MS™_DOSVersion ,2.11Advanced User's Guide

~1""'111~1 equipment """"""""'I""""""'I~II!""""'I

_~~~llllrl~lL October 1984

CONTENTS

CHAPTER D RECTORIES AND PATHS

DIRECTORIESILENAMES ANDPathna_e.Path ng and ExternaPathing and IDi ayi YourCreatingDHow

CHAPTER BATCH

BATCH PROCESSITHE AUTO EXEC BAT F

2. How to an2.3 CREATING FI2. .BAT

CHAPTER REDIRECT ON INPUT AND

I NPUTAND 'OUTPUT • •Red Your

3 1. F 1Command P p ng •

4 ADVANCE:D MS-DOS COMMANDS

4. COMMAND4.2 MS-DOS ADVANCED COMMANDS

FIGURES

TABLES

-1 A e Hierarch cal Structure1 MS-DOS Batch F e

2-2 How MS-DOS Uses the AUTOEXEC.BAT eThe MS-LINK ionHow I Divided

".­"'-2

MS-DOS .Advanced Co_ands •SORT Table

v

• It-2

is guideng

1ed i ."'lIIl"."."commands.

is guide assumes you have:

o

o

The ..........................................................--........"""'"'"' ......~~ ........organ

and

2 D batch ng

Discusses red rect on

1 ins the MS-DOS commandsused programmer

5 o the FILE COMPARISON uti

6 Discusses the LINK uti i

IInl''''.'''I" i x A youing

how to configurefor the Rai

vi i

01

Th show tostructure.

discussesfile names

1• 1 DI

Inddirector itheesway of d

1-

D RECTOR I AND PATH'S

For example. you may want all of your ing programs inone di and text files in another. Anyone dican contain any 1e number of files. and t may alsocontain other directories to as subdirectori

is izing your f les is called ahierarchical di structure.

A hierarch ca d structure can be of as aII structure: directories are branches of the tree andf i 1es are 1eaves. the II grows downiward;that is. the II The root s the firstlevel in the di t the d thatis automatically created when you format a disk and star

ing f les in it You can create addtt onal director esand subdirectories with some of the commands discussed n

4,

The tree ordirector

f structure as you create newgroups of f les or for other people on the

each new d , files can be added, ores can be created.

It is poss ble for you to Utravel ll aroundinstance it i pass b e to ind any fistart at the root and traveling down any of the branchesto the desired file. Conversely, can start where youare withi the fil system and travel towards the root.

Un ess ilion create a file, newf les in the di which you are nowworking. Users can have f 1 of the same name that areunrel!ated because each i in di ferent direc

i gure 11 i 11 ustratesstructure.

ica hierarchical di--~-~~·_u

DI

F g'ure 1 1: A e H erarchi

1. A

N

01

D

1.2.

mpona

annamesprev

ts

Ind

DI

lA fu 1be

namednamed MARY.

This onefile named lA in the

bel ng to the

Aorof theworking

t

TEXT Name of awork ng di

d i __ I ..........' ..... in the

uses th shorthand notation tothe name the working dihierarchical d 1 st ngs.automatically creates thi* when a di made.

The shorthand namedi -.1 "

the worki ng d i ...A~...... ,........ 'Il1 • S

you

DI R ••

inist thework

fi 1esdi .. _".....'..... _.."

the

DIR •

1i st files in the -_1... -. ..,... 1 S

R

R

b

s ow.

into

L

DIRd

4 Di

e

CHDI

you will

A:

dr desi on

DI A.ND

If you now want to see what is in the diyou can ssue the command DIR. The followingexam.ple of the d splay you mi receive rom thecommand a subd i .. _~..... "".... ,,'

driveof A:

D

ILEl COM4

<DIR>IR>

<D R>

free

10:10:10:9:

reside on

for thNote

rectoriesd inndicates the work

the thandILE • sal

these directories and

disk was ass when the disk wasthat MS-DOS 1i both fi es and

As you can sea, Joe has anothernamed TEXT The I I

, anddi ER.

A ofve A:

you to gBecause 1 and esprevious displ MS-DOS

i "'_~""'i/I!l"''' the same name as aexample, you have

• you cannot create

1.2.5 Creat ng a D rec

i your work ng direc ,use thecommand. For examp e t to

NEWDIR under your working di

MKDIR NEWDIR

110

DI

.2 to D

Youto

.2.7 to

To

the

RMD R

R

2

This

thenf

the samea common

2. 1

a batchthe COpy

.BAT Fon usng

2-1

create

NG

are ava 1 1e use expressly in batchand REM perm ts you to inc uderemarks

in your batch fi es without these remarks be ngcommands. you wi than i ona 1

its you to ither continue or abort theat given point REM and are descr bed

4.

Twof i 1es: REMand commentsexecuted as

andbatch process

n detail

Batch process ng is useful f you want to execute severalcommands w th one command, such as when you

format and check a new disk. example, a batch f le forthis mi look like this:

1: Th i i f i 1 check new d sksREM It s named NEWDISK.BAT

3: Insert new disk n drive B:4:56: B:

To execute th .BAT file, simp1the .BAT extension:

f i l-"''''ilOorT1Ii'''''

NEWD

The result is the same as if each of the lines in the •BATf 1e was at the termina as individual commands.

Fi 2-1 illand execute an batch fi le.

used wri

2-2

F

4. pressappears

nal batch

wh 1 n batch mode, th

fthethe

endscommand n

t

command n batch i1 be the ofanother batch f i 1lows you toca11 one

file from another when the first i nished.

