M.Sc BiotechnologyM.Sc Biotechnology Semester I incinerators, chemotherapy. Methods of isolation and maintenance of pure culture streak plate, – pour plate and spread plate methods,

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M.Sc Biotechnology

Sem Core course-Name of the paper L-P Credits I BTM611: Biochemistry and Bioenergetics 4-0 4 BTM612: Biophysics ,Instrumentation and analytical techniques 4-0 4 BTM613: Cell biology 4-0 4 BTM614: Microbiology – genetics and metabolism, industrial microbiology 4-0 4 BTM615: Practical I 0-4 4 BTM616: Practical II 0-4 4

II BTM621: Molecular biology 4-0 4 BTM622: Genetics and evolution 4-0 4 BTM623: Immunology and Enzymology 4-0 4 BTM624: Environmental biotechnology and natural resources 4-0 4 BTM625: Practical I 0-4 4 BTM626: Practical II 0-4 4 BTM627: SEC I-A/B- Biostatistics / Molecular Diagnostics 2-2 4

III BTM631: Plant biotechnology and application 4-0 4 BTM632: Animal Biotechnology 4-0 4 BTM633: Genetic engineering 4-0 4 BTM634: Applied biotechnology 4-0 4 BTM635: Practical I 0-4 4 BTM636: Practical II 0-4 4 BTM637: SEC II- A/B- Bioethics,Biosafety and IPR / Bioinformatics 2-2 4

IV MBT:Project 0-24 24

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MARKING SCHEME FOR MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT

M.Sc. Biotechnology semester IV

S.No. Maximum Marks Marks Obtained

1 Dissertation report a. Review of literature b. Methodology c. Outcome d. Discussion

100 50 50 50

2 presentation 100

3 Viva-voce 100

4 Research paper 50

5 Continuous Assessment 100

TOTAL MARKS 600

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M.Sc Biotechnology Semester I

M.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY SEMESTER I

BTM611: BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS

CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit-I (12 Periods)

Carbohydrates: Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysacharides.

Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses

and furanoses), structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S

nomenclature). Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), Amino

sugars. Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose.

Polysaccharides-structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage

polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, chitin) Glycosamino glycans and glycoproteins.

Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Coordinated regulation of Glycogen

metabolism. Glycolysis-Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and

alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and

Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle,Pentose

phosphate pathway.

Unit-II (12 Periods)

Amino acids and Proteins: Classification, structure and properties of amino acids, reactions of

amino acids, peptide bond. Classification of proteins- Structural organisations of proteins

(primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary), conformational analysis, Ramachandran's plot.

Thermodynamic aspects of protein folding. General aspects of amino acid metabolism:

Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, basic glutamine and glutamic acid pathways,

urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Unit-III (12 Periods)

Lipids: Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids.

Phospholipids, Sphingo and glyco lipids, Steroids-cholesterol-bile salts, steroid hormones.

Metabolism of Lipids: Beta oxidation of Fatty acids-activation, transport to mitochondria, Beta

oxidation reactions. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation.

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Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Biological functions of

eicosanoids (prostaglandin, leucotrienes and thromboxane).

Nucleic acids: Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides.

Nucleic acid metabolism: Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage

pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Unit-IV(12 Periods)

Principles of Bioenergetics: Introduction, Laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy,

Relationship of Standard free energy to enthalpy, entropy and equilibrium constant, High energy

compounds, ATP as universal currency of free energy, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions,

Electromotive force, Half reactions, Redox potentials, Relationship of standard redox potential

and standard free energy change. Standard redox potentials of some biologically important Half

reactions.

Unit-V (12 Periods)

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers,

Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron

carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their

inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient,

Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative

phosphorylation.

Suggested Readings:

1. Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. Lehninger. (2004). Principles of Biochemistry 4th edition Pub

WH Freeman Co.

2. Stryer, L. Biochemistry 4th Edn. W.H. Freeman and Co. NY.

3. Kuchel, P.W., Ralston Schaums, G.B. Outlines of Biochemistry 2nd edition Pub: Tata.

4. Voet, D., Voet J.G. (2004). Biochemistry 2nd Edn.

5. Zubey, G.L. Parson, W.W., Vance, D.E. (1994). Principles of Biochemistry WmC Brown

publishers. Oxford.

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BTM612: BIOPHYSICS ,INSTRUMENTATION AND

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I (12 Periods)

Microscopy : general principle of microscopy – compound, light, dark-field, phase contrast,

fluorescence, co-focal, polarization microscopy, electron microscopy : TEM & SEM. Scanning

tunneling. Fluorescence, Nomarsky differential interference contrast, Confocal, Atomic force

microscopes.

