
difference for the total nunber of snall eggs produced between treatnents
(Table 15). However, appllcatlon of the Duncan's new nulti pie-range
test revealed no such differences.
I t was also found In this stutty that there were significant dif-
fertnces (P<.01) resulting fron the Interactlon of the 16 pre- and post-
liyrlng treatnent effects regarding total production. As a natter of
24
sinpliclty of explanatlon, a sunnary of the appllcatlon of Duncan's new
nultlple-range test Is Included (Tíjblc 16). The table may be interpreted
by a conparlson of the left-hand and top colurms. Production was greatest
at top of left-hand co\wm and at extrene right of top colunm. This test
Indlcates, essentially, that the Interactlon effects of Treatnent I I I - I ,
that group receiving the 25 percent R«nure ratlon in ttie pre-lay phase,
and the Control ratlon during the laying phase, facllitated a greater total
production {P<,01) over some, and greater (P<.05) over nost other treat
nents wlth lesser nean productions. Treatnents I I - I I , I I - I , I I I - I I , IV-IV.
I V - i n , and IV-I produced significantly (P<.05) more than Treatnents
I I I - IV and I- IV, which had the least nean productions.
Perhaps the real slgnificance of this research is the finding that
there were no real differences between the pure groups in total production
and various egg slzes ter the entire experlnental perlod. Total production
was essentially the sane anong the groups. However, although not statist l -
cally different. there was a tendency for the manure treatnents to produce
a ssialler percentage of snaller eggs and a larger percentage of large
eggs. This was especlally evident between the Control and Treatnent IV-IV.
Table 17 indlcates that there were significant differences (P<.01)
between the pure groups In feed consunption. Each increase of the nanure
fraction produced an Increased fmú consunption significant (P<.01) over
al i those wlth a lesser anount. Treatnent IV-IV had the highest consunp
tion and the Control (Treatnent I - I ) the least.
There were no statistlcal differences in total feed consunption
during the l i^ng phase conparlng only pre-líiy treatnent effects. There
were. however. highly significant differences In this respect conparlng
only the post-lay treatnent effects during lay. The 40 percent nanure
25
grotqss consuned anounts significant (P<.01) over the other three treat
nents. and the 25 percent nanure groups had a greater consunption (P<.01)
than the Control, which consuned the least.
I t was also found that during the laying phase there were signifi
cant differences (P<.01) resulting fron the interactlon of the pre- and
post-laylng treatnent effects regarding total consunption (Table 18).
A sunnarizatlon of the appllcatlon of Duncan's new mui t i pie-range test
to the nean consunptions of these treatnents in shown in Table 19.
Essentially, this table indlcates that consunption was not influenced by
pre-lity treatnent. However, a deflnite trend was set regarding treatnent
while laying. The grotas receiving the 40 percent ptanure ratlon without
exception had the highest consinf>t1on, and those ^Ith no nanure Included
the least consunption, with sone inconsistency.
Table 20 Indlcates there were also significant (P<.01) differences
resulting fron the interactlon of pre- and post-treatnents regarding
conversion (eggs/pound of feed). Again, as a natter of sinpliclty of
explanatlon, a sunnary of the appllcatlon of Duncan*s new nultlple-range
test Is presented (Table 21). In brief, this table shows (as was the
case with total production and total feed consunption) pre-lay treatnent
did not Influence conversion. However, as in the case of the two above
traits. conversion was affected very narkedly by treatnent during the
liiying phase (post-treatnent). A trend was set in that the highest
conversions resulted fron those groups receiving the Control ratlon, and
the lowest fron those receiving 40 percent manure. I t was interestinq
to note that Treatnent IV-I had the highest conversion and Treatnent MV
the lowest.
26
There was a very noticeable difference In the feces of the various
treatnents during the la ylng phase. The feces of the Control (Treatnent I)
and Treatnent II (10 percent nanure) appeared normal. However, that of
Treatnent IV (40 percent manure) had a very watery conslstency, as had
that of Treatnent III (25 percent nanure), but to a lesser degree. This
conditlon was evident throughout the entire experlnental laying perlod.
Death loss was nininal during lay, and there was no difference
between treatnents.
DISCUSSION
A conpaHson of t'»e results for the growing perlod fron 6-13 weeks
showed that gains Increased wlth nanure levei. However, feed consunçítion
Increased as well and efflclency of feed utilizatlon decreased. For the
pre-laying phase, as explained In the precedíng section, this substltution
of nanure was wholly for nllo, which was the principal energy source of
the ratlon.
An analysis of the various rations used at this tim showed that
as the mmrt fraction Increased the crude protein content Increased
sllghtly. the crude fat decreased, and the crude fibcr content increased
rather sharply. The Control ratlon contalned 3.10 percent crude fiber
and the 40 percent nanure ratlon (Treatnent IV), 6.80 percent. This would
Indlcate that the nanure was rather high In crude fiber, or approxinately
9.50 percent. The genus Gallus has no nechanisn by which bolocellulose
(crude fiber) nay be catabolized to a useable fom to any great extent.
