MSc-pub New3 rod - Loughborough University€¦ · 2 320 1,919 79% 16% 5% 253 50 17 38 24 13 75 39 11 86 17 103 54 3 328 1,967 78% 16% 5% 257 53 18 39 26 14 78 40 12 90 18 107 55

Appendices

5.1 Water demand for no change in level of service5.2 Water demand for changing level of service5.3 Pipe layout and pipeline design for Scenario 1: all communal standpipes5.4 Source of cost data and cost of connections5.5 Capital and recurrent costs: Scenario 1 to 65.6 Summary of all costs: base year5.7 Tariffs to break-even5.8 Average Incremental Costs: Scenario 4,5 and 65.9 Cash flow: option 1, 2 and 35.10 Distribution of capital costs (PDG, 1996)

Appendix 5.1 Water demand for no change in level of service

Population Years People HousesPopulation in 1994 1,698 283Present population 1998 0 1,874 312Design life Year 2008 10 2,399 400Design life Year 2018 20 3,071 512People per household *1 6Population growth rate *2 2.5%

Unit Scenarios1 2 3 4 5 6

Demand per level of service all cs all yc all hc mixed mixed mixedDomestic demand per level of service (l/c/d) 25 80 130Communal standpipe (cs) 80% 50% 20%Yard connection (yc) 15% 35% 50%House (kitchen) connection (hc) 5% 15% 30%Average domestic demand (l/c/d) 25 80 130 39 60 84Institutional Demand (schools, clinics, churches, tribal authority, etc.) 15% 4 12 20 6 9 13

Subtotal (l/c/d) 29 92 150 44 69 97Unaccounted for Water 20% 6 18 30 9 14 19Total demand per level of service (lcd) *4 (l/c/d) 35 110 179 53 83 116

Average Annual Daily DemandAADD - Present (1998) (kl/d) 65 207 336 100 155 217

(l/s) 0.7 2.4 3.9 1.2 1.8 2.5AADD - Year 10 (2008) (kl/d) 83 265 430 127 199 278

(l/s) 1.0 3.1 5.0 1.5 2.3 3.2AADD - Year 20 (2018) (kl/d) 106 339 551 163 254 356

(l/s) 1.2 3.9 6.4 1.9 2.9 4.1

Peak FactorsDaily peak *5 3 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.6Seasonal peak *3 1.2 1.35 1.5 1.2 1.35 1.4Distribution peak (daily peak x seasonal peak) 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7

System components:Design parameters *6

Source development AADD (present) safe yield for 8hr pumping/day (l/s) 2.2 7.2 11.7 3.5 5.4 7.5Pumping main same as source (l/s) 2.2 7.2 11.7 3.5 5.4 7.5Storage AADD (present) x 48hr storage (kl/d) 129 414 672 199 310 435Distribution AADD (Year 20) x Peak flow (l/s) 4.4 13.8 23.0 6.6 11.0 15.1Minimum standpipe yield (0.17 l/s) to 37 s/p (l/s) 6.3

Footnotes*1 National average is taken as 5.6 people per household (CDE, 1995) - local survey shows around 6 people per household*2 Estimate of local average. National average = 1% (CDE, 1995); other estimates in the area = up to 4.4%*3 Van Schalkwyk (1996)*4 Note: other water uses not taken into account e.g. stock watering, irrigation etc.*5 Daily peak includes reticulation peak factor (RPF), Reticulation loss (RL), & Down time Losses (DT) (DWAF, 1997b)*6 Adapted from DWAF design guidelines (DWAF, 1997b)

Effective demand for RWS in SA Appendix 5.1

Appendix 5.2 Water demand for a changing level of service

Initial level of service as per scenario 4

Assumptions: Demand per level of service (l/c/d):Population growth = 2.5% Communal standpipes 25Annual increase in yard connections *1 = 4% Yard connections 80Annual increase in house connections *2 = 4% House connections 130

Year Houses Pop. Connections Water demand Domestic Institutional Instit. + UFW Total per connection (kl/d) AADD demand domestic AADD

cs yc hc cs yc hc cs yc hc 15% 20%% % % no. no. no. kl/d kl/d kl/d kl/d l/c/d kl/d kl/d kl/d kl/d l/c/d

1 312 1,872 80% 15% 5% 250 47 16 37 22 12 72 39 11 83 17 99 532 320 1,919 79% 16% 5% 253 50 17 38 24 13 75 39 11 86 17 103 543 328 1,967 78% 16% 5% 257 53 18 39 26 14 78 40 12 90 18 107 554 336 2,016 78% 17% 6% 260 57 19 39 27 15 81 40 12 93 19 112 555 344 2,066 77% 18% 6% 264 60 20 40 29 16 84 41 13 97 19 116 566 353 2,118 76% 18% 6% 267 64 21 40 31 17 88 41 13 101 20 121 577 362 2,171 75% 19% 6% 270 69 23 41 33 18 91 42 14 105 21 126 588 371 2,225 74% 20% 7% 273 73 24 41 35 19 95 43 14 109 22 131 599 380 2,281 73% 21% 7% 276 78 26 41 37 20 99 43 15 114 23 137 60

10 390 2,338 72% 21% 7% 279 83 28 42 40 22 103 44 16 119 24 143 6111 399 2,396 70% 22% 7% 281 89 30 42 43 23 108 45 16 124 25 149 6212 409 2,456 69% 23% 8% 283 95 32 42 45 25 112 46 17 129 26 155 6313 420 2,518 68% 24% 8% 285 101 34 43 48 26 117 47 18 135 27 162 6414 430 2,581 67% 25% 8% 287 107 36 43 52 28 123 47 18 141 28 169 6615 441 2,645 65% 26% 9% 288 115 38 43 55 30 128 48 19 147 29 177 6716 452 2,711 64% 27% 9% 289 122 41 43 59 32 134 49 20 154 31 185 6817 463 2,779 63% 28% 9% 290 130 43 43 62 34 140 50 21 161 32 193 6918 475 2,848 61% 29% 10% 290 139 46 43 67 36 146 51 22 168 34 202 7119 487 2,920 59% 30% 10% 289 148 49 43 71 38 153 52 23 176 35 211 7220 499 2,993 58% 32% 11% 289 158 53 43 76 41 160 53 24 184 37 221 74

*1 Related to increase in GGP, tariff and other 'value orientation' factors (van Schalkwyk, 1996)*2 Increase in house connections are assumed to be households upgrading from yard connections to house connections


Appendix 5.3 Layout of pipes and nodesScenario 1: Communal Standpipe design

1

3

11

4 108

6

5 2

7

9

12

1413 1615

19

21

20

17

18

22

23

26

25

24

27

28

31

2930

37

42

35

39

43

3346

4144

45

36

38

34

40

32

LEGEND

= standpipe

= reservoir

= borehole

= distribution pipe (63 - 90mm uPVC, Cl 6&9)

= pumping main (110mm uPVC, Cl 9)

= node 35 - see design for pipe details

35

Appendix 5.3 Pipeline design - Communal Standpipe

Designed using 'BRANCH' software: Modak & Dhoondia (1991) BRANCH - Version 3, The World Bank, Washington, USA

Number of Pipes : 45 Number of Nodes : 46 Number of Commercial Diameters : 13 Peak Design Factor : 1 Minimum Headloss in m/km : .001 Maximum Headloss in m/km : 100 Minimum Residual Pressure m : 10 Total cost (including VAT less discount) R 148,890

Pipe Data Node Data Pipe; From; To; Length Node; Peak; Flow; Elevation; Residual Pressure No. Node Node m No. Factor lps m m 1 1 2 210.00 1 1.00 0.000 100.00 10.00 2 3 4 150.00 2 1.00 0.000 67.00 10.00 3 4 5 150.00 3 1.00 -0.170 82.00 10.00 4 5 6 30.00 4 1.00 -0.170 79.00 10.00 5 6 7 50.00 5 1.00 -0.170 77.00 10.00 6 6 8 100.00 6 1.00 0.000 76.00 10.00 7 8 9 125.00 7 1.00 -0.170 73.00 10.00 8 9 2 120.00 8 1.00 -0.170 70.00 10.00 45 2 10 60.00 9 1.00 -0.170 69.00 10.00 9 10 11 100.00 10 1.00 -0.170 68.00 10.00 10 11 12 100.00 11 1.00 0.000 66.00 10.00 11 11 13 100.00 12 1.00 -0.170 63.00 10.00 12 13 14 190.00 13 1.00 -0.170 61.00 10.00 13 14 15 190.00 14 1.00 -0.170 59.00 10.00 14 15 16 190.00 15 1.00 -0.170 57.00 10.00 15 16 17 190.00 16 1.00 -0.170 55.00 10.00 16 17 18 190.00 17 1.00 -0.170 43.00 10.00 17 18 19 190.00 18 1.00 -0.170 52.00 10.00 18 19 20 190.00 19 1.00 -0.170 50.00 10.00 19 20 21 190.00 20 1.00 -0.170 49.00 10.00 20 21 22 190.00 21 1.00 -0.170 47.00 10.00 21 22 23 210.00 22 1.00 -0.170 42.00 10.00 22 23 24 60.00 23 1.00 0.000 41.00 10.00 23 23 25 180.00 24 1.00 -0.170 36.00 10.00 24 25 26 181.00 25 1.00 -0.170 39.00 10.00 25 26 27 100.00 26 1.00 0.000 42.00 10.00 26 26 28 200.00 27 1.00 -0.170 35.00 10.00 27 28 29 5.00 28 1.00 -0.170 50.00 10.00 28 29 30 150.00 29 1.00 0.000 52.00 10.00 29 29 31 155.00 30 1.00 -0.170 43.00 10.00 30 31 32 220.00 31 1.00 0.000 53.00 10.00 31 32 33 250.00 32 1.00 -0.170 50.00 10.00 32 33 34 87.00 33 1.00 -0.170 43.00 10.00 33 34 35 500.00 34 1.00 0.000 40.00 10.00 34 34 36 150.00 35 1.00 -0.170 55.00 10.00 35 36 37 50.00 36 1.00 -0.170 42.00 10.00 36 37 38 150.00 37 1.00 -0.500 44.00 10.00 37 38 39 150.00 38 1.00 -0.170 46.00 10.00 38 39 40 220.00 39 1.00 0.000 47.00 10.00 39 40 41 220.00 40 1.00 -0.170 50.00 10.00 40 41 42 220.00 41 1.00 -0.170 53.00 10.00 41 39 43 30.00 42 1.00 -0.170 57.00 10.00 42 43 44 170.00 43 1.00 -0.170 50.00 10.00 43 44 45 30.00 44 1.00 0.000 55.00 10.00 44 44 46 300.00 45 1.00 -0.170 58.00 10.00