Unit II (12 Periods)

Chromatography: General Principles, process and applications of Paper and Thin Layer

Chromatography. GLC, HPLC, FPLC, Absorption, gel permeation, Ion Exchange, Gel filtration,

Reverse phase and Affinity chromatography, Radioactive tracer technique, autoradiography,

Gamma and Scintillation counters, Brief idea of NMR, IR, GC-MS.

UNIT III (12 Periods)

Centrifugation and Filtration : Basic principles; Mathematics & theory (RCF, Sedimentation

coefficient etc); Types of centrifuge - Micro centrifuge, High speed & Ultracentrifuges;

Preparative centrifugation; Differential & density gradient centrifugation; Applications (Isolation

of cell components); Analytical centrifugation; Determination of molecular weight by

sedimentation velocity & sedimentation equilibrium methods.

Unit IV (12 Periods)

Electrophoresis : Theory and application of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Agarose gel

electrophoresis; Capillary electrophoresis; 2D Electrophoresis; Disc gel electrophoresis; Gradient

electrophoresis; Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, SDS PAGE. Capillary

electrophoresis,Dielectrophoresis, Electroblotting, Electrofocusing, Immunoelectrophoresis.

UNIT V (12 Periods)

Spectrophotometer: Basic principles, nature of electromagnetic radiation, Interaction of light

with matter, Absorption and emission of radiation; Atomic & Molecular Energy levels, Atomic

& Molecular spectra , Principle , Instrumental Design, Methods & Applications of UV–Visible

spectroscopy.Beer-Lambert's law; applications of UV-visible difference Spectroscopy, IR &

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Raman spectroscopy FT-IR, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Near infra red Spectroscopy

(NIR) -theory and applications.

Suggested Readings

1. Pattabhai, V. and Gautham (2002), N. Biophysics. 2nd edition Narosa pub.

2. Narayan, P. Essentials of Biophysics. New Age International.

3. Roy, R.N. A Tex Book of Biophysics. New Central Book Agency.

4. Daniel, M. Basic Biophysics. Agrobios.

5. Rodney Cottegril (2003), Biophysics: an introduction 2nd edition, John wiley &

sons publication.

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BTM613: CELL BIOLOGY CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I (12 Periods)

Basic Characteristics of the Cell: Structure, organization and composition of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane-structure and functions, membrane models. Components of

Blood & their functions (Plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets). Extracellular matrix (collagen,

proteoglycans, fibronectin, lamins). Structural organization and function of intracellular

organelles (Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,

peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast).

Unit II(12 Periods)

Cytoskeleton: Nature of cytoskeleton, Actin filaments, actin binding proteins, Intermediate

filaments, Microtubules, MAPs, Structure and functions of cilia and flagella.

Organization of Genes And Chromosomes (Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted

genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin,

transposons).

Unit III(12 Periods)

Membrane Transport: Transport across membrane- passive diffusion, osmosis, active transport,

Ion Channels, A B C transporters, Na+ and K+ pump, Ca2+ ATPase pump, co-transport, symport,

antiport, endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane vesicular traffic.


Cell Signalling: Cell to cell interactions, Cell adhesion-integrins, selectins, cadherins. Cell

Junction- Tight and gap junctions, Desmosomes, plasmodesmata. General principles of cell

signaling, signaling via G-protein coupled receptors, kinase receptors, role of secondary

messengers.

Unit V(12 Periods)

Cell Cycle And Cancer: Molecular events of cell division and cell cycle, regulation of cell cycle

events- Cyclins, Cyclin dependent kinases, inhibitors. Apoptosis, necrosis.

Cancer : Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer

and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells,

apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.

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Suggested Readings:

1. Matthews, C.A. (2003). Cellular physiology of nerve and muscle. 4th Edn. Blackwell

publishers.

2. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raf, M., Roberts, K., Watson, J.D. (1994). Molecular

Biology of the Cell.

3. Cooper, G.M. (1997).The Cell: A molecular approach, ASM Press, USA.

4. Darnell, J., Lodish, H., Baltimore, D. (1990). Molecular Cell Biology. Scientific

American Books Inc. NY.

5. Edwards and Hassall (1980). Biochemistry and Physiology of cell, 2nd Edn. McGraw Hill

Company.

6. Garrett, R.H., Gresham, C.M. (1995). Molecular aspects of Cell Biology, International

edition, Saunders College Pub.