It seens reasonable to assune that an ingestion of such an indlgestable
Ingredient would be partly conpensated for by an increased intake of the
total ratlon since ^ e various treatnents were fed è± libltum.
The Increased consunption and decreased efflclency, substantiated
by the above analyses would Indlcate that the feedlot nanure was sone-
what undesirable as an energy source for growing pullets.
There was an Increased total ratlon consunption with each increase
In nanure levei. An excessive protein Intake also resulted since they
were eating extra protein supplement, pius ^ e fact that the nanure analyzed
19 percent crude protein (NX6.25).
Even though the proteln-ener^ relatlonship probably was not in
27
28
equillbrlun. the excessive protein Intake was reflected in the nanure
rations by Increased weight p^r bird at the end of th<€ growth (pre-lay)
phese. I t Is also possible that the nanure contalned sutstantial anounts
of vltanin B ^ since runinants are able to synthesizc it,n&rnally, I f
In a useable fom by the pullets, this vltanin could have enhanced the
nanure treatnents.
By this nethod of substltution, the manure had absolutely no value
«t the 10 percent levei and a negative value at the higher leveis, fron
an econonlc stanc^oint.
The sane leveis of manure were used for the laying phase. How
ever the nethod of substltution was changed to 2/3 of protein supplement
and 1/3 nllo. As pointed out above, this change was instigated for both
blological and econonlcal reasons.
The greater production fron the manure raised pullets during the
first nonth of l i ^ would seen to be àu^ to the fact that they were larger
at the onset of lay. Coa -developnent,which usually is assoclated with
naturity, was earller In these groups. Production was essentially the
same for the three renaining one-nonth periods on a pre-treatnent basis.
This would indlcate that whatever factor was responsible for this early
production - possibly protein - was accunulative during growth but was
exhausted In a relatively short perlod of lay.
Inclusion of nanure at the various leveis in the laying ratlon
produced the exact opposlte results. Irrespective of pre-laying treat-
want, the greatest early egg production resulted with the Control ratlon.
This function contlnued through the thlrd nonth.
The first of these tendencies was further strengthened by those
groups adÉiInIstered the sane treatnent (pure groups) in both pre- and
29
post-laylng phases. Ali nanure treatnents had a substantlally greater
production than the Control in the first-nonth perlod, with very l i t t l e
difference In the renaining nonthly periods.
Between the 16 treatments foraedty al i possible cof*inations of
pm- and post-laylng treatnents, the greater productions resulted fron
one of the nainure treatnents during growth and t^e Control or the lower
levei of nanure during lay. However, Treatnent IV-IV was an exception
as I t had one of the greater productions. Total consunçjtion for the four-
nonth experimental lay perlod was not affected by treatment during growth.
However, I t was influenced very narkedly by treatnent while laying, with
the least consunption by those on the Control, with progressively higher
fteá consunption as levei of manure was increased.
As was the case for consmi^tlon, pre-treatnent had no narked in
fluence on conversion (eggs/pound of feed). Post-treatment influence was
very evident wlth the greater conversions fron those groups administered
the Control ratlon and the lesser fron the 40 percent manure groups. I t
was Interestlng to note that the highest conversion resulted fron the
Interactlon of Treatnent I V - I . and the lowest fron Treatnent I-IV.
A conposite of the above results indlcate that the higher leveis
of nanure during growth and the Control during lay produced the greatest
and nost efflclent perfomance. Had the nethod of substitution for the
growing phase been the sane as that for the laying phase, the results
probably would have been sonewhat different. A tr lal using this procedure
woitld certalnly be deslred before any deflnite reconnendations should be
nade.
The fact that consunption was higher for the manure groups while In
lay night suggest that even though the nethod of substitution was altered.
30
value of nanure even as a protein supplenent night be low. However, it
should be renenbered that the manure was substltuted pound for po\má for
the protein supplenent and nllo. While the protein supplenent analyzes
38 percent crude protein. this content of manure is only 19 percent (NX6.25).
Although, on a post-treatnent basis, production and efflclency
favored the Control, the 40 percent nanure groups were substantlally cheaper
considering nanure at a cost of $10 per ton. This was due in part to the
greater productions of large and extra large eggs fron those groups re
ceiving the Control diet. There is no apparent blological explanatlon
for the tendency of the manure treatnents to produce a greater amount of
these larger eggs. Application of substltution formulae show the manure
to have a value of approxinately $30 per ton at the 40 percent levei.
In nany instances there was a greater varlation between treatnent
repllcates than between treatnents. This occurred even by the use of the
large nunbers (36 birds per replicate, two repllcates per treatnent in
the case of pre'' and post-Interactlon treatnents). This was especlally
evident with Treatnent IV-IV in various egg sizes and total production,
where the two repllcates were located at elther end of the laying house.