2.2 F

11

AUTOEXEC. BAT

MS-DOS imeand date

are

Figure 2-2: How I-\S Uses the AUTOEXEC.BAT File

2 .1 e

If,runcou

.3 A FI WI

Theres

A>i e cop ed

wh cons ofn the default dr vee

now

if you

canlin

than 10

the2. as part! you must

examp e to speci theyou must it as

at

fIein, the

2.3 1 Executing a .BAT F le

the,you must

fo 11 owedfor

To execute the batch i e MYF LE.BATthat will replace the

enter f ename ithout itsyou want MS-DOS to

etc.

Remember that the fil MYFILE BAT consists 3 Ii nes:

.MAC

execute the MYF LE batch

MYF A 1B

MYFILE s substituted forfor

A PROGl

10

The the

MYFI

3-

3- 1•

1

ION INPUT AND

command

DR

in your command. For example. the

the disk in defaul

MYF

DI R>MYF I

to a file namedfile on the command line

new data

the end of

doesyour di

overwr

your di or f erep1 ing the entirecan be used to tel

command aiedile. The command

createsIf MYFILES

Ie

anothertwo

D R

to havefrom

using a less-thancommand

to currently exnot exist. t s

>LI

and sor a f Je

3.1 2 Fi1

A fi 1teriin sOlIeor to a fi

i 1.. ··",,a#lll11l'1I

textn f

r

text

di t,

can n on

3.1.3 ip

Piping is p() For

IREC

MORE

one screenyour

You p Iter

tOflY'lANIJS

sts theto use

commands " and

The fo lowadvanced

notat on ndicates how youcommands:

d format the

1. You must enter any wordsare call k

You,of

2. the text for tems enc osed n angleFor example, you should enter the

en 1 is shown in

3- n square brackets ([ )wish to i i ona i _",;/1,, _

1 e the square brackets, onlythin the brackets.

ional Ifon, do notnformation

ADVANCED COMANDS

It. An ell i i s ( ••• ) i nd i youitem as ma:ny t imies as you want.

an

·.... ······ion·where shown (with,suches connas'i

t colons, or slashes.

S. must include allthe exception square

1 signs, question

ADVANCED COMANDS

Table lists the

Ie 1: Advanced

Connand

BREAK check

IR directories; pri di

console

batch file echo feature

IN Converts executable files to format

EXIT its command and returns to lower level

FIND a constant ng of text

if i 1es

11 i 1i

Prey flow control for bateh fi

I F flow contr'ol files

E -_.,or_··t one t

a COIllniina

~U:lIDt.nall ....'n ............. ion a f i 1e

f or

f

FT

or DatCk,,,ar'G

CTRL-C

Interna

BREAK

OFF swBREAK.

liS-DOS

TYPE

IR

SYNONYM

CD

DI Internal

SYNTAX

a d fferent d splays current

CHDIR

wantas

andshor

IR ••

you in the new d Ais also avai able with this command:

Thisd i "fI1I!!!J&/I- 'P!IfI";.... "I

wi 11 alwaysof your working di

n the

COMMANDS

CHDIR used without a displaysdi If your working di ison dr i ve ,8: t you IR <Return>,displa,y:

NAKE

All

SYNTAX

which you issue

CTTY ice>

COMENTS

The

to

AUX

i are givingis useful f you want

you are wo,rk i The

moves alldevipr i The cOIIRIand

CON

the AUXthe current

such as a

to the original ee the

NAME

PURPOSE

TYPE

'I nterna1

Turns batch echo

SYNTA.X

ECHO IOFFI

COMMENTS

on and off.

com·m,ands ina batch f il eon the console when

command processor. OFF turns offECHO ON turns the echo on.

are displare seen by thethis feature.

If ON or OFF are not specified, the current setting isdisplayed.

SYNTAX

f i lei toa saving of d sk

format.faster

N <d:><fi ename><.ext> :]

ilethe

Ivespeciused.,the

only f want to convert. .EXEformat The e named espec s

f no extension is if edt itThe i fe converted to .COM

of the and aced inIf you do not spec a vet the

f i 1e wi 1 be used .. If you do notf il ename, the f i 1ename wi 11 be

a f lename extension inthe new file w 1 be g ven an

The i file must be n va id .fXE formatthe 1i The res i dent t ,or aetua 1 code and data par t

the file must be less than There must be noSTACK

kwhether

I

of arethe initial CS: Pis specif ed in the.

tlel~,e"ltl i ng~e':Jmt!!nt: I ns t ruet i on

1e,a purefixups

conta n'syourelocati

ixup value. Thisat which the program s to

ng program wi1 be usablthe abs01 memory address

ion. The commandproperly oad ng

:IP s not specif ed in the.binary conversion i assumed.

necessary (e. theons requ

for

1iCOM programs

f EXE2BIN inds error.ror messages will be displ

or more fo 11 ow

cannot be conver

if

meetor

CS: P do,es notspecified above,criterion but hasalso displexecutable fil •

either of criteriat meets the .COM f Ie

xups. This message isthe file is not val d

10

File

file is not on the di i f i ed.

is to run N.

File ion error

IN cannot create the f le.ne i the d is fu

condition caused the error.

icient disk

Run, or f some

s not disk to create a newIe.

-base

source (.i ca.t i ng that a

1e iich the fini

i 1e be conyer ted

conta ned nformationis required for the

at

fi e is not in the correct format.

- Read error onread less than size

is is a warning

f Ien header

y.

COHl-tANDS

NAME

IT Internal

PURPOSE

Ex ts commandand returns to a previous level, if one exists.

IT

This command can be used when you are running anapplicat on and want to start the MS-DOScommand processor, then return to your program. Forexamp e, to look at a di on drive B: whi erunning an app icat on program, you must start thecomman,d' processor ng COMMAND i n response to thedefault drive

D R command and willfor the default disk. When youto the previous level

You can nowd splay the di

EXIT, you returna.ppl ication

12

FIND

files.