7. Holy Ahern (1992). Introduction to Experimental Cell Biology, Wm. C. Brown

Publishers.

8. Karp, G. (1996). Cell and Molecular Biology concepts and experiments, John Wiley and

Sons Inc. NY.

9. Lodish, H., Baltimore, D., Berk, A., Zipursky, B.L., Mastsydaira, P., Darnell, J. (2004).

Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books Inc. NY.

10. Tobin and Morel (1997). Asking about “Cell

11. Wolfe, S.L. (1991). Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wordsworth Pub.Co.

12. Hallwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2002). Free Radicals Biology and Medicine. Oxford

Press.UK.

13. Kanugo, M.S. (2002) Genes and aging. Cambridge University Press.

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BTM614: MICROBIOLOGY – GENETICS AND METABOLISM, INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY


Unit I (12 Periods)

Microbial World: Introduction to microbial word - Historical events and contributions of

important microbiologists. Kingdom and domain system of classification. Bacterial

nomenclature and taxonomy. Numerical taxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Bergey,s manual of

systematic bacteriology. Problems and paradoxes associated with bacterial taxonomy.

Evolutionary relationships and phylogeny. Analysis of dendrograms and cladograms.

Bacteria: Morphological types. Structure, arrangement and function of flagella and pili. Cell

membrane, Cell wall: types, structural organization, significance, Gram staining, Significance of

LPS and role in pathogenicity. Nucleoid: organization and significance. Plasmids: properties and

types. Important diseases caused by bacteria.


Virus: Structural organization, classification, multiplication, transmission and significance.

Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma and Phytoplasma: General characters, reproduction, transmission and

significance. Important diseases caused by viruses, mycoplasma, spiroplasma and phytoplasma.

Eukaryotic Microorganisms- General Characters, Structure And Reproduction of Fungi.

Microbial Growth and Control : Physical parameters (Temperature, pH, Osmotic Pressure),

Chemical parameters (Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulphur, Trace elements, oxygen),

Growth factors, Culture Media, Phases of Growth, Growth Measurements, Microbial growth

control -Physical methods (Heat, Pasteurization, Filtration, Radiation, Dessication, Low

Temperature, High Pressure, Osmotic Pressure) and Chemical Methods (Phenols, Halogens,

Alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds).

Unit III (12 Periods)

Techniques in Microbiology:-Methods in microbiology – microbial cultures, physical conditions

for growth, requirement of gases, chemical selection, natural selection, methods for culturing

aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Sterilization and disinfection – sterilization by dry heat, moist

heat, filtration, radiation, chemical agents – types of disinfectants, testing of disinfectants,

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incinerators, chemotherapy. Methods of isolation and maintenance of pure culture – streak plate,

pour plate and spread plate methods, stab cultures.

Culture media – selective and differential media nutrient agar, nutrient Broth, enrichment media

and other media. Measurement of microbial growth, cell counting by use of counting chamber

and spectrophotometer. Staining and smearing, negative staining, simple staining, differential

staining and acid fast staining, special stains – negative stains for capsule, endospore-staining,

flagella staining.


Industrial Microbiology:-Introduction to industrial biotechnology, basic principles of

fermentation technology, fermentation media – natural and synthetic media, fermenters and

bioreactors – construction, design and operation. Process of aeration, agitation, temperature

regulation and filtration method, Types of fermentation – solid state, submerged and continuous

fermentation. analysis of batch, fed–batch and continuous bioreactors, stability and microbial

reactors, analysis of mixed microbial populations, specialized bioreactors (pulse, fluidized,

photobioreactors etc.) Environmental control of bioreactors.

Process development – Downstream processing, whole cell immobilization and industrial

applications. Shake flask fermentation, down stream processing, disintegration of cells,

separation, extraction, concentration and purification of products, quality control, quality

assurance, standard operating procedures and good manufacturing practices.

Unit V (12 Periods)

Applied Microbiology:- Industrial production of chemicals – alcohol (ethanol), acids (citric acid

and gluconic) solvents (glycerol, acetone, butanol), antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin,

Tetracycline), amino acids (Lysine, Glutamic acid), single cell protein, Single Cell Oils (SCO);

Techniques of mass culture of Algae-spirulina; Microbial polysaccharides and polyesters;

production of xanthaim gum and polyhydroxyalkaloides.

Suggested Readings:

1. Microbiology by MJ Pelczar Jr, ECS Chan, NR Krieg 5th Edition, Pub: Tata Mcgra-Hill

Publishing Co Ltd.