One replicate had a nuch greater total egg production, whereas the other
had a nuch greater production of large and extra-large eggs.
Palatablllty apparently was not a limitlng factor of the various
manure rations as evidenced by the increased feed consunption. However,
the watery conslstency of the feces of these treatments during lay, espe
clally at the higher leveis, would suggest that water consunption was much
greater In these groups. The high sodium content of the manure undoubt
edly contributed to this higher Intake of water. But whether its action
31
was blochenical or sinply Induced thirst cannot be ascertained.
In several Instances, as pointed out in the precedíng section,
the analysis of varlance indicated significant differences between treat
nents In various aspects. Application of Duncan s new mui tipie-range
test, however, revealed no such differences. The dlscrepancy could be
due to the differences in severity of the two tests. The analysis of
varlance, by conparlson, Is a nore severe test.
SÜMMARY
A total of 1152 hybrid pullets wsre used to evaluate the effect-
Iveness of four rations containlng varylng leveis of manure of all-
concentrate feú fattening cattle. Three leveis of nanuri were used - 10,
25, and 40 percent of the total ratlon. Performance for the growing or
pre-lay phase Indicated that the manure was sonevfhat inefficlent as an
energy source as it was substltuted wholly for nllo. Considering ti)e
nanure as costing $10 per ton, It had absolutely no value at the lower
levei and a negative value at the higher leveis.
The sane leveis of nanure were used for the laying phase, í ow-
ever, the nethod of substitution was changed where the manure replace^i
2/3 protein supplenent and 1/3 nllo. 1*11 s proved to be more feasihle,
econonlcally. and Indicated the manure to have a value of approxinately
$ ^ per ton at the higher levei (40 percent).
A lower egg production resulted fron the inclusion of the various
leveis as conpared to the Control. However, these groups had a greater
production of larger eggs, wlth the greatest fron those receiving the 40
percent nanure ratlon (Treetnent IV).
An Increased consuR^ition resulted with each increase in manure
levei. The protein supplenent and nllo were replaced pound for pound by
the nanure and, whereas, the protein supplenent has a guaranteed crude
protein analysis of 38 percent, this content of the manure is only 19
percent.
The greatest egg production resulting fron a pre^ and post-lay
treatment interactlon was fron the groups receiving Treatnent III in the
growing phase and Treatnent I while laying. Treatnent IV-I gave the high
est conversion (eggs/pound of feed) during the four-nonth experlnental
32
33
lay phase. The greatest feed consurrtlcn rrsultcd uit^ Tre t' ' * T-IV.
There \\i!rf? no real dlff^rrnc^ç In tf>tr cç g ••,rr/?t»ct1on hetvttT
those groups fed the r>arie ratlon fpurí! çrcups) d«Tln< 'cth prolny 3n'1
post-lay rhases. Thert! vier? Mnhly slgnlflr?;^*: cfi'*rrf?nce5 *r -^irâ con-
S'J»f>t1on. Each IncreasG ir> nanure fractior pro-lurr f' an incretnsed fc:r.i.
consur^tlon (f*<.'ll) over those with lesser anounts.
Death loss vas vc ry In*; for both pre-lay vM pc*t-]ny phases, erjd
there wns no differeno? betw íen trfh'!*.r«nts.
A ncticeai/le difference was evident between layinq treatnents in
conditlon o^ the fecnt of the pullets. The f^cís of tí;cse In Treatment I
and n appeared m)r?íí?>il. Hwfívcr, that of Trí5atpr.nt IV hoc' a very v^itrry
conslstency, as had that of Treatment III, but to ? Ic^scr degree, This
was âttributetí to an increased water consta^tion in these groups.
BIBLI06RAPHY
Barnes, R. H, and 6. Fiala. 1958. Effect of the prevention of coprophagy II. Vltanin B,, requirement in the rat. Journal of í'utrition, 65:103. ^^
8ames, R. H., 6. Fiala, B. McGchee, and A. Drcv n. 1957. Prevention of coprophagy in the rat. Journal of Nutrition, 63:489.
Éden, A. 1949. Coprophagy in the rabbit: Oriqin of night feces. Mature, 145:628.
Barki, V, H., P. H. Derse, R. A. Collins, E. B. Hart, and C. A. Alvehjen. 1949. The influence of coprophagy cn the biotin and folie acld requirement of the rat. Journal of Nutrition, 37:443.
Steenbock, H. M., M. T. Sel l , and E. M. Nelson. 1923. A modified technique in the use of the rat for the deteminatlon of vltanin B. Journal of Blological Chemistry, 55:399.
Osbome, R. B. and L. 8. Mendel. 1911. Feeding experiments vlth Isolated food substances, part II. Carnegie Institute of Viasnlngton, Pub. No. 156, part 2.
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