SYNTAX

a specific string text n a f e or

FIND

FIND

<stri

a filter thatof filenamesa spec fistri

J ne.

i lename ••

as ions a str ng and aIt wil1di 81 lines that

from f i 1es if i ed i n

If no files are specified. FIND 1 take the i onthe and display all lines conta n thespecified string.

for FIND are:

FI to d i a 1 Ii nes notcontaining the ifled str ng.

FI to int only the count linescontained a match In of the files.

each line to beve line number n the

3

its

ADVANCED COMMANDS

string should be enc1 in quotes. Example:

FIND IS BOOK1 BOOK2

displthat

all ines from BOOK1.TXT and BOOK2.TXT (inthat contain the string IIFoolls Paradise

The command

DIR B: I FIND IV IIDATII

causes MS-DOS to display all names of the f les on thedisk in drive B: wh ch do not n the stri OAT.

double around a stri that a1 hasin it.

When an error is detected, FIND responds with one ofthe following error messages:

Incorrect version

FIND will only run on versions of2.0 or hi

that are

F ND: Invalid number of

You did not specicommand.

a string issui the FIND

FIND: error

You an illegal string when issuing the FINDcommand.

FINO: Fi 1e not <filename>

filena.e youND cannot find it.

ified not 5t or

FIND: error in <filename>

errorified

when FI tried to, ,read the fi 1e

FIND: I nva 1 d ion-name>

specif edan ion that

5

not st.

ADVANCED MS-DOS COMMANDS

NAME

FOR

PURPOSE

Internal

Command extension used in batch and interactive file...... ",....... i ng.

SYNTAX

F IN <set> DO <command> - for batch processingFOR IN <set> <comm,and> for interactiveprocessing.

COHI1.ENTS

<c> can be any character 0,1,2,3, •• ,9 to avoidconfusion with the %0-%9 batch

<set> is

The var i ab 1, e i s set se.quen.t i a lly to each memberof <set>, and then <command> is evaluated. If a memberof <set> is an expression involving * and/or 1, thenthe variable is set to each matchinig pattern from disk.In this case, only one such < tem> may be in the set,and a.ny <item> bes i des the firs tis ignored.

NOTE

The words IN, FOR, and DO must be in uppercase.

16

N ( Ie.)

F IN BAR

only I

woulderrorso that theis in a

i was anthrow out the' :1

would never see t. thethen only one should be

17

NAME

GOTO

PURPOSE

ADVANCED MS-DO'S COMMANDS

TYPE

Internal,

Command extension used in batch file processing.

SYNTAX

GOTO <label>

COMMENTS

GOTO causes commands to be taken from the batch f 1ebeginning with the line after the <label> definition.If no label has been defined, the current batch filew 11 terminate.

Example:

:fooREM looping •••GOTO foo

wi 11looping •••

an Infinite sequence of messages: REM

Start ng a line in a batch f 1e withline to be ignored by batch processing.following GOTO define a label, but thisalso be used to put in comment lines.

18

I:' causes theThe charactersprocedure may

NAME

in. f 1e

1Fti oh> <command>

The <eond tion> soneof the following:

<number>i and only if the ous executed

CO NO had an exi code of <number> or

<stri •• <strif and only

ieal afternot have

areStri ngs,

E,X I i 1ename>f and onl y i f <f il enam!.> ex s ts

tion>if and only if ition> is false.

The IF statement 110ws condiional execution ofWhen the <condition> s true then the

is executed. se, the <command> is

19

ADVANCED MS-DOS COMMANDS

NOTE

The words ERRORLEVEL t EX I ST t and N'OT must beuppercase.

Examples:

IF NOT EXI FOO ECHO Can't find file

IF NOT ERRORLEVEL3 LINK. S1, I ;

NAME

PURPOSE

The2. 11disk

SYNTAX

tol!oader on

is aof the

nationdrv:>

places

ination ve isive that you want to

ve or hardoader on.

ace the 1 on asketteor a hard diskion that contains f les.

eop ies the 1aader and 188V'8S the f i 1es

The1

11 owi ngon the

E:

aces thedrive E.

on 2.11

NAME

MEDI

COMANDS

access to diskettes

MEDIACHK

The Rainbow can readd skette formats. Thedisket to determi theyou use only Ra nbow,the MED ACHK command toyou always use is

a var ofmust first read the

MS-DOS format Ifdi use

that

When youRainbow

d skette1saccess to the

The default is

the MED ACHK command with the OFF swino longer checks to determine the

fo~mat. This the

IACHK

HAKE

I4KDR

SYNONYM

KD

Internal

",akes,. new di .......... ,.......1

KKD R

is to create a h erarch calWhen you are In your root d

rector es using

IR

create a i .aj"''''''''''''To create • d i ...j· ... IfIIl.......,

n yourn••ed

root

IR

COMMANDS

NAME

MORE

PURPOSE

to console one screen at a time.

MORE

s a f Iter that reads from standard ias a command from your terminal) and displays onescreen of information ime. The MORE command thenpauses and d splays the --MORE message the bottomof your screen

on. Thisdata has been read

d ay another screencontinues unti all the

Thescreen

commanda time.

s useful for viewiIf you

a 1 f i 1e one

MYF I •COM

wi 11default dri

display the f 1e MYFILES.COMone screen at a time.

the

SYNTAX

Internal

PATH

al ows you told be searched

searches your works no

whichexternal commands

d The

unt ild

set another

d i ....,.......".. ",

You can tellspeci ng several

1et

oneby semicolons.