46 1.00 -0.170 41.00 10.00

Commercial Diameter Data Cost Summary All pipes uPVC class 9 Diameter Length Cost Cum. Cost Pipe Dia. Hazen's Unit Cost (mm) (m ) (1000 R ) (1000 R ) Bore (mm) Const R/m 50.0 2961.23 42.05 42.05 50.0 150.00000 14.20 65.0 1280.77 25.26 67.31


65.0 150.00000 19.72 80.0 2541.00 72.77 140.08 80.0 150.00000 28.64 100.0 210.00 8.81 148.89 100.0 150.00000 41.95 110.0 150.00000 55.32 125.0 150.00000 68.89 150.0 150.00000 86.22 175.0 150.00000 132.06 300.0 150.00000 200.00 400.0 150.00000 300.00 500.0 150.00000 400.00 600.0 150.00000 500.00 700.0 150.00000 600.00 Pipe Details Node Details Pipe; From; To; Peak Flow; Diam; Hazen's; HL; HL/1000; Length Node; Peak Flow; Elevation; H G L; Cal Pres; Spc Pres No. Node Node (lps) (mm) Const (m ) (m ) (m ) No. (lps) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m ) Pres. (Y) 1 1 2 6.280 100.0 150.00000 1.32 6.29 210.00 1 S 6.280 100.00 100.00 0.00 10.00 2 4 3 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.03 0.20 150.00 2 0.000 67.00 98.68 31.68 10.00 3 5 4 0.340 50.0 150.00000 0.12 0.80 150.00 3 T -0.170 82.00 96.84 14.84 10.00 4 6 5 0.510 50.0 150.00000 0.05 1.67 30.00 4 -0.170 79.00 96.87 17.87 10.00 5 6 7 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.01 0.20 50.00 5 -0.170 77.00 97.00 20.00 10.00 6 8 6 0.680 50.0 150.00000 0.30 3.00 100.00 6 0.000 76.00 97.05 21.05 10.00 7 9 8 0.850 50.0 150.00000 0.57 4.56 125.00 7 T -0.170 73.00 97.04 24.04 10.00 8 2 9 1.020 50.0 150.00000 0.76 6.33 120.00 8 -0.170 70.00 97.35 27.35 10.00 45 2 10 5.260 80.0 150.00000 0.80 13.33 60.00 9 -0.170 69.00 97.92 28.92 10.00 9 10 11 5.090 80.0 150.00000 1.26 12.60 100.00 10 -0.170 68.00 97.88 29.88 10.00 10 11 12 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.02 0.20 100.00 11 0.000 66.00 96.62 30.62 10.00 11 11 13 4.920 80.0 150.00000 1.18 11.80 100.00 12 T -0.170 63.00 96.59 33.59 10.00 12 13 14 4.750 80.0 150.00000 2.11 11.11 190.00 13 -0.170 61.00 95.43 34.43 10.00 13 14 15 4.580 80.0 150.00000 1.97 10.37 190.00 14 -0.170 59.00 93.32 34.32 10.00 14 15 16 4.410 80.0 150.00000 1.84 9.68 190.00 15 -0.170 57.00 91.35 34.35 10.00 15 16 17 4.240 80.0 150.00000 1.71 9.00 190.00 16 -0.170 55.00 89.52 34.52 10.00 16 17 18 4.070 80.0 150.00000 1.58 8.32 190.00 17 -0.170 43.00 87.81 44.81 10.00 17 18 19 3.900 80.0 150.00000 1.46 7.68 190.00 18 -0.170 52.00 86.22 34.22 10.00 18 19 20 3.730 80.0 150.00000 1.35 7.11 190.00 19 -0.170 50.00 84.76 34.76 10.00 19 20 21 3.560 80.0 150.00000 1.24 6.53 190.00 20 -0.170 49.00 83.41 34.41 10.00 20 21 22 3.390 80.0 150.00000 1.13 5.95 190.00 21 -0.170 47.00 82.17 35.17 10.00 21 22 23 3.220 80.0 150.00000 1.14 5.43 210.00 22 -0.170 42.00 81.04 39.04 10.00 22 23 24 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.01 0.17 60.00 23 0.000 41.00 79.91 38.91 10.00 23 23 25 3.050 80.0 150.00000 0.88 4.89 180.00 24 T -0.170 36.00 79.90 43.90 10.00 24 25 26 2.880 80.0 150.00000 0.80 4.42 181.00 25 -0.170 39.00 79.03 40.03 10.00 25 26 27 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.02 0.20 100.00 26 0.000 42.00 78.23 36.23 10.00 26 26 28 2.710 65.0 150.00000 2.16 10.80 200.00 27 T -0.170 35.00 78.21 43.21 10.00 27 28 29 2.540 65.0 150.00000 0.05 10.00 5.00 28 -0.170 50.00 76.07 26.07 10.00 28 29 30 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.03 0.20 150.00 29 0.000 52.00 76.03 24.03 10.00 29 29 31 2.370 65.0 150.00000 1.31 8.45 155.00 30 T -0.170 43.00 75.99 32.99 10.00 30 31 32 2.370 65.0 150.00000 1.85 8.41 220.00 31 0.000 53.00 74.72 21.72 10.00 31 32 33 2.200 65.0 150.00000 1.84 7.36 250.00 32 -0.170 50.00 72.86 22.86 10.00 32 33 34 2.030 65.0 150.00000 0.55 6.32 87.00 33 -0.170 43.00 71.03 28.03 10.00 33 34 35 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.12 0.24 500.00 34 0.000 40.00 70.48 30.48 10.00 34 34 36 1.860 65.0 150.00000 0.81 5.40 150.00 35 T -0.170 55.00 70.36 15.36 10.00 35 36 37 1.690 65.0 150.00000 0.23 4.60 50.00 36 -0.170 42.00 69.67 27.67 10.00 36 37 38 1.190 65.0 150.00000 0.35 2.33 150.00 37 -0.500 44.00 69.45 25.45 10.00 37 38 39 1.020 50.0 150.00000 0.87 6.39 136.23 38 -0.170 46.00 69.09 23.09 10.00 65.0 150.00000 0.02 1.45 13.77 39 0.000 47.00 68.20 21.20 10.00 38 39 40 0.510 50.0 150.00000 0.39 1.77 220.00 40 -0.170 50.00 67.81 17.81 10.00 39 40 41 0.340 50.0 150.00000 0.18 0.82 220.00 41 -0.170 53.00 67.63 14.63 10.00 40 41 42 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.05 0.23 220.00 42 T -0.170 57.00 67.58 10.58 10.00 41 39 43 0.510 50.0 150.00000 0.05 1.67 30.00 43 -0.170 50.00 68.15 18.15 10.00 42 43 44 0.340 50.0 150.00000 0.14 0.82 170.00 44 0.000 55.00 68.01 13.01 10.00 43 44 45 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.01 0.33 30.00 45 T -0.170 58.00 68.00 10.00 10.00 44 44 46 0.170 50.0 150.00000 0.07 0.23 300.00 46 T -0.170 41.00 67.94 26.94 10.00


Appendix 5.4 Source of cost data

The following items were costed from the sources below. All prices for May, 1998.VAT, transport and discounts inclusive.

1. Groundwater development costs: Water Systems Management, Pietersburg,SA.

2. Pipes, fittings, valves: Main Industries, Pietersburg, SA and National Trading;Company (NTC), Pietersburg, SA.

3. Reservoir: Averaged R/m3 price for concrete reservoirs constructed in Mvulaprojects in Mpumalanga.

4. Professional fees: DWAF/ECSA recommended rates for rural water supplyprojects.

5. O&M:• Connection costs: Prices from Main Industries, NTC, Kent Meters and

local labour rates;• Staffing, administration and capacity building: estimated costs from

author’s experience and consultation with consultants;• Operation costs: based on expected performance of Lister engines.

Other information sourced from personal communication with: Mike Thompson (Tso-gang Water and Sanitation), Eric Harvey (Mvula Trust), Adie Vienings (DWAF) andPierre Mouton (Water Systems Management).