2. Introductory Microbiology by Heritage Pub Heritage

3. General Microbiology by Stainer Pub; Ingraham and Wheeler (McMillan)

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4. Alexander M (1977) Introduction to soil microbiology, John Wiley and Sons Inc.N.Y.

5. Atlas R.M. (1998) Microbiology, Fundamentals and applications 2nd Edition, Milan

Publishing Co.

6. Brock T.D. and Madigan M.T (1992) Biology of Microorganisms 6th Edn. Prentice Hall,

Eagle wood cliffs N.j.

7. Holt J.S. Kreig N.R., Sneath P.H.A and Williams Systemic Bacteriology 9th Edn.

William and Wilkins, Baltimore.

1

M.Sc Biotechnology Semester II

M.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY SEMESTER II

BTM621: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit 1 (12 Periods)

Structure and Properties of DNA and RNA: Information flow in biological systems: Central

dogma. Biochemical evidences for DNA as genetic material. Watson and Crick model of DNA,

different forms of DNA (A, B, Z, C and D). Properties and types of DNA. UV absorption,

Denaturation and renaturation, thermodynamics of melting of the double helix, kinetics of

unwinding of the double helix, Interaction with small ions. Structure and functions of different

types of RNA.


Replication: Characteristics and functions of bacterial DNA polymerases, Mechanism of

prokaryotic DNA replication, models of replications in prokaryotes. Fidelity of replication.

Eukaryotic DNA polymerases and mechanism of replication. Telomere synthesis-telomerases.

Replication of viral DNA, rolling circle model. Inhibitors of replication.

DNA damage and Repair and recombination: DNA damage- alkylation, deamination, oxidation,

UV radiation. Repair mechanisms- photo-reactivation, excision repair, post replication repair,

mismatch repair and SOS repair. Holiday model of DNA recombination and its machanism.


Transcription: Characteristics and function of bacterial RNA polymerases, mechanism of

transcription and regulation. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases- transcription factors, mechanism of

transcription and regulation. Poly adenylation, mechanism of splicing (Group I, II and III,

spliciosome assembly, splicing editing, Group IV splicing). Inhibitors of transcription. Ribozyme

technology: mechanism of action and applications.

Unit IV(12 Periods)

Translation:Genetic code, Wobble hypothesis. Ribosome assembly, mechanism of activation of

amino acids. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Differences between

prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis, codon usage, Inhibitors of protein synthesis. Co

and posttranslational modifications of proteins. Control of translation in eukaryotes (Antisense

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RNA, Heme and interferon).

Protein localization and Targeting:Export of secretory proteins- signal hypothesis, transport and

localization of proteins to mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxysomes and membrane.

Unit V (12 Periods)

Regulation of Gene expression:Gene regulation, Operon model-Inducible and repressible

systems, lac, gal, trp, his and arabinose operon; Attenuation, positive and negative regulation,

role of cAMP and CRP in the expression of lac genes, catabolite repression, regulation of

eukaryotic gene expression, transcriptional control, cis control elements, promoters, enhancers,

transacting factors, homeobox in the control of developments in insects and vertebrates. DNA

binding motifs of transcription factors.

Gene Silencing: Definition, types –transcriptional and post transcriptional gene silencing, RNAi

pathway (si RNA and mi RNA).

Suggested Readings : 1. Watson, J.D. Molecular Biology of Gene. Pearson Education. 2. Friefelder, D. Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 3. Weaver, R. Molecular Biology. McGraw Hill. 4. Lewin, B. Gene VIII. Pearson Education. 5. Lodish and Baltimore. Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Co. 6. Cooper, M. The Cell – A molecular approach. Sinauer. 7. Daniel. Molecular Cell Biology. Scientific American Books. 8. Smith. Molecular Biology. Faber and Faber Publications. 9. Dabre, P.D. Introduction to (Practical) Molecular Biology. John Wiley and Sons,

Ltd.Meyers, R.A. (Ed). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology : A comprehensive

desk reference. VCH Publishers, New York

3


BTM622: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I (12 Periods)

Definition, Concept of heredity and variations,Genetical terminology, Selection of experimental

material , Monohybrid cross, Law of dominance, Incomplete dominance, Law of segregation/law

of purity of gametes, Dihybrid cross, Law of independent assortment, Back cross and Test cross

Definition, Concept, Characters of multiple alleles, Examples of multiple alleles – inheritance of

blood group in human, self-incompatibility in Nicotiana and eye colour in Drosophila, Linkage-

Definition and Types, Crossing over: Definition and Types, Construction of a linkage map by

two point test cross and three point test cross Concept of quantitative inheritance, Difference

between qualitative and quantitative traits, Inheritance of quantitative trait in Maize (Cob length).