PATH IN\DEV

tell sabovesearches thePATH command.

the directories specifiedfind external commands.

in the order specified in the

The command with no ions will print the currentIf you spec i PA.TH; , wi 11 set the N·UL

, mean ng that only the work will besearche,d for externa 1 commands.

nterna)

AX

execut on the f e.

the 'execut ond or

execut on unti

a batch f Ie you needsome other act on.

you any

to

When command processor encounters

ike a when

tpr nts:

Ifdi

press wI be

1

If Y in to th s executthe inder of batch wi beand wi 1 returned to ng

level. Therefore, used to break abatch f i 1e into e.ces ,a owi ng you to end the batch

file at an intermed ate pont.

comment is ional may be entered on the sameine as You may Iso want to the user of

the batch f 1e with some meani thebatch f Ie pauses. For example, you may want todisks n ~ne of the drives. An ionalmay be g yen n such cases. The comment will bedispl the ike message.

NAKE

the

SYNTAX

COMENTS

This theIf no text

will be set defaultdefau 1t dr i ve ion. Yo,u canspec as the currentcharacters indicated below.

use the command with theyou spec I an existing dr ve.

ion th a non-ex i stent dr ive" youresu ts.

using

ion, beIf you usecould see

COMMANDS

be used in the promptThey must all be

in the prompt command:

The 1ow'i ngcommand to speci

by a dollar

To Get This

$ The IS' charactert The current timed current datep The current di of· the default drivev version numbern The default driveg The 1>1 character1 The Ie characterb I I' character

A CR IF sequences A space (leading on1h Ae

les:

PROMPTthe default drive letter

PROMPT Time • $ •Sets a two-line prompt which prints:Time • rent time)Date • (current date)

PROMPT [7mSn:the

returnstext.

[min inverse video mode and

to normal video mode for other

a file or an entire disk containing bad

<filename I d:>

If athe

To

on a disk s ,you cancontaining that sectorthe entire disk (if the bad

a part cular file,

recover etherthout the badsector was n

<filename>

11 cause toand to ski the

finds the sector ,the sectorwill no onger allocate

To a d sk,

<d:>

wheredisk

is the letter of the drive contain ng thebe recovered.

ADVANCED COMMANDS

I f there i s n,ot room on the root d i ....."",..,...... ""RECOVER will print a message and store informationabout the extra files in the File Allocation Ie.You can run RECOVER again to regain these files whenthere i s more room i n the root d i ".,11liiio"''''''''',".1

NOTE

You should use RECOVER only as a last resort.could misi data that may not be

Th s could lead to unpredictable

MAKE

REK Internal

OJ

fi 1e.

are on the salle I ne as the'e ng execution of that batch

REM

owed in the comment are the

new disks

B:

sis afl IeItis

InsertB:

1:2:

ADVANCED

NAM,E

COMI1ANDS

TYPE

RMDIR (REMOVE DtRECTORY)

SYNONYM

RD

PURPOSE

Internal

Removes a d i ......."" ..........1

structure.

SYNTAX

from a hierarchical di .....,'.. ·JiIIIl.... "'·1

RMDIR

COMMENTS

Th s command removes a difor the. and shorthand

To remove the d i ....,...... ".., ......DIR command for that path to ensuredoes not contain any important fileswant deleted. Then

empty

first issue athe d i --"............ _.....'you do not

RMDIR

The d i -_ "structure.

has been de 1eted f rom the d i ....,... '... "" .. ""

NAME

Internal

PURPOS'E

access to.18orei1e processing.

10 1e in

SYNTAX

1FT

f •%1 •

•

are imi to hand1 0allow access to more

to the command

then a 1FT w 11 result in the following:

•%1 •

If1 i ne,shif

are more than 10those that appearone at a time into

given on ater the Oth w 11 be

successive shifts.

NAME

SORT

PURPOSE

External

SORT reads input from term; na 1, sorts the d.ata,then writes it to your terminal screen or fil

SYNTAX

SORT [/+n]

COMMENTS

SORT can be example, to ize a file bya certain columin. There are two switches which allowyou to select ions:

reverse the sort; that is, sort from Z to A.

sort starting with column n where n is somenumber. If you do not specify this switch.

will in sorting from colum'n 1.

4-2.reads and sorts in the order described in Table

ADVAN'CE.DKS-DOS COMANDS

Examples:

Th i s command will readsort, and then writeSORT.TXT:

file UNSORT.TXT. reverse thethe output to a file named

/R <UNSORT.TXT >SORT.TXT

will pipe the output of thethe SORT filter. The SORT filter

listing starting with column 1.4in the di list ng that

, then send the output to theresult of this command is a

Ie size:

The fo·l1owi ngcommanddi command towill sort the di~-·~-~~~u

is is the columnins the file si

console. Thus, thedi sorted by f

DIR 4

The command

DIR I SORT 4 HORE

will do the same thing as the command in the previousexample, that the MORE filter will give you achance to read the sorted directory one screen at atime.

5

FI UTI

suti Ii

descri bies how to use the i e son

ION

It isyou havesee which...··""111..,4•• i son

to files one and later want to

you can use

Ifes to

F Ie

two

sourceles

Linkeror

thelanguage cOlRpil

contentl o,ff i lei can be

f les beingles n

Fi Ief i 1es.to themay bestatements

The i sons are miade i none of two ways a1iIi or a baIS. The 1i ,,···..""'-1 necomparison isol blocks lnes that are fferentbetween two files and pr nts those blocks of nes. The

eompar son d ays the that arethe two files.

FILE COMPAR I SON UT I L ITY (FC)

5.1.1 Limitations on Comparisons

Fe uses a I arge amount of me.mory as bufferto hold the source files. If the source files are 1than available memory, Fe will compare what can be loadedinto the buffer space.

If no lines match in the portions files in thespace, FC wil display only the message:

*** Files are different ***For binary files larger than available memory, FC comparesboth f i 1es comp 1ete y, over 1a.y i ng the port i on in memory withthe next port on from disk. All d fferences are inthe same manner as those files that f tcomp Iete 1y in,memory.