Appendix 5.4 Cost of connections

Cost per standpipe

Item Description Unit Qty Rate TotalMaterials 75/63/50/40/35 x 1" (25mm) saddle ea. 1 28.24 28.24

25mm HDPE Cl 6 m 20 3.09 61.80160mm PVC + end cap m 0.5 60.36 30.183/4" GI pipe (standpipe) x 1000mm ea. 1 12.02 12.023/4" (20mm) GI pipe (standpipe) x 500mm ea. 1 6.14 6.14Cement (OPC) bags 2 22.19 44.383/4" globe valve (stopcock) ea. 1 40.54 40.543/4" elbow ea. 2 6.98 13.963/4" brass tap (plain bibcock) ea. 1 39.94 39.943/4" nipple ea. 1 2.00 2.0025 x 1" male adapter ea. 1 10.57 10.5725 x 3/4" male adapter ea. 1 10.57 10.57Drainage: 300mm cast iron grid ea. 1 50.00 50.00 - 90mm HDPE Cl 6 m 8 26.90 215.20 - soakaway (within labour cost) m3 12 0.00 0.00

Subtotal 565.54Total + VAT VAT = 14% 644.72

Labour semi-skilled mandays 0.5 60.00 30.00unskilled mandays 12 30.00 360.00

Subtotal 390.00TOTAL 1,034.72

Cost per yard connection

Item Description Unit Qty Rate TotalMaterials 75/63/50/40/35 x 1/2" saddle ea. 1 28.24 28.24

16mm HDPE m 90 1.64 147.60160mm PVC + end cap m 0.5 60.36 30.181/2" GI pipe x 1000mm ea. 1 10.14 10.141/2" GI pipe x 500mm ea. 1 5.11 5.11Cement bags 0.5 22.19 11.101/2" globe valve (stopcock) ea. 1 24.51 24.511/2" (15mm) elbow ea. 2 4.65 9.301/2" threaded brass tap (hose bibcock) ea. 1 26.26 26.261/2" nipple ea. 1 1.54 1.5416 x 1/2" male adapter ea. 2 6.88 13.761/2" Kent water meter ea. 1 183.70 183.70Meter box + key ea. 1 60.00 60.00Drainage: 200mm cast iron grid ea. 1 35.00 35.00 - 90mm HDPE Cl 6 m 5 26.90 134.50 - soakaway (within labour cost) m3 6 0.00 0.00

Subtotal 720.94Total + VAT VAT = 14% 821.87

Labour semi-skilled mandays 0.5 60.00 30.00unskilled (pipework + yard standpipe) mandays 3 30.00 90.00unskilled (trenching from mainline) mandays 11 0.00 0.00

Subtotal 120.00TOTAL 941.87

Cost per house (kitchen) connection

Item Description Unit Qty Rate TotalMaterials 75/63/50/40/35 x 1/2" saddle ea. 1 28.24 28.24

15mm HDPE m 100 1.64 164.001/2" GI pipe x 1500mm ea. 1 15.09 15.091/2" GI pipe x 500mm ea. 2 5.11 10.22Cement bags 1 22.19 22.191/2" globe valve ea. 1 24.51 24.511/2" elbow ea. 4 4.65 18.601/2" threaded brass tap (hose bibcock) ea. 1 26.26 26.261/2" nipple ea. 1 1.54 1.5415 x 1/2" male adapter ea. 3 6.88 20.641/2" Kent water meter ea. 1 183.70 183.70Meter box ea. 1 60.00 60.00Basin (stainless steel, 900x535mm) ea. 1 288.88 288.88U-tube and drainage pipe (6m x 50mm dia.) ea. 1 67.50 67.50 - soakaway (within labour cost) m3 12 0.00 0.00

Subtotal 931.37Total + VAT VAT = 14% 1,061.76

Labour semi-skilled mandays 1 60.00 60.00unskilled (pipework + kitchen tap) mandays 4 30.00 120.00unskilled (trenching from mainline) mandays 12 0.00 0.00

Subtotal 180.00TOTAL 1,241.76


Appendix 5.5 Costs for Scenario 1: All communal standpipes

Present population (1998) 1874

No of households 312

ALL PRICES INCLUDE VAT AT 14%

Capital CostsCapital cost

No. of Quantity Unit Rate Plant / Materials Labour TOTALholes contractor (R)

1 Source development need (l/s) 2.2(Assume water quality is adequate i.e. no treatment needed)Ground water development costs

Drilling (estimated depths from experience in area)Drilling (165mm dia) 2 65 m 48 6,240 6,240 Reaming (215mm dia) 1 35 m 75 2,625 2,625 Casing (177mm) 1 35 m 95 3,325 3,325 Development, sanitary seal & concrete, borehole cap 1 1 hole 800 800 800 Traveling and set up costs 1 1 hole 1,000 1,000 1,000

Testing (4 steps + 24hr CD + recovery) 1 1 hole 4,500 4,500 4,500 Professional fees: siting, geophysics & water quality 1 1 hole 2,500 2,500 2,500

Supervision 2 1 hole 3,600 7,200 7,200 Reporting 1 1 hole 3,500 3,500 3,500

Borehole equipmentMono pump - 80m static head, 2.5l/s 1 1 hole 7,500 7,500 7,500 Pipework at borehole (steel rising main) 1 1 hole 4,500 4,500 4,500 Diesel engine - Lister TS1 1 1 hole 12,000 12,000 12,000 Pump house 1 1 hole 3,800 3,800 3,800 Installation 1 1 hole 5,000 5,000 5,000

Subtotal borehole 64,490 Subtotal borehole - including VAT at 14% 73,519

Pumping main: materials (uPVC 110 Cl 9) 730 m 41.95 30,624 30,624 Labour 730 m 7.20 5,256 5,256 Subtotal pumping main 35,880

SUBTOTAL 100,370 100,370 2 Storage need (kl/d) 129

Reinforced concrete reservoir 150 m3 746 111,900 111,900 111,900 3 Distribution need (l/s) 6.3

Pipeline (designed on BRANCH)Materials u PVC pipe (63-110mm Cl 9) 148,890 148,890

Fittings and valves @15% 22,334 22,334 Labour 6993 m 7 50,350 50,350 Subtotal 221,573

Connections (standpipes)Materials 37 ea. 645 23,854 23,854 Labour 37 ea. 390 14,430 14,430 Subtotal 38,284 SUBTOTAL 259,858 259,858

SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS (exl. Prof. fees) 148,590 253,501 70,036 472,127 4 Professional costs

Technical 12.50% of capital cost (<500,000) 59,016 59,016 Social & training lump sum 50,000 50,000 Committee / local government costs - admin., overheads etc. 10,000 10,000

SUBTOTAL 119,016 Subtotal + VAT 14% 135,678 135,678 TOTAL 284,268 253,501 70,036 607,805

Recurrent costs

Item Quantity Unit Rate Economic Capital CRF Estimated cost/month life (yrs) cost Annual R/month

1 Staffing, administration & capacity buildingSalaries:

Water committee(chairperson, secretary & bookkeeper) 1.5 people/ 750 1,125 Pump operators 1 month 750 750 Maintenance team 1 400 400 Water Bailiffs 0.2 400 80

Billing, collection etc. - standpipes (flat rate) 312 houses 1 312 - individual connections (metered rate) 0 houses 5 -

Transport 300 km 1.5 450 Capacity building 1 ea. 200 200 Administration & overheads 5% % 3,317 166

2 Operation costs - Diesel for engines (estimation related to flow) (diesel priced at R2.05/l) 1,968 m3/mon 0.5 984 Other (oil, etc.) (estimated % of power costs) 15% % 984 148

3 Routine maintenance (spare parts etc.) - Tools 1 50 50 Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 1 200 200 Reservoir 1 50 50 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 1 100 100 Standpipes 312 0.1 31

SUBTOTAL O & M COSTS 5,046 4 Depreciation (replacement costs) DF = 8%

Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 10 64,490 0.149 9,611 801 Reservoir 30 111,900 0.089 9,940 828 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 30 257,453 0.089 22,869 1,906 Standpipes 20 38,284 0.102 3,899 325

SUBTOTAL DEPRECIATION COSTS 472,127 3,860 TOTAL O & M + DEPRECIATION COSTS 8,906


Costs for Scenario 2: All yard connections

Present population (1998) 1874No of households 312ALL PRICES INCLUDE VAT AT 14%


No of Quantity Unit Rate Plant / Materials Labour TOTALholes contractor (R)





Borehole equipmentMono pump - 80m static head, 9 l/s 1 1 hole 16,000 16,000 16,000 Pipework at borehole (steel rising main) 1 1 hole 4,500 4,500 4,500 Diesel engine - Lister TS2 1 1 hole 22,000 22,000 22,000 Pump house 1 1 hole 3,800 3,800 3,800 Installation 1 1 hole 5,000 5,000 5,000


Pumping main materials (uPVC 140mm Cl 9) 730 m 68.89 50,290 50,290 Labour 730 m 7.20 5,256 5,256 Subtotal pumping main 55,546



Pipeline (designed on BRANCH - World Bank, 1991)Materials u PVC pipe (O.D.63-140mm Cl 9) 224,890 224,890

Fittings and valves @ 15% 33,734 33,734 Labour 5584 m 7.2 40,205 40,205 Subtotal 298,828

Connections (yard)Materials 312 ea. 821.87 256,696 256,696 Labour 312 ea. 120 37,480 37,480 Subtotal 294,176 SUBTOTAL (Distribution) 593,004 SUBTOTAL without connection costs (financed by households) 298,828 298,828


Technical 10% of capital cost (>500,000; <1.5M) 78,468 78,468 Social & training lump sum 50,000 50,000 Committee / local government costs - admin., overheads etc. 10,000 10,000