Sex determination; sex linkage and Pedigree analysis: Concept of sex determination and patterns

in plants and animals; sex chromosomes; sex determination in flowering plants; dosage

compensation; Sex -linked, sex-limited and sex-influenced characters determining non-

Mendelian Inheritance; maternal effects; cytoplasmic inheritance; mitochondria; chloroplasts;

infective particles; prokaryotic plasmids; Imprinting.


Types of structural changes in chromosomes, Deletion: types, cytology and genetic effects,

Duplication: types and cytology, position effect and bar eye phenotype in Drosophila, Inversion:

types and their cytology, Translocation: types, translocation complexes, Variation in

chromosome morphology: Isochromosomes, ring chromosomes and Robertsonian translocation

Unit IV(12 Periods)

The concept of organic evolution, Theories of Evolution, Pre-Darwinian periodTheory of

Inheritance of acquired characters (Lamark’s), Darwinism- Theory of Natural Selection, Post-

Darwinian period- Modern synthetic theory, Direct evidences and conclusions from fossil

records, Indirect evidences, Evidences from Genetics, Evidences from bio-geographical

relations.

Unit V (12 Periods)

Population genetics:- random mating source responsible for changes in gene frequency

mutation select migration and isolation random gentic drift , neutral theory of molecular

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evolution ,Mutiple allilsm, jhonshan pureline theory , muliple factor hypotheisis , types of

quantitative traits, components of phenotypic variation, quantitative genetics ,tree of life wiese

theory, Hardy Weinberg law.

Suggested Readings:

1. Klug, W.S.,Cummings. (2003). Concepts of genetics, 7th Edn. Pearson Education.

2. Dale, J.W. (1994). Molecular Genetics of bacteria, John Wiley & Sons.

3. Streips and Yasbin. (2001). Modern microbial Genetics. Niley Ltd.

4. John Ringo (2004). Fundamental Genetics. Cambridge University Press.

5. Gardner/Simmons/Snustad. (2006). Principal of Genetics. 8th Edn. John Wiley & sons.

5


BTM623: IMMUNOLOGY AND ENZYMOLOGY CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I(12 Periods)

Phylogeny of immune system, innate and adaptive immunity, passive and acquired immunity,

Features of immune response memory, specificity and recognition of self and non-self,

terminology and approaches to the study of immune system.

Cells and Organs of the Immune System: Lymphoid cells, heterogeneity of lymphoid cells,

Hematopoiesis, T-cells and B-cells – activation, Null cells, Monocytes, Polymorphs,

lymphokines, Primary and secondary lymphoid organs - Thymus, Bursa of fabricius, spleen,

lymph nodes, lymphatic system, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymphocyte

traffic. Clonal nature of immune response.

Unit II(12 Periods)

Antigen and Antibody: General introduction to antigen and anibody.Immunogenicity vs

antigenicity, factors influencing immunogenicity, epitopes, haptens, adjuvants and mitogens.

Classification, fine structure and functions of immunoglobulins, antigenic determinants on

immunoglobulins, isotypic, allotypic and ideotypic variants.

Antigen-antibody interactions, affinity and avidity, high and low affinity antibodies, complement

cascade, complement system, cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules: role in immune

responses, regulation of immune response, Antigen processing and presentation - Major

histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and products – Polymorphism of MHC genes, role of

MHC antigens in immune responses ,Cytotoxicity.

Cell signaling – Role of MAP kinases. T-cell subsets and surface markers, T-dependent and T-

independent antigens, recognition of antigens by T-cells, structure of T-cell antigen receptors,

TCR and BCR – generation diversity.


Immunological Disorders:Types of hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune disorders, their

underlying molecular mechanism, etiology, diagnostic, prognostic and prophylactic aspects,

immunedeficiency disorders, AIDS. Immunological tolerance, transplantation.

Immunodiagnostic Procedures: Various types of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic

procedure, Immunoblot, ELISA, RIA, agglutination of pathogenic bacteria, hemeagglutination

6


and hemeagglutination inhibition, cellular techniques. Hybridoma technology and monoclonal

and polyclonal antibodies.