5.2 FILE SPECIFICATIONS

All file specifications use the fo 1 ng

: ] <f i 1ename>

where: is the letter desidrive designation is

ing 's

ing a disk drive. If theomitted,. Fe defaults to the

default drive.

name of the

is a one- to three-character extension to thelename.

FI

5.3 HOW TOFt

IL

is as ows:

Fe [II

Fe .atehesI I ..., ltilll'II•••,

filenames

<filenallle1> i 1.'ltlllll.... ,.

B

the

FIB: andSineeno dr

\BARd t ....""" .. IlII"Ii.··fLl

.... ~...... IlII"... 'u of disk dri ved

assumes thatIt drive.

FI COMPARISON UTILITY (F

5.4 FC SW

There are four switches that you can use with the FileCompar i son Ut i 1 i ty::

xxxxxxxx

/8 a binary comparison of both files.files are compared .... ".,'......_....,_ ... ,,"' ...'.. , with no,.. ...... "n,."'n,.'nni ze ter mi smatchesprinted as follow~:

--&llIIIIIN':."l\-·--·-P l----F2-yy zz

twoto

are

xxxxxxxx is the relative address pair offrom inning of the fil Addresses

start at 00'000000; yy and zz are the mi sm:atchedfrom fi leI and fi le2, ively. f one of thefiles contains Jess data than the other, then amessage is printed out. For example, if filel endsbefore f le2, then Fe displays:

***Data eft in Fl***

# stands for a nlumber rom to 9, • This tchspecifies the number of ines required to match forthe files to be considered as matching again after adifference has been found. If this switch is notspecified, it defaults to 3. This switch is used onlyin source comparisons.

Causes Fe to compress whites and duringthe comparison. Thus, multiple contiguous whites inany line will be considered as a single white space.Note that although Fe whites, it does notignore them The two are beginning andend i ng wh i tes i n al i ne, i rill',...... ,iIICIlrl

FI

e lin a

11

and

but not match with

This Itch is only n source sons.

the match process1 All letters inuppercase letters. For

to t the case ofthe files are considerede,

wi 11

fi ed, then Fe&IIIRlD e,

11

Thi s tch i s used on y t n source cORIpar so,n,s.

FI UTILITY

5.5 OIF ING

The File ison Utili reports differences betweenthe two files you speci displ ing first filename,followed the line,s that differ the files,

I lowed the first line to match in both file's. FC thendisplays the name of the second file followed by the linesthat are different, followed the first line that matches.The default for the number of lines to match between thefiles is 3 (If you want to this default, speclthe number of lines with the switch.) For example,

<difference><1st ine to

lename >

f i I e2 in file >

_·_,-_.__·•.. _ .... -c:1'" i ename2><difference>

1st line to match file n f il e2>

FC will continue to list each d fference.

If there are too many differences (nvol ng too manyIi the program wil simp y report that the files aredifferent and s

If no matches are found after the fi st difference is found,Fe wi 1 display:

*** Files are different ***and will return to theexample,

default drive prompt

FI III

5.6

two i es, youunless you red rect

in sam,e

To COinDelreDIF

FC Fi Fi 1e2

theFC to

The and miatches betweenFi 1 and F 1 wiFER.TXT on the default drive.

be

5.7 EXAMPLES

FI COMPARISON UTILI

Assume these two I I files are on disk:

ALPHA.ASM, BETA.ASH

FI

ABCoEFGHIMNopQRSTUVWXYZ

A FILE B

ABCGHIJ12PQRSTUV.45wXyZ

To compare the two files and display the differences on theterm na screeen,

FC ALPHA.ASH BETA.ASH

FI

screen.ere:do.

d i 1A 1 other Itsuse tabs,c~IDllrison on the

DEFG

G

MNoP

.ASMJ12P

as follows on the term nal screen

containscontains g.

f i 1contains mno where

contai'ns J12.

w

it5w

f 1econta ns w'whereBETAns

F LE COMPAR UTILITY

can pr nt the di on line inter using thesame two source files. In th s example, four successive

ines must be the same to constitute a match.

Fe /~ ALPHA.ASM BETA.ASM >PRN

The folil owi ng will appear on the line printer:

NOTE: p is the 1st ofa string of ~ matches.

----------ALPHA.ASMDEFGHIMNoP

----------BETA.ASMGHIJ12P

------------ALPHA.ASMW------------BETA.ASM!+5w

NOTE:w is the 1st of astring of 4 matches.

10

FI

forcesaon the

as were used in

dthe salle twoes •

Fe .AS" • ASH

TheThis swifilenamesshou ld aDI:Jellr

OOOOOOOF000000120000001500000018",,,,",,,",,,",,,,180000001E",,,1..,,,,,,,,.. 1

0000002A0000002D

in is eand any

Fe command

31

51

lA

11,

b i i son.the

fo low ng di ay

FI LECOKPAR I S,O'N UTll (F c)

5.8 ERROR MESSAGES

When the Filemore of the

"'Vlll1ll1tliill i son Ut i i detects an er ror one orlowing error messages 11 be displayed:

Inval id ion>

One the swi that you have ified is invalid.

File not found:<filename>

FC cou d not read the filename you specified.

Read error n:<f lename>

FC cou d not read the entire file.

Invalid number of

You have specified the wrong number ofFe command ine.

Bad f 1e

ions on the

the files you specified s ive.

Data eft in <filename>

After reaching the end of one of the filescomparison, the other filestill hasleft.

Internal error

in a filedata

This message indicates an internal logic errorFe program.