SUBTOTAL 138,468 Subtotal + VAT 14% 157,854 157,854 TOTAL 493,554 565,609 82,941 942,536

Recurrent Costs

Item Quantity Unit Rate Economic Capital CRF Estimated costslife (yrs) Cost Annual R/month

1 Connection cost50% of connection cost up front 47150% household loan over 5 yrs Interest 15% 5 471 0.298 140 12


Water committee(chairperson, secretary & bookkeeper) 2 people/ 750 1,500 Pump operators 1 month 750 750 Maintenance team 1 400 400 Water Bailiffs 0.2 400 80

Billing, collection etc. - standpipes (flat rate) 0 houses 1 - - individual connections (metered rate) 312 houses 5 1,562


2 Operation costsDiesel for engines (estimation related to flow) 6,298 m3/mon 0.5 3,149 Other (oil, etc.) (estimated % of power costs) 15% % 3,149 472

3 Routine maintenance (spare parts etc.) - Tools 1.5 50 75 Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 1 200 200 Reservoir 1.5 50 75 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 2 100 200 Standpipes 0 1 -


Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 10 94,609 0.149 14,099 1,175 Reservoir 30 335,700 0.089 29,819 2,485 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 30 354,374 0.089 31,478 2,623

SUBTOTAL DEPRECIATION COSTS 784,683 6,283 TOTAL O & M + DEPRECIATION COSTS 16,168


Costs for Scenario 3: All house (kitchen) connections





Drilling (estimated depths from experience in area)Drilling (165mm dia) 4 65 m 48 12,480 12,480 Reaming (215mm dia) 2 35 m 75 5,250 5,250 Casing (177mm) 2 35 m 95 6,650 6,650 Development, sanitary seal & concrete, borehole cap 2 1 hole 800 1,600 1,600 Traveling and set up costs 1 1 hole 1,000 1,000 1,000


Supervision 4 1 hole 3,600 14,400 14,400 Reporting 1.5 1 hole 3,500 5,250 5,250

Borehole equipmentMono pump - 80m static head, 6 l/s 2 1 hole 12,000 24,000 24,000 Pipework at borehole (steel rising main) 2 1 hole 4,500 9,000 9,000 Diesel engine - Lister TR1 2 1 hole 15,000 30,000 30,000 Pump house 2 1 hole 3,800 7,600 7,600 Installation 2 1 hole 5,000 10,000 10,000


Pumping main materials (uPVC 140mm Cl 9) 2,500 m 68.89 172,225 172,225 Labour 2,500 m 7.20 18,000 18,000 Subtotal pumping main 190,225



Pipeline (designed on BRANCH - World Bank, 1991)Materials u PVC pipe (O.D.75-160mm Cl 9) 325,150 325,150

Fittings and valves @ 15% 48,773 48,773 Labour 5584 m 7 40,205 40,205 Subtotal 414,127

Connections (kitchen)Materials 312 ea. 1,062 331,624 331,624 Labour 312 ea. 180 56,220 56,220 Subtotal 387,844 SUBTOTAL 801,971 SUBTOTAL without connection costs (financed by households) 414,127 414,127

SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS (exl. Prof. fees) 522,200 877,771 114,425 1,287,555 4 Professional costs


SUBTOTAL 188,755 Subtotal + VAT 14% 215,181 215,181 TOTAL 737,381 877,771 114,425 1,502,736

Recurrent costs


1 Connection cost50% of connection cost up front 62150% household loan over 5 yrs Interest 15% 5 621 0.298 185 15


Water committee(chairperson, secretary & bookkeeper) 2 people/ 750 1,500 Pump operators 2 month 750 1,500 Maintenance team 1 400 400 Water Bailiffs 0.2 400 80

Billing, collection etc. - standpipes (flat rate) 0 houses 1 - - individual connections (metered rate) 312 houses 5 1,562


2 Operation costsDiesel for engines (estimated kWhr related to flow) 10,234 m3/mon 0.5 5,117 Other (oil, etc.) (estimated % of power costs) 15% % 5,117 768

3 Routine maintenance (spare parts etc.) - Tools 1.5 50 75 Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 2 200 400 Reservoir 2 50 100 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 2 100 200 Standpipes 0 1 -


Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 10 161,002 0.149 23,994 2,000 Reservoir 30 522,200 0.089 46,386 3,865 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 30 604,352 0.089 53,683 4,474

SUBTOTAL DEPRECIATION COSTS 1,287,555 10,339 TOTAL O & M + DEPRECIATION COSTS 23,500


Costs for Scenario 4: Mixed level of service





Drilling (estimated depths from experience in area)Drilling (165mm dia) 2 65 m 48 6,240 6,240 Reaming (215mm dia) 1 35 m 75 2,625 2,625 Casing (177mm) 1 35 m 95 3,325 3,325 Development, sanitary seal & concrete, borehole cap 1 1 hole 800 800 800 Travelling and set up costs 1 1 hole 1,000 1,000 1,000



Borehole equipmentMono pump - 80m static head,6 l/s 1 1 hole 12,000 12,000 12,000 Pipework at borehole (steel rising main) 1 1 hole 4,500 4,500 4,500 Diesel engine - Lister TR1 1 1 hole 15,000 15,000 15,000 Pump house 1 1 hole 3,800 3,800 3,800 Installation 1 1 hole 5,000 5,000 5,000


Pumping main materials (uPVC 110mm Cl 9) 730 m 41.95 30,624 30,624 Labour 730 m 7.20 5,256 5,256

Subtotal pumping main 35,880 SUBTOTAL 117,948 117,948

2 Storage need (kl/d) 199Reinforced concrete reservoir 200 m3 746 149,200 149,200 149,200

3 Distribution need (l/s) 6.6Pipeline (designed on BRANCH - World Bank, 1991)

Materials u PVC pipe (O.D.63-110mm Cl 9) 149,480 149,480 Fittings and valves @15% 22,422 22,422

Labour 6993 m 7.2 50,350 50,350 Subtotal 222,252

Connections StandpipeMaterials 37 ea. 644.72 23,854 23,854

Labour 37 ea. 390.00 14,430 14,430 Yard Materials 47 ea. 821.87 38,504 38,504

Labour 47 ea. 120.00 5,622 5,622 House Materials 16 ea. ###### 16,581 16,581

Labour 16 ea. 180.00 2,811 2,811 Subtotal 101,803 SUBTOTAL (Distribution) 324,055 SUBTOTAL without individual connections (incl. standpipes) 260,536 260,536



SUBTOTAL 112,768 Subtotal + VAT 14% 128,556 128,556

TOTAL 277,756 281,466 78,469 656,240

Recurrent costs


1 Connection costsYard: 50% of connection cost up front 471

50% household loan over 5 yrs Interest 15% 5 471 0.298 140 12 House: 50% of connection cost up front 621

50% household loan over 5 yrs Interest 15% 5 621 0.298 185 15 2 Staffing, administration & capacity building

Salaries: Water committee(chairperson, secretary & bookkeeper) 2 people/ 750 1,500 Pump operators 2 month 750 1,500 Maintenance team 1 400 400 Water Bailiffs 0.2 400 80

Billing, collection etc. - standpipes (flat rate) 250 houses 1 250 - individual connections (metered rate) 62 houses 5 312



3 Routine maintenance (spare parts etc.) - Tools 1.5 50 75 Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 1 200 200 Reservoir 1 50 50 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 1 100 100 Standpipes 250 0.1 25

SUBTOTAL O & M COSTS 7,645 5 Depreciation (replacement costs)DF = 8%

Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 10 82,069 0.149 12,231 1,019 Reservoir 30 149,200 0.089 13,253 1,104 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 30 258,131 0.089 22,929 1,911 Standpipes 20 38,284 0.102 3,899 325

SUBTOTAL DEPRECIATION COSTS 527,684 4,359

TOTAL O & M + DEPRECIATION COSTS 12,004










Borehole equipmentMono pump - 80m static head, 6 l/s 1 1 hole 12,000 12,000 12,000 Pipework at borehole (steel rising main) 1 1 hole 4,500 4,500 4,500 Diesel engine - Lister TR1 1 1 hole 15,000 15,000 15,000 Pump house 1 1 hole 3,800 3,800 3,800 Installation 1 1 hole 5,000 5,000 5,000










Labour 109 ea. 120.00 13,118 13,118 House Materials 47 ea. 1,061.76 49,744 49,744





TOTAL 411,131 442,443 91,587 866,091

Recurrent costs


1 Connection costYard: 50% of connection cost up front 471




Billing, collection etc. - standpipes (flat rate) 156 houses 1 156 - individual connections (metered rate) 156 houses 5 781



3 Routine maintenance (spare parts etc.) - Tools 1.5 50 75 Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 1 200 200 Reservoir 1.5 50 75 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 2 100 200 Standpipes 156 0.1 16














Borehole equipmentMono pump - 80m static head, 9 l/s 1 1 hole 16,000 16,000 16,000 Pipework at borehole (steel rising main) 1 1 hole 4,500 4,500 4,500 Diesel engine - Lister TS2 1 1 hole 22,000 22,000 22,000 Pump house 1 1 hole 3,800 3,800 3,800 Installation 1 1 hole 5,000 5,000 5,000










Labour 156 ea. 120.00 18,740 18,740 House Materials 94 ea. 1,061.76 99,487 99,487





TOTAL 503,058 595,541 105,642 1,035,407

Recurrent costs


1 Connection costYard: 50% of connection cost up front 471




Billing, collection etc. - standpipes (flat rate) 62 houses 1 62 - individual connections (metered rate) 250 houses 5 1,249



3 Routine maintenance (spare parts etc.) - Tools 1.5 50 75 Source (borehole, pump, engine, pump house) 1 200 200 Reservoir 1.5 50 75 Distribution pipeline + pumping main 2 100 200 Standpipes 62 0.1 6






Appendix 5.6 Summary of costs - base year

Present population (1998) 1874 All prices in SA Rands for May 1998No of households 312 May, 1998:

£(UK) 1 = R 8.30Connection costs: $(US) 1 =R 5.00

Up front payment Monthly payment (over 5 years)Yard connection: 471 12House connection: 621 15

Capital cost O & M costs Unit operating costsO & M O & M Water Water consumed Unit costs

+ depreciation produced (less UFW) O & M O & M +R/mon R/mon/ R/mon R/mon/ average average deprec.