12

n the

6

6. 1

LI

Thisread

diSCUSSQSire

It suse INK.

that

If you are not going toyou not to read

nk

lled

es i oneprogram you can run

Resol

1i f les fOT def n tons of un~esolved

references

external cross-references

a listing that both the resolution ofreferences and error

THE LINKER PROGRAH (MS-LINK)

6.2 OVERVIEW OF MS-LINK

When you write a program, you write it n source code. Thissource code i s thro,ugh a comp i 1er wh i ch producesobject modules. The object modules must be passed throughthe link process to machine language that thecomputer can understand directly. This machine language isin the form required for running programs.

You may wish to link i several programs and run themEach of your programs may refer to a 1 that

is defined in another ect module. This reference iscalled an

ect modules into one relocatable1 ed an .EXE or Executable

INK makes sure that allect modules are defined.files for initions of

are not defined in the ect

LINK combines severaload module, or Run file

1il As it combines modules,externalMS-LINK can search several Iiany externa references thatmodules.

externalany error

INK 1soreferencesmessages.

resolved,a Li

and tf ealso

that showsdisplays

INK uses available memory asavailable memory is exhausted,disk file named VM.TMP.

much as possible.INK creates a

When

F gure 11ustrates the various parts of the MS-LINKion.

LI

Source Source

Assembler

MS-LINK

libraries

.OBJ

LST

Used ifRun file is

memory

VM.TMP Run fi.EXE

F i 1: The LINK

6. FINITI Ll

terms used in thi are exp ained belowunderstand how INK works. Genera ly, f you

mlodu 1es comp i 1ed f rome Pasca 1, or a1anguage, y'ou wi 1 not need know these termswr ing compiling programs n assembl

language, however, wi 1 to un!derstand INKnit descr bel

shaded area group' addressa.bl

F y I Divi

e:

Name ClassName

1212

lowest address in1

the lowest

Eachloads

Duringaddressesthis fi

1. 2. and 12 havedi ........a .........

not have thesa.e12 aof

namesname.

INKrstto

i rdoes

a col

contiof anygroup. At linkreferences thegroup. A

that f t w n ado not need to be

1lustrat The addresslowest addre.. the n that

INK analyzes the groups, thenthe address in of that

may eo<ns i st of on,e orlllore groups.

If you are writgroup and classlanguages C.done ie.11y

nnames

the compiler.

may ass gnh level

the naRtli ng is

L I

6.4 FI INK

INK:

Works with one or more iles

Produces two

be directed to search up to 1I f les

For eachspec f cat oni the same

of iThe

that

veINK i J

:]

where: on

as

ve0: • The

dr ve

any filename of one to e

s one- tof ename. Thethe extension

extens on therequ red as part of

6.4. F e Extens o,ns

f no f lename extensions are given n the ifile specif cations, MS-LINK will recognizeextens ons defau t:

OBJ.L B

LI

6.4.2 ions

Lifol1

f les:t extensions to

.KAPRunL st

6.4.3 Fi 1e

createI wi 1

ton the dVH.TMP. it will

the link session If thef 1e that exceeds

i let namet dr ve. f

has been created.diskette in drive >

has been dithe defau t ve

removed, theand I1S-LINK mi

, you must not removethe 1 nk session ends.of NK w 1

ay the error

end of

The of VI1.TMP are written to the file namedfol ng the Run FIe: YK.TMP s a working fileonly and is deleted at the end of the link ng session.

WARN

use V" .TKP as a f i 1en,ame for any i 1e • Ifa f lenamed V"'.TriP on the default dr ve

LINK requires the VM.TKP file, MS-LINK wllthe VM.TMP a1 on disk and create a newThus. the contents of the prey ous VM.TI'\P

11 be lost.

THE LI

6 5 TO NK

MS-LINK requINK and

seven

As an ionswitches maycharactersto INK

two command to starresponses command In add ton,control MS-LINK features. Usually, you willcommand.s to I NK on the term i na I

answer command andconta a response fell e. Command

be used you wh e g ving commands

MS- INK maymethod

started in three The fthe commands in response ndividua

In the second method you 11 commands online used INK. start NK the thmethod, you must create response file that conta nsthe necessary commands and 1 INK where that f 1 iswhen you start MS-LINK.

Methods Start MS- INK

Method LINK

Method 2 LINK <filenames>

Method LINK

LI

6.5. 1 1:

start

LINK

INKdisplayanswer the

INK

11 thenII t lie. You

spec f c

each netthe tch

oneorllloref·orward s 1

tches.

on.n

PROMPT

ect les bebe

spacesa

astthe

wi reappear.There s no defau t; aresponse is requ red.

RunF i 1e ect-f 1e. Give f ename for1e ect

defaul slenallleEXE.

the

i stFi 1 i 1e. ve filename for iThe defaul sfilename.

ngRUN

L brar es [ ]

o

L st filenames tosearched,bank spaces or us signs

If a plus s gn sthe characterthe w 11 reappear.The default i to search

default librar esthe ect modules.

ions w 11 beB, .)

6 2 2:

LI

Line

To start1 ne.cODIII1andmust be

LINK e>.<1 tch ••• J

LI are toe ds for the different

cODIII1andmust be

where: 1 st of eet modu es

is the nameIe

the f e to ve the

i s the n,ame of the fIe rece ve the

a 1 st 1i modu es be

ionalswany of the

cODIII1as or

beust

as

To select default for a f ld. s ycomma with no spaces between the two commas.

Ie:

a second

B.L B

LI INK)

1 ectTABLE.OBJ, and CARE.OBJ are

a result of using theect modules when you press

1 map (the swicreates List file named

file CORLIB.LIB.

FUN.OBJ,INK thenp,auses

INK links theand a global

defaults to FUN. file;FUNLI .MAP; and searches the Li

This command causes

12

L

3: iF i 1e

To start

LINK

where:

INK with

tsentered from1e thout

To use s ion. must create acontaining several 1 text.response an INK Thesameorder as the I'NK discusseddes red, a long response to theL i brar i es: may be severa 1

us sgn to cont nue the same1 i ne.

lethethe

Ior

anext

Useswsame wayterminal

the

command characters in the responsef le theare for on the

INK session will beorder with the f response

response fle not contain answers for all(in the form ilenames. the sem co on

or carri NK 11 di aywh ch does not have re~SDC)nS,e. then wa t fOir youegal response. When a lega response has beenINK !cont i nues the 1i nk sess ion.

13

LINKER INK)

1e:

FUN TABLE CARE/PAUSE/MAPFUNLI

IS.LIB

INK pausesyou to swap

sectionWhen any key, the

named FUN.EXE and FUNLIST.MAP. MS-LINKfile COBLIB.LIB, and will use the

the switches.

file tellsname FUN, TEXT,

.... 11'...... 11,... i ali cd l scuss i o'n under

using thisf i 1es will be

w 11 search the Iidefault settings for

Thismodulesbeforediskbefore

14

6.6

Plus si

n.to be Ii

been 1 i ste.d,e name and

usf

owingmore

ibraries:When

es to beresponse ine

and a p us

e:

ieolan

To se eet default touse si ngl e semi colon, (;) folcarri return at any t me afterFile: • This feature saves timeto a series of

15

need

LINKER PROGRAM

the semi on has beenpressing the <RETURN>

longer to any of thelink session. Therefore,semicolon to skip some

, use

do

and enteredyou can nofor that

not use theTo skip

1e:

KodulesFUN TEXT TABLE CARE<RETURN>

ModuIe;<RETURN>

will and MS-LINK will use theincluding FUN.MAP for the List fil

to abor the 1 nk session at anyan erroneous response, such as theincorrectly spelled filename, you

to exit INK then restarthas been but you have not

, you may delete the erroneousfor that line

Use thetime. If youwrong filename or anmust pressMS-LINK. If the error

the <RETURN>characters w th theonly.

16

6

LI

message.

n squarewh ch can

[.

I*\odu must be

ect modulesthat the f

be yen

be nked.extens

i enameset the

that loadsencountered. You

ich

in_''11''.__ '"''_,''' i on to

read

i 1

filename will create a file for stor ng the,e,(ec:ut:aD I f i Ie that resu I ts f rom the nk

Run f 1es reee ive the f i 1ename extens io'nyou spec; an extension other than .EXE.

7

THELI INK)

If no IsINK uses the

the ect Kodules:

Ie:

Run Fi Ie

to Run File: prompt,first filename typed in response to

as the RUN filename.

B:

re!IDC)nS;e d i rectsl NK to create.EXE on dr ve B:. Also,

which 110ws you to insert anew diskRun f le.

the Runfi1eNK wi 1 pause,

to receive the

i 1ename.

ns anlese

the Run file.

for eachEach also

in thethe

The default response is the Run filename with thedefault filename extens on .MAP.

[ ]:

The valid responses are up to eorsi y a carri return.default i search.) Licreated a 1iutill

1i fi Ienamescarriage return means

files must have been

must be by blank spaces or

INK searches Ii files in the order listed toresolve external references. When it finds the modulethat defines the external symbol, INK processesthat module as another module.

18

II

If INK cannot find a Ithe d sk drive., it wi1 di

file on the diay the mess.lata:

in

fi n·d 1i < 1, i ftrJ.r,,-r' •.IIl~.>

new drive letter:

letterB) •

19

ive on

LI PROGRAM INK)

6.8 INK ITCHES

The seven INK tches control various INKfunctions. Sw tches must be at the end of a promptresponse, less of which method is used to start

INK. Switches may be grouped at the end of anyresponse, or may be scattered at the end of several. fmore than one swi at the end of one response,each switch must be by a forward slash

restriction sfrom the first

trcan!.Dctsitions are

All switches may be abbreviated. The onlythat an abbreviat on must be aletter the last ; no gaps ora 11 owed • For examp, 1e:

Using the sw tch tel s load alldata at the end of the Data ise,HS-LINK loads data at the ow end of the Data

At runtime, the pointer is set to thelowest possible address to a low the entire

be used Use of the LOCATE switch incombination with the t load low is, the

IGH sw tch is permits the user applicationto ical1y allocate any available memory below thearea specifically allocated w thin DGroup, toremain addressable the same OS pointer ThisI"'IVI'''I::arni cal ocat ion is needed forPasca 1 and FORTRANprograms.

LI

calyactual a.ount

aMOunt all JfIIIIIiII.iIIf/IIII>41111 .......

cau.e.b1ei n "".""p·u

as low as poss

ae.11 .... 1"'···...,1 •• ,

th or

allin 1, of

ude in thesoure.

II'ri........... I •• , I n.

••• thatI'II .......PIIII..... ion.n

includ. ine

/HAP

LI NKER PROGRAM NK)

d rects toIs defined in the i

given, INK will 1 i s tundefined global

1st allmodules.

only

1)is not

(including

the

are I a ically.INK 1 sts its value and its

in the Run f Ie. Is arethe List 11e.

Forfset

listed at

The switch causes INK to pause insession when the switch I

LINK the linking sessionend w thout ing. This switchswap the disks before INK

i e.

the link1 y,

n,n i ng tothe user to

(.

When NKthe message:

the switch, it disp ays

About to filedisks <hit

resumes when the user any

CAUTION

Do hot remove the disk which 11 receive theList file, or the disk used for the VM.TMPfile, if one has been created.