(R) R/capita house house m3/d l/c/d l/c/d R/m3 R/m3

Scenario 1: All communal standpipes1 Source development 100,370 17%2 Storage 111,900 18%3 Distribution 259,858 43%4 Professional 135,678 22%

TOTAL 607,805 100% 324 5,046 16 8,906 29 65 35 54 29 2.56 4.52Scenario 2: All yard connections

1 Source development 150,154 16%2 Storage 335,700 36%3 Distribution 298,828 32%4 Professional costs 157,854 17%

TOTAL 942,536 100% 503 9,885 32 ##### 52 207 110 172 92 1.57 2.57Difference between scenarios 2 and 1 334,731 36% 179

Scenario 3: All house connections1 Source development 351,227 23%2 Storage 522,200 35%3 Distribution 414,127 28%4 Professional costs 215,181 14%

TOTAL 1,502,736 100% 802 ##### 42 ##### 75 336 179 280 150 1.29 2.30Difference between scenarios 3 and 1 894,931 60% 478

Scenario 4: Mixed level of service1 Source development 117,948 18%2 Storage 149,200 23%3 Distribution 260,536 40%4 Professional costs 128,556 20%





TOTAL 1,035,407 100% 553 ##### 34 ##### 56 217 116 181 97 1.60 2.65Difference between scenarios 6 and 1 427,602 41% 228

Average1 Source development - 18%2 Storage - 29%3 Distribution 1,035,407 36%4 Professional costs - 18%

TOTAL 1,035,407 100% 553 - - - - 3 1 0.00 0.00

Effective demand for RWS in SAAppendix 5.6

Appendix 5.7 Tariffs to break-evenAssumptions:

1 All consumers pay same metered rate2 UFW is charged to consumer

Cash FlowRevenue Cost Net revenue

Year Capital Loan repaymentCapital O & M Replace O & M + Total (Revenue - cost)Standpipes Individual Institut. UFW Total Tariff Total cost of over 20 yrs difference ment replace.

connections scenario 1 at 13%*1 *2 *3

no. m3/d no. m3/d m3/d m3/d m3/d R/m3 Annual Cumulative1 250 37 62 35 11 17 83 9.77 295,854 607,805 86,523 70,650 82,580 56,100 138,680 295,854 - - 2 253 38 67 37 11 17 86 7.55 237,434 86,523 9,238 84,583 57,090 141,673 237,434 - - 3 257 39 71 39 12 18 90 7.37 241,036 86,523 9,849 86,609 58,056 144,664 241,036 - - 4 260 39 76 42 12 19 93 7.19 244,678 86,523 10,509 88,654 58,991 147,646 244,678 - - 5 264 40 81 45 13 19 97 7.01 248,357 86,523 11,224 90,718 59,892 150,609 248,357 0- 0- 6 267 40 86 48 13 20 101 6.84 252,070 86,523 11,999 92,796 60,752 153,547 252,070 - 0- 7 270 41 92 51 14 21 105 6.67 255,814 86,523 12,839 94,886 61,566 156,452 255,814 - 0- 8 273 41 98 54 14 22 109 6.49 259,588 86,523 13,751 96,986 62,329 159,314 259,588 0 - 9 276 41 104 58 15 23 114 6.32 263,392 86,523 14,741 99,093 63,035 162,128 263,392 - -

10 279 42 111 62 16 24 119 6.15 267,227 86,523 15,817 101,207 63,679 164,886 267,227 - - 11 281 42 118 66 16 25 124 5.99 271,097 86,523 16,989 103,326 64,258 167,584 271,097 - - 12 283 42 126 70 17 26 129 5.82 275,008 86,523 18,265 105,452 64,768 170,220 275,008 - - 13 285 43 134 75 18 27 135 5.66 278,973 86,523 19,656 107,586 65,208 172,794 278,973 - - 14 287 43 143 79 18 28 141 5.50 283,007 86,523 21,174 109,733 65,578 175,310 283,007 - - 15 288 43 153 85 19 29 147 5.34 287,136 86,523 22,831 111,900 65,881 177,782 287,136 - - 16 289 43 163 90 20 31 154 5.19 291,392 86,523 24,643 114,100 66,125 180,226 291,392 - - 17 290 43 174 96 21 32 161 5.04 295,820 86,523 26,625 116,349 66,322 182,671 295,820 0- 0- 18 290 43 185 103 22 34 168 4.90 300,479 86,523 28,796 118,669 66,490 185,160 300,479 - 0- 19 289 43 197 109 23 35 176 4.76 305,448 86,523 31,176 121,093 66,656 187,749 305,448 - 0- 20 289 43 210 117 24 37 184 4.63 310,826 86,523 33,786 123,661 66,856 190,517 310,826 - 0-

353,908 1,259,633

*1 Capital cost derived from best fit curve of capital cost vs consumption: Capital cost (R) =4.773*(water produced(m3/d))^2 + 1,390.6*(production) + 492,932Note: this capital investment is an averaged figure corresponding to the scale of infrastructure needed to meet the demand consumption,in reality, this investment would be more 'lumpy' as various capital items needed upgrading

*2 Based on marginal O & M costs derived from best fit curve of cost vs consumption data: O & M cost (R/m3) = 0.00002(production (m3/d))^2 - 0.0125(production) + 3.3486*3 Based on marginal depreciation costs: Depreciation (R/m3) = .00002*(production(m3/d))^2 - 0.0123*(production) + 2.5698


Appendix 5.8 Average Incremental Costs - scenario 4Year Discount Capital cost Capital cost Capital cost difference Replacement costs O & M costs Water Water

factor of communal of scenario 4 between scenario 4 & (based on depreciation) produced Consumedstandpipe supply scenario 1 Total Total PV(scenario 1) *4 Incre- Incre- (+ UFW) domestic

8% Full repayment of loan Interest *1 mental PV mental PV *2 PV *3 PV & 8%20 years at 13% Increase Increase Institutional

R R R R R R R R R/m3 R/yr. R/yr. R/m3 (R/yr.) (R/yr.) (m3/day) (m3/yr) (m3/day) (m3/yr) (m3/yr)

1 0.926 607,805 86,523 80,114 678,455 678,455 628,200 70,650 70,650 65,417 1.54 56,100 51,945 2.27 82,580 76,463 99 36,328 83 30,273 28,031 2 0.857 86,523 74,180 687,693 9,238 7,920 79,888 9,238 7,920 1.51 57,090 48,946 2.24 84,583 72,516 103 37,758 86 31,465 26,976 3 0.794 86,523 68,685 697,542 9,849 7,818 89,737 9,849 7,818 1.48 58,056 46,087 2.21 86,609 68,753 107 39,259 90 32,716 25,971 4 0.735 86,523 63,597 708,051 10,509 7,725 100,246 10,509 7,725 1.44 58,991 43,360 2.17 88,654 65,164 112 40,834 93 34,028 25,012 5 0.681 86,523 58,886 719,275 11,224 7,639 111,470 11,224 7,639 1.41 59,892 40,761 2.14 90,718 61,741 116 42,487 97 35,406 24,097 6 0.630 86,523 54,524 731,274 11,999 7,561 123,469 11,999 7,561 1.37 60,752 38,284 2.10 92,796 58,477 121 44,224 101 36,853 23,224 7 0.583 86,523 50,486 744,113 12,839 7,491 136,308 12,839 7,491 1.34 61,566 35,923 2.06 94,886 55,365 126 46,048 105 38,374 22,391 8 0.540 86,523 46,746 757,864 13,751 7,429 150,059 13,751 7,429 1.30 62,329 33,674 2.02 96,986 52,398 131 47,966 109 39,971 21,595 9 0.500 86,523 43,283 772,605 14,741 7,374 164,800 14,741 7,374 1.26 63,035 31,533 1.98 99,093 49,571 137 49,982 114 41,652 20,836

10 0.463 86,523 40,077 788,422 15,817 7,327 180,617 15,817 7,327 1.22 63,679 29,496 1.94 101,207 46,878 143 52,102 119 43,419 20,111 11 0.429 86,523 37,108 805,411 16,989 7,286 197,606 16,989 7,286 1.18 64,258 27,559 1.90 103,326 44,315 149 54,333 124 45,278 19,419 12 0.397 86,523 34,360 823,676 18,265 7,253 215,871 18,265 7,253 1.14 64,768 25,720 1.86 105,452 41,876 155 56,681 129 47,234 18,757 13 0.368 86,523 31,814 843,332 19,656 7,227 235,526 19,656 7,227 1.10 65,208 23,977 1.82 107,586 39,559 162 59,153 135 49,294 18,125 14 0.340 86,523 29,458 864,505 21,174 7,209 256,700 21,174 7,209 1.06 65,578 22,327 1.78 109,733 37,360 169 61,756 141 51,464 17,521 15 0.315 86,523 27,276 887,336 22,831 7,197 279,531 22,831 7,197 1.02 65,881 20,769 1.73 111,900 35,276 177 64,499 147 53,749 16,944 16 0.292 86,523 25,255 911,979 24,643 7,193 304,174 24,643 7,193 0.98 66,125 19,301 1.69 114,100 33,305 185 67,390 154 56,158 16,392 17 0.270 86,523 23,385 938,605 26,625 7,196 330,800 26,625 7,196 0.94 66,322 17,925 1.65 116,349 31,445 193 70,436 161 58,697 15,864 18 0.250 86,523 21,652 967,401 28,796 7,206 359,596 28,796 7,206 0.90 66,490 16,639 1.61 118,669 29,697 202 73,650 168 61,375 15,359 19 0.232 86,523 20,049 998,577 31,176 7,224 390,772 31,176 7,224 0.87 66,656 15,445 1.57 121,093 28,059 211 77,039 176 64,199 14,876 20 0.215 86,523 18,563 1,032,363 33,786 7,249 424,558 33,786 7,249 0.83 66,856 14,344 1.53 123,661 26,531 221 80,615 184 67,179 14,413

Total 1,730,467 849,499 768,725 205,942 604,015 954,749 405,913

Average Incremental Cost (AIC) = Present Value of Costs / PV of Water ConsumedAIC (O & M) R 954,749 / 405,913 m3 = R 2.35 /m3AIC (replacement) R 604,015 / 405,913 m3 = R 1.49 /m3AIC (O & M + replacement) R 3.84 /m3AIC (capital difference) R 205,942 / 405,913 m3 = R 0.51 /m3AIC (O & M + replace + capital difference) R 4.35 /m3AIC (capital cost of communal standpipe supply + interest) R 849,499 / 405,913 m3 = R 2.09 /m3AIC (O & M + replace + full capital redemption) m3 = R 6.44 /m3

*1 Capital cost derived from best fit curve of capital cost vs consumption: Capital cost (R) =4.773*(water produced(m3/d))^2 + 1,390.6*(production) + 492,932Note: this capital investment is an averaged figure corresponding to the scale of infrastructure needed to meet the demand consumption,in reality, this investment would be more 'lumpy' as various capital items needed upgrading

*2 Based on unit costs of replacement cost vs consumption: Unit cost (R/m3) = .00002*(production(m3/d))^2 - 0.0123*(production) + 2.5698

*3 Unit costs derived from best fit curve of cost vs consumption dataO & M cost (R/m3) = 0.00002(production (m3/d))^2 - 0.0125(production) + 3.3486

*4 Repayment of principle loan + interest set on Capital Recovery Factor at 13% (consistent with PDG, 1996) over 20 years.


Average Incremental Costs - Scenario 5Year Discount Capital cost Capital cost Capital cost difference Replacement costs O & M costs Water Water



R R R R R R R R R/m3 R/yr. R/yr. R/m3 (R/yr) (R/yr) (m3/day) (m3/yr) (m3/day) (m3/yr) (m3/yr)

1 0.926 607,805 86,523 80,114 823,151 823,151 762,177 215,346 215,346 199,394 1.14 64,755 59,958 1.86 105,393 97,586 155 56,614 129 47,179 43,684 2 0.857 86,523 74,180 845,188 22,037 18,893 237,383 22,037 18,893 1.10 65,244 55,936 1.81 107,780 92,404 163 59,384 135 49,486 42,427 3 0.794 86,523 68,685 869,084 23,896 18,969 261,279 23,896 18,969 1.05 65,646 52,112 1.77 110,179 87,463 171 62,312 142 51,926 41,221 4 0.735 86,523 63,597 895,022 25,938 19,065 287,217 25,938 19,065 1.01 65,965 48,487 1.72 112,600 82,765 179 65,408 149 54,507 40,064 5 0.681 86,523 58,886 923,206 28,184 19,182 315,401 28,184 19,182 0.96 66,215 45,065 1.68 115,062 78,310 188 68,684 157 57,236 38,954 6 0.630 86,523 54,524 953,862 30,656 19,318 346,057 30,656 19,318 0.92 66,415 41,853 1.63 117,590 74,102 198 72,149 165 60,124 37,888 7 0.583 86,523 50,486 987,241 33,379 19,476 379,436 33,379 19,476 0.88 66,596 38,858 1.59 120,220 70,147 208 75,817 173 63,181 36,865 8 0.540 86,523 46,746 1,023,623 36,382 19,656 415,818 36,382 19,656 0.84 66,800 36,090 1.54 123,000 66,453 218 79,699 182 66,416 35,882 9 0.500 86,523 43,283 1,063,319 39,696 19,858 455,514 39,696 19,858 0.80 67,088 33,561 1.50 125,999 63,031 229 83,809 191 69,841 34,938

10 0.463 86,523 40,077 1,106,675 43,356 20,082 498,870 43,356 20,082 0.77 67,543 31,286 1.47 129,303 59,892 241 88,163 201 73,469 34,030 11 0.429 86,523 37,108 1,154,078 47,403 20,330 546,273 47,403 20,330 0.74 68,274 29,281 1.43 133,030 57,054 254 92,773 212 77,311 33,157 12 0.397 86,523 34,360 1,205,959 51,881 20,603 598,154 51,881 20,603 0.71 69,423 27,569 1.41 137,327 54,535 267 97,658 223 81,382 32,318 13 0.368 86,523 31,814 1,262,798 56,840 20,900 654,993 56,840 20,900 0.69 71,177 26,172 1.38 142,389 52,356 282 102,835 235 85,696 31,510 14 0.340 86,523 29,458 1,325,134 62,336 21,223 717,329 62,336 21,223 0.68 73,774 25,117 1.37 148,460 50,545 297 108,321 247 90,268 30,733 15 0.315 86,523 27,276 1,393,566 68,432 21,573 785,761 68,432 21,573 0.68 77,519 24,437 1.37 155,851 49,131 312 114,137 260 95,114 29,984 16 0.292 86,523 25,255 1,468,766 75,200 21,950 860,961 75,200 21,950 0.69 82,798 24,168 1.37 164,957 48,149 329 120,304 274 100,253 29,263 17 0.270 86,523 23,385 1,551,486 82,719 22,356 943,680 82,719 22,356 0.71 90,099 24,351 1.39 176,269 47,640 347 126,843 289 105,702 28,568 18 0.250 86,523 21,652 1,642,565 91,080 22,793 1,034,760 91,080 22,793 0.75 100,032 25,033 1.42 190,406 47,649 366 133,779 305 111,482 27,898 19 0.232 86,523 20,049 1,742,948 100,382 23,260 1,135,142 100,382 23,260 0.80 113,363 26,268 1.47 208,139 48,228 386 141,137 322 117,614 27,253 20 0.215 86,523 18,563 1,853,688 110,741 23,759 1,245,883 110,741 23,759 0.88 131,042 28,115 1.55 230,423 49,437 408 148,943 340 124,119 26,630

Total 1,730,467 849,499 1,155,424 592,641 703,716 1,276,876 683,268

Average Incremental Cost (AIC) = Present Value of Costs / PV of Water ConsumedAIC (O & M) R 1,276,876 / 683,268 m3 = R 1.87 /m3AIC (replacement) R 703,716 / 683,268 m3 = R 1.03 /m3AIC (O & M + replacement) R 2.90 /m3AIC (capital difference) R 592,641 / 683,268 m3 = R 0.87 /m3

AIC (O & M + replace + capital difference) R 3.77 /m3

AIC (capital cost of communal standpipe supply + interest) R 849,499 / 683,268 m3 = R 1.24 /m3

AIC (O & M + replace + full capital redemption) m3 = R 5.01 /m3

*1 Capital cost derived from best fit curve of capital cost vs consumption: Capital cost (R) =4.773*(water produced(m3/d))^2 + 1,390.6*(production) + 492,932

Note: this capital investment is an averaged figure corresponding to the scale of infrastructure needed to meet the demand consumption,

in reality, this investment would be more 'lumpy' as various capital items needed upgrading

*2 Based on unit costs of replacement cost vs consumption:

Unit cost (R/m3) = .00002*(production(m3/d))^2 - 0.0123*(production) + 2.5698

*3 Unit costs derived from best fit curve of cost vs consumption data

O & M cost (R/m3) = 0.00002(production (m3/d))^2 - 0.0125(production) + 3.3486*4 Repayment of principle loan + interest set on Capital Recovery Factor at 13% (consistent with PDG, 1996) over 20 years.