A 1inthe

one (iion statementng error

a stac'kay the

ING:

if youing thesearch

external

s short fortells INK to1i i es in the

ingtch tells

1 i

THE LI INK)

6.9 SAMPLE INK ION

is sample shows youdispl during an

the ofINK session.

is

In response to

LINK

Theanswers

11

Linker V2.00Microsoft Inc.

l.

and

1• speeilistingsy ols •

ingand a

you both an a1chronologica listing of

2. .... Ii!!PII,,..,,PII,I"Iingcan redirect your

to the List File:to the printer.

t you

3. speci ing the switch, MS-LINK givesyou a listing of a 1 line numbers for allmodules. that the switch can

a large volume of

<RETURN> n response~~.'~.~.~, an automatic 1i

to thesearch

LI

librar es, daysin the order of their appearance within

ist m ook th s:

The20-b

........",r .." ..... ion in the ----addression zero is Inn

columns there ative to locat on

of the load module.

not the absolute where

pub1 i cswitch was used, INK dname and va ue. For example:

ays the

THE LINKER PROGRAM (KS-LINK)

6.10 ERROR MESSAGES

All errors cause the link session to t. After the causehas been found and corrected. MS-LINK must be rerun. Thefollowing error messages are displayed by MS-LINK:

ATTEMPTOBJECT MODUL.E

DATA OUTSIDE SEGMENT BOUNDS. POSSIBLY BAD

BAD NUMERIC

is probably a Object file.

Numeric value is not in digits.

CANNOT OPEN FILE

MS-LINK is unable to create the f 1e VM.TMP because thedisk d i is fu 11 • I nser t a new disk. Do no,tremove the disk that will receive the List.MAP file.

ERROR: DUP

DUP record in assembly language module is too complex.Simpli DUP record in assembly language program.

FIXUP FS FIELD WIDTH

An assembly anguage instruction refers to an addresswith a short instruct on instead a long instruction.Edit assembly language source and reas5emb e.

INPUT FILE READ ERROR

There is P\,P"""I"\!lII""ly a bad eetf i 1e.

INVALID

or ete

I two or moresymbol name.

les that define a single

LINKER

Theof

size may notmay not exceed

the numbe'r

S ZE

than or equal to th

SEGM,ENT SI

6ltK is

CAPACITY

addressi I im t.

"'ANY

names were

IN :ONE

The it is external s per modu e.

LINKER PROGRAM (MS-LINK)

TOO MANY GROUPS

limit is 10

TOO MANY LIBRARI I,F lED

limit is 8 libraries.

TOO MANY PUBLIC

The lim t s 1 1i c 1s.

MANY

The 1i mit is and classes taken

UNRESOLVED <1 i st>

external Is listed have no ining moduleamong the modules or library files specified.

VM READ ERROR

This is a disk error; it is not caused by INK

WARNING: NO STACK SEGMENT

None of the ectstatement allocating

switch.

modules specified contains astack space, but you typed the

LI

WARNING:

There ismade to 1inkan lute

ect e or an hasles that INK cannot handle

eet modul

been

WRI

No

IN TMP FILE

disk remains to the VM file.

WRITE ON RUNFI

Usually, there s notfi Ie.

disk space for the Run

Thisneedis amanyMS-DOS

APPENDI X ,A

speci thatat time. An e of th s

dey ce driver, such as an on ine pr nter. Inthere are instal ation-speeif c settings for

need to be confi at Anth s s a standard dey ce driver, such as an

The on ileconfigure with af i 1e, deyi ce dr

confi ion file iscertain forprocess is as follows:

allows

atfile that has

The boot

1. The disk boot sector is read. This conta nsto, read code and theB I

2. code and BI are read.

3. A vari of 81 init al zetions are done.

A-l

HOW TO CONFIGURE YOUR SYSTEM

4. initialization routine reads theion file IG. t i f i tex is ts, to

....&I"" .....Il......... device installation and other user ions.Its final task is to execute the commandi which finishes the MS-DOS bootprocess.

A-2

A. CHANG IG. FI

ionthe confi

disk. youto create a file;

d. i ... _....~.... ""

list

•

If therecanuse

it on the

Thisthe

of sectorlist. If not set,

that wi se10 s a reasonab e

of f i 1escan access.

ca IsIf not set 10 is a

CE- i Iename>

nstalls the device driver n1 i st. be Iow •)

ename> nto the

- or

If ON s specified default is OFas i will be made every time

ON improves the to abortversi ons of the ..,L.'-- •••• ~,

SHELL -<f lename>

ins execution of shellfrom <filename>.

level command

HOW

COUNTRY • <number>

IGURE YOUR

Th i s number i s set to a 11 ow for i nternat ionia 1 date,time, currency, and case conversion. Acceptable valuesare:

United 1t va 11 ue)

France •

in •

Por

Italy •

United Kingdom •

• 49

• 81

Israel •

A ical confi ion f Ie might look like this:

BuffersFilesDevice·Break

1

•••••

1010

IN\NETWORK.ONA: N\COMMAND.COM A:\BIN /P

Note here that the Buffers and Files are set to10. The initialization routine will search for thefilename \8 to find the device that is beingadded to the system. This fi e is usually supplied on diskwith your device. Make sure that you save the device filein the that you specify in the Device

not

COUNTRY

e also sets the tolocated on disk IN

s where ook forit needs to re-read from d sk te ls

that it is the first running on theit can process the IT command.

GOTO,how

Commands .)EX I,F NO, 13

fil e,

INK command15

INK command15

+

ng

-2

command6

ihierarchmaking,remove,

SHBatchBatchB naryBuffer

devd

ingCHO R,Classes,Command piCommand

for KS-L 7Commands

CHD R, ,1-1,COPY,CTTYDEL, 1DIR, 1ECHO,EXE2B N,

ndex-

INKdefined,sample

i

irector .)removing, 11

-2wor ng. 1 ,1

VM

reader most

IIDma 111111

Do Not Fold Here

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