Average Incremental Costs - Scenario 6Year Discount Capital cost Capital cost Capital cost difference Replacement costs O & M costs Water Water



R R R R R R R R R/m3 R/yr. R/yr. R/m3 (R/yr) (R/yr) (m3/day) (m3/yr) (m3/day) (m3/yr) (m3/yr)

1 0.926 ###### 86,523 80,114 1,019,456 1,019,456 943,941 411,651 411,651 381,158 0.84 66,774 61,828 1.55 122,684 113,597 217 79,260 181 66,050 61,157 2 0.857 86,523 74,180 1,060,524 41,068 35,209 452,718 41,068 35,209 0.80 67,065 57,497 1.51 125,787 107,842 229 83,524 191 69,603 59,674 3 0.794 86,523 68,685 1,105,490 44,966 35,696 497,685 44,966 35,696 0.77 67,528 53,606 1.47 129,212 102,573 241 88,045 201 73,371 58,244 4 0.735 86,523 63,597 1,154,776 49,286 36,227 546,971 49,286 36,227 0.74 68,287 50,193 1.43 133,086 97,822 254 92,840 212 77,367 56,867 5 0.681 86,523 58,886 1,208,852 54,076 36,803 601,046 54,076 36,803 0.71 69,499 47,300 1.40 137,575 93,631 268 97,926 223 81,605 55,539 6 0.630 86,523 54,524 1,268,243 59,391 37,426 660,438 59,391 37,426 0.69 71,374 44,978 1.38 142,896 90,049 283 103,322 236 86,101 54,258 7 0.583 86,523 50,486 1,333,538 65,295 38,099 725,733 65,295 38,099 0.68 74,182 43,284 1.37 149,325 87,130 299 109,047 249 90,872 53,023 8 0.540 86,523 46,746 1,405,395 71,857 38,822 797,590 71,857 38,822 0.68 78,267 42,285 1.37 157,213 84,937 315 115,122 263 95,935 51,831 9 0.500 86,523 43,283 1,484,553 79,158 39,599 876,748 79,158 39,599 0.69 84,068 42,055 1.37 167,008 83,545 333 121,571 277 101,309 50,680

10 0.463 86,523 40,077 1,571,838 87,285 40,430 964,033 87,285 40,430 0.72 92,144 42,680 1.40 179,272 83,037 352 128,416 293 107,013 49,568 11 0.429 86,523 37,108 1,668,178 96,340 41,318 1,060,373 96,340 41,318 0.76 103,193 44,258 1.44 194,712 83,509 371 135,683 310 113,069 48,494 12 0.397 86,523 34,360 1,774,613 106,435 42,267 1,166,808 106,435 42,267 0.82 118,097 46,898 1.49 214,215 85,068 393 143,400 327 119,500 47,455 13 0.368 86,523 31,814 1,892,312 117,699 43,278 1,284,506 117,699 43,278 0.91 137,952 50,725 1.58 238,884 87,837 415 151,596 346 126,330 46,451 14 0.340 86,523 29,458 2,022,586 130,274 44,353 1,414,781 130,274 44,353 1.02 164,129 55,879 1.68 270,091 91,956 439 160,300 366 133,584 45,480 15 0.315 86,523 27,276 2,166,910 144,324 45,497 1,559,105 144,324 45,497 1.17 198,326 62,521 1.83 309,542 97,581 464 169,547 387 141,289 44,540 16 0.292 86,523 25,255 2,326,942 160,032 46,712 1,719,137 160,032 46,712 1.35 242,649 70,827 2.00 359,344 104,889 491 179,371 409 149,475 43,630 17 0.270 86,523 23,385 2,504,546 177,604 48,001 1,896,741 177,604 48,001 1.58 299,702 81,000 2.22 422,103 114,081 520 189,808 433 158,174 42,749 18 0.250 86,523 21,652 2,701,820 197,273 49,367 2,094,014 197,273 49,367 1.86 372,695 93,267 2.49 501,029 125,382 550 200,900 458 167,417 41,896 19 0.232 86,523 20,049 2,921,124 219,304 50,815 2,313,319 219,304 50,815 2.19 465,584 107,882 2.82 600,075 139,045 582 212,688 485 177,240 41,069 20 0.215 86,523 18,563 3,165,117 243,994 52,348 2,557,312 243,994 52,348 2.59 583,231 125,131 3.22 724,099 155,354 617 225,217 514 187,680 40,267

Total 1,730,467 849,499 1,746,209 1,183,426 1,224,094 2,028,865 992,872

Average Incremental Cost (AIC) = Present Value of Costs / PV of Water ConsumedAIC (O & M) R 2,028,865 / 992,872 m3 = R 2.04 /m3AIC (replacement) R 1,224,094 / 992,872 m3 = R 1.23 /m3AIC (O & M + replacement) R 3.28 /m3AIC (capital difference) R 1,183,426 / 992,872 m3 = R 1.19 /m3

AIC (O & M + replace + capital difference) R 4.47 /m3

AIC (capital cost of communal standpipe supply + interest) R 849,499 / 992,872 m3 = R 0.86 /m3

AIC (O & M + replace + full capital redemption) m3 = R 5.32 /m3

*1 Capital cost derived from best fit curve of capital cost vs consumption: Capital cost (R) =4.773*(water produced(m3/d))^2 + 1,390.6*(production) + 492,932

Note: this capital investment is an averaged figure corresponding to the scale of infrastructure needed to meet the demand consumption,

in reality, this investment would be more 'lumpy' as various capital items needed upgrading

*2 Based on unit costs of replacement cost vs consumption:

Unit cost (R/m3) = .00002*(production(m3/d))^2 - 0.0123*(production) + 2.5698

*3 Unit costs derived from best fit curve of cost vs consumption data

O & M cost (R/m3) = 0.00002(production (m3/d))^2 - 0.0125(production) + 3.3486*4 Repayment of principle loan + interest set on Capital Recovery Factor at 13% (consistent with PDG, 1996) over 20 years.


Appendix 5.9 Cash flows - option 1Assumptions:

Tariff1 DWAF subsidises capital cost of RDP level of service (scenario 1) = R607,805 (R 324 / capita )2 Communal standpipe users pay flat rate based on O & M costs for RDP LOS R 16 /house/month3 Individual connections (yard & house) pay AIC based on O & M, depreciation + capital difference R 4.35 /m3

+ connection costs (half up front + half over 5 yr.) /m34 Institutions pay AIC based on O & M + deprec. + full capital cost R 6.44 /m3

Cash FlowRevenue Cost Net revenue Net Present Internal Rate

Year Capital O & M Replace O & M + Total (Revenue - cost) Value of ReturnStandpipes Individual connections Institutional water Total difference ment replace. DF PV 7.6%

no. R/mon R/yr. no. m3/d R/yr. m3/d R/yr. Annual Cumulative 8%1 250 4,032 48,387 62 35 54,993 11 25,430 128,811 70,650 82,580 56,100 138,680 209,330 80,520- 80,520- 0.926 74,555- 0.930 74,860- 2 253 4,092 49,101 67 37 58,622 11 26,432 134,155 9,238 84,583 57,090 141,673 150,911 16,756- 97,275- 0.857 14,365- 0.864 14,483- 3 257 4,150 49,800 71 39 62,492 12 27,482 139,774 9,849 86,609 58,056 144,664 154,513 14,739- 112,014- 0.794 11,700- 0.804 11,844- 4 260 4,207 50,481 76 42 66,616 12 28,585 145,682 10,509 88,654 58,991 147,646 158,155 12,473- 124,487- 0.735 9,168- 0.747 9,319- 5 264 4,262 51,143 81 45 71,013 13 29,742 151,898 11,224 90,718 59,892 150,609 161,834 9,936- 134,423- 0.681 6,762- 0.695 6,902- 6 267 4,315 51,781 86 48 75,699 13 30,958 158,438 11,999 92,796 60,752 153,547 165,546 7,108- 141,531- 0.630 4,479- 0.646 4,590- 7 270 4,366 52,393 92 51 80,696 14 32,235 165,323 12,839 94,886 61,566 156,452 169,291 3,967- 145,499- 0.583 2,315- 0.600 2,382- 8 273 4,415 52,975 98 54 86,022 14 33,578 172,574 13,751 96,986 62,329 159,314 173,065 491- 145,990- 0.540 265- 0.558 274- 9 276 4,460 53,523 104 58 91,699 15 34,989 180,211 14,741 99,093 63,035 162,128 176,869 3,342 142,648- 0.500 1,672 0.519 1,734

10 279 4,503 54,034 111 62 97,751 16 36,473 188,259 15,817 101,207 63,679 164,886 180,704 7,555 135,093- 0.463 3,499 0.482 3,645 11 281 4,542 54,503 118 66 104,203 16 38,035 196,741 16,989 103,326 64,258 167,584 184,573 12,168 122,925- 0.429 5,219 0.449 5,458 12 283 4,577 54,926 126 70 111,080 17 39,679 205,685 18,265 105,452 64,768 170,220 188,485 17,200 105,725- 0.397 6,830 0.417 7,173 13 285 4,608 55,298 134 75 118,411 18 41,409 215,118 19,656 107,586 65,208 172,794 192,449 22,669 83,056- 0.368 8,335 0.388 8,789 14 287 4,634 55,612 143 79 126,226 18 43,232 225,070 21,174 109,733 65,578 175,310 196,484 28,586 54,470- 0.340 9,732 0.360 10,304 15 288 4,655 55,864 153 85 134,557 19 45,152 235,573 22,831 111,900 65,881 177,782 200,613 34,960 19,510- 0.315 11,021 0.335 11,716 16 289 4,671 56,047 163 90 143,438 20 47,175 246,660 24,643 114,100 66,125 180,226 204,869 41,792 22,282 0.292 12,199 0.312 13,021 17 290 4,680 56,155 174 96 152,905 21 49,308 258,368 26,625 116,349 66,322 182,671 209,297 49,071 71,353 0.270 13,262 0.290 14,215 18 290 4,682 56,179 185 103 162,997 22 51,557 270,733 28,796 118,669 66,490 185,160 213,956 56,777 128,130 0.250 14,208 0.269 15,291 19 289 4,676 56,114 197 109 173,755 23 53,930 283,798 31,176 121,093 66,656 187,749 218,925 64,874 193,004 0.232 15,032 0.250 16,243 20 289 4,662 55,950 210 117 185,222 24 56,433 297,605 33,786 123,661 66,856 190,517 224,303 73,302 266,306 0.215 15,727 0.233 17,064

353,908 1,259,633 6,873- 0-

Typical tariffConsumption Connection Tariff Total Average Comments:

m3/house up front /mon R/house actual 1 Institutions and individual connections subsidise communal standpipes and UFWl/c/d /month R/m3 R /month unit cost 2 Communal standpipes don't pay actual cost of O & M - pay O & M cost

Standpipe 25 4,566 16 (3.54) for 'RDP level of service'Yard connection 80 14,610 471 12 4.35 64 75 (5.15) 3 WSP needs incentives to reduce UFWHouse connection 130 23,741 621 15 4.35 103 119 (5.00) 4 Main influences on net present value:Institutions R 6.44 Annual increase in individual connections (this example is set at 4% per anum)

Effective demand for RWS in SA Appendix 5.9]

Cash flows - option 2Assumptions:





no. R/mon R/yr. no. m3/d R/yr. m3/d R/yr. Annual Cumulative 8%1 250 1,248 14,976 62 35 77,965 11 24,338 117,279 70,650 82,580 56,100 138,680 209,330 92,052- 92,052- 0.926 85,233- 0.926 85,233- 2 253 1,266 15,197 67 37 83,111 11 25,296 123,604 9,238 84,583 57,090 141,673 150,911 27,307- 119,359- 0.857 23,412- 0.857 23,412- 3 257 1,284 15,413 71 39 88,596 12 26,301 130,311 9,849 86,609 58,056 144,664 154,513 24,202- 143,561- 0.794 19,213- 0.794 19,213- 4 260 1,302 15,624 76 42 94,443 12 27,357 137,424 10,509 88,654 58,991 147,646 158,155 20,731- 164,292- 0.735 15,238- 0.735 15,238- 5 264 1,319 15,829 81 45 100,677 13 28,464 144,970 11,224 90,718 59,892 150,609 161,834 16,864- 181,156- 0.681 11,477- 0.681 11,477- 6 267 1,336 16,026 86 48 107,321 13 29,628 152,975 11,999 92,796 60,752 153,547 165,546 12,571- 193,728- 0.630 7,922- 0.630 7,922- 7 270 1,351 16,216 92 51 114,404 14 30,850 161,470 12,839 94,886 61,566 156,452 169,291 7,821- 201,548- 0.583 4,563- 0.583 4,563- 8 273 1,366 16,396 98 54 121,955 14 32,135 170,486 13,751 96,986 62,329 159,314 173,065 2,579- 204,127- 0.540 1,393- 0.540 1,393- 9 276 1,380 16,566 104 58 130,004 15 33,485 180,055 14,741 99,093 63,035 162,128 176,869 3,186 200,941- 0.500 1,594 0.500 1,594

10 279 1,394 16,724 111 62 138,584 16 34,906 190,214 15,817 101,207 63,679 164,886 180,704 9,511 191,430- 0.463 4,405 0.463 4,405 11 281 1,406 16,869 118 66 147,731 16 36,401 201,001 16,989 103,326 64,258 167,584 184,573 16,427 175,003- 0.429 7,045 0.429 7,045 12 283 1,417 17,000 126 70 157,481 17 37,974 212,455 18,265 105,452 64,768 170,220 188,485 23,970 151,033- 0.397 9,519 0.397 9,519 13 285 1,426 17,115 134 75 167,875 18 39,630 224,620 19,656 107,586 65,208 172,794 192,449 32,170 118,862- 0.368 11,829 0.368 11,829 14 287 1,434 17,212 143 79 178,955 18 41,374 237,541 21,174 109,733 65,578 175,310 196,484 41,057 77,806- 0.340 13,978 0.340 13,978 15 288 1,441 17,290 153 85 190,766 19 43,211 251,267 22,831 111,900 65,881 177,782 200,613 50,655 27,151- 0.315 15,968 0.315 15,968 16 289 1,446 17,347 163 90 203,356 20 45,148 265,851 24,643 114,100 66,125 180,226 204,869 60,982 33,831 0.292 17,800 0.292 17,800 17 290 1,448 17,380 174 96 216,778 21 47,189 281,347 26,625 116,349 66,322 182,671 209,297 72,050 105,882 0.270 19,473 0.270 19,473 18 290 1,449 17,388 185 103 231,085 22 49,342 297,815 28,796 118,669 66,490 185,160 213,956 83,859 189,740 0.250 20,986 0.250 20,986 19 289 1,447 17,367 197 109 246,337 23 51,612 315,317 31,176 121,093 66,656 187,749 218,925 96,392 286,133 0.232 22,335 0.232 22,335 20 289 1,443 17,317 210 117 262,595 24 54,008 333,920 33,786 123,661 66,856 190,517 224,303 109,617 395,749 0.215 23,518 0.215 23,518

353,908 1,259,633 0- 0





Cash flows - option 3Assumptions:





no. R/mon R/yr. no. m3/d R/yr. m3/d R/yr. Annual Cumulative 8%1 250 - - 62 35 71,223 11 44,466 115,689 70,650 82,580 56,100 138,680 209,330 93,641- 93,641- 0.926 86,705- 0.926 86,705- 2 253 - - 67 37 75,924 11 46,217 122,141 9,238 84,583 57,090 141,673 150,911 28,770- 122,412- 0.857 24,666- 0.857 24,666- 3 257 - - 71 39 80,935 12 48,054 128,989 9,849 86,609 58,056 144,664 154,513 25,524- 147,936- 0.794 20,262- 0.794 20,262- 4 260 - - 76 42 86,276 12 49,982 136,258 10,509 88,654 58,991 147,646 158,155 21,897- 169,833- 0.735 16,095- 0.735 16,095- 5 264 - - 81 45 91,971 13 52,006 143,976 11,224 90,718 59,892 150,609 161,834 17,857- 187,690- 0.681 12,154- 0.681 12,154- 6 267 - - 86 48 98,041 13 54,131 152,172 11,999 92,796 60,752 153,547 165,546 13,375- 201,065- 0.630 8,428- 0.630 8,428- 7 270 - - 92 51 104,511 14 56,365 160,876 12,839 94,886 61,566 156,452 169,291 8,415- 209,480- 0.583 4,910- 0.583 4,910- 8 273 - - 98 54 111,409 14 58,712 170,121 13,751 96,986 62,329 159,314 173,065 2,944- 212,424- 0.540 1,591- 0.540 1,591- 9 276 - - 104 58 118,762 15 61,180 179,942 14,741 99,093 63,035 162,128 176,869 3,073 209,351- 0.500 1,537 0.500 1,537

10 279 - - 111 62 126,600 16 63,775 190,375 15,817 101,207 63,679 164,886 180,704 9,672 199,679- 0.463 4,480 0.463 4,480 11 281 - - 118 66 134,956 16 66,506 201,462 16,989 103,326 64,258 167,584 184,573 16,888 182,791- 0.429 7,243 0.429 7,243 12 283 - - 126 70 143,863 17 69,380 213,243 18,265 105,452 64,768 170,220 188,485 24,758 158,033- 0.397 9,832 0.397 9,832 13 285 - - 134 75 153,358 18 72,405 225,763 19,656 107,586 65,208 172,794 192,449 33,314 124,719- 0.368 12,250 0.368 12,250 14 287 - - 143 79 163,480 18 75,592 239,072 21,174 109,733 65,578 175,310 196,484 42,588 82,131- 0.340 14,499 0.340 14,499 15 288 - - 153 85 174,269 19 78,949 253,218 22,831 111,900 65,881 177,782 200,613 52,606 29,525- 0.315 16,584 0.315 16,584 16 289 - - 163 90 185,771 20 82,487 268,258 24,643 114,100 66,125 180,226 204,869 63,390 33,864 0.292 18,503 0.292 18,503 17 290 - - 174 96 198,032 21 86,217 284,249 26,625 116,349 66,322 182,671 209,297 74,952 108,816 0.270 20,257 0.270 20,257 18 290 - - 185 103 211,102 22 90,150 301,252 28,796 118,669 66,490 185,160 213,956 87,296 196,112 0.250 21,846 0.250 21,846 19 289 - - 197 109 225,035 23 94,298 319,333 31,176 121,093 66,656 187,749 218,925 100,408 296,520 0.232 23,266 0.232 23,266 20 289 - - 210 117 239,887 24 98,675 338,562 33,786 123,661 66,856 190,517 224,303 114,259 410,780 0.215 24,514 0.215 24,514

353,908 1,259,633 0 0





Appendix 5.10

Distribution of capital costs for RWS in SA (1995)

Comparison between this study and financial modelling exercise synthesised by PalmerDevelopment Group (1996). PDG study calculated the capital cost of ‘scenario 2’ (closestequivalent scenario to this study) for 467 villages in 5 regional studies. Per capita capitalcosts ranged from R200 - R4,000. Graph shows 95% of villages < R1,800 / capita in 1995SA Rands.

-200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,800

100 1000 10000

Village size

To

tal c

apit

al c

ost

s

Seokodibeng (1,874 )

Costs of six scenarios in Seokodibeng case study (between R324 and R802per capita)

Documents

MSc-pub New3 rod - Loughborough University€¦ · 2 320 1,919 79% 16% 5% 253 50 17 38 24 13 75 39 11 86 17 103 54 3 328 1,967 78% 16% 5% 257 53 18 39 26 14 78 40 12 90 18 107 55