Introduction to Enzymes: Nomenclature, Classification and Characteristics of enzymes, Enzyme

specificity, Cofactors,Co-enzyme and Prosthetic group.Mechanism of Enzyme Action:Nature of

active site, identification of functional groups at active site, enzyme substrate complex, Factors

responsible for catalytic efficiency of enzymes: Proximity and orientation, Covalent catalysis,

Acid base catalysis, Strain and distortion theory, Induced fit hypothesis.Mechanism of action of

selected enzymes: Chymotypsin, Lysozyme, Carbonic anhydrase,Ribonuclease, Involvement of

co-Enzymes in enzyme catalyzed reactions, RNA molecules as Enzymes.

Unit V(12 Periods)

Enzyme Kinetics:A brief concept of bioenergetics and kinetics, Kinetics of single and bi-

substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions, Michaelis Menten equation. Derivation of Michaelis

Menten equation and determination of Km and Vmax values, Enzyme inhibition: reversible and

irreversible inhibition.Kinetics of competitive, uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibition,

Effect of pH and temperature on rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Enzyme Regulation – General mechanisms of enzyme regulation, product inhibition. Reversible

(glutamine synthase & phosphorylase) and irreversible (proteases) covalent modification of

enzymes. Feed back inhibition and feed forward stimulation. Allosteric enzymes, qualitative

description of “concerted” & “sequential” models for allosteric enzymes. Half site reactivity,

positive and negative co-operativity with special reference to aspartate transcarbamoylase and

phosphofructokinase.

Enzyme Technology: Extraction and purification of enzymes, Enzymes as analytical reagents,

Immobilized enzymes, Biotechnological applications of enzymes, Application of enzymes in

medicine and industry.

Suggested Readings:

1. Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. Lehninger. (2004). Principles of Biochemistry, 4th edition Pub WH Freeman Co.

2. Daniel, L, Purich, Melvin, I. Simon, John, N., Abelson. (2000). Contemporary enzyme kinetics and mechanism.

3. Plowman. (1972). Enzyme kinetics. McGraw hill. 4. Wiseman, “Enzyme Biotechnology”’ Ellis Horwood Pub.

7


5. Kuby, J. “Immunology”. W. H. Freeman and Company. 6. Roitt, Brostoff, Male and Mosby, Immunology. 7. Palmer, T. Understanding Enzymes. 8. Coleman, R.M. Fundamental Immunology. McGraw Hill.

8


BTM624: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES


Unit I (12 Periods)

Environment and monitoring: Introduction, renewable and non-renewable sources of energy;

Enviromental pollution- water pollution, soil pollution and air pollution-sources. Xenobiotic

compounds and their sources, Biomagnification, Bioindicators. Biomonitoring: Biosensors and

biochips.


Water Management and waste water treatment: Water as a scarce natural resource, water

management including rain water harvesting. Waste water characteristics, waste water treatment-

physical, chemical, biological processes. Aerobic processes; Activated sludge, oxidation ditches,

trickling filter, oxidation ponds; Anaerobic processes; Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters,

anaerobic sludge, membrane bioreactors. Reverse osmosis and ultra filtration. Treatment of

industrial effluents.


Biomining and Biodiesel: Bioleaching of ores to retrieve scarce metals, Bio-mining;. Biodiesel

production from Jatropa, Pongamia and Castor.

Global environmental problems: Global warming, ozone depletion, UV-B, green house effect

and acid rain, their impact and management. Biodiversity and its conservation, status of

biodiversity, hotspots, Red data book.


Bioremediation: Concept and principles, Bioremidiation using microbes, In situ and ex situ

bioremediation, biosorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals; Phytoremediation,

bioremediation of xenobiotics (heavy metals, pesticides, oil slicks, plastic). Bioremedidation of

soil and water contaminated with hydrocarbons and surfactants, biofilms.

Unit V(12 Periods)

Biowaste treatment: Microorganisms involved in the degradation of plant fibre, cell wall, lignin,

fungal de-lignification and pulping of wood. Pitch problems in pulp and paper processes and

solving by enzymes or fungi. Hemicellulases in pulp bleaching. Solving slime problem in the

9


pulp and paper industry. Reduction of organochlorine compounds in bleach plant effluents.

Solid wastes: Sources and management, waste as a source of energy. Production of oils and fuels

from solid waste, composting, vermiculture, Biogas production, methanol production from

organic wastes, byproducts of sugar industries.

Suggested Readings:

1. Allsopp D and K.J Seal., Introduction to Biodeterioration-ELBS/Edward Arnold. 1999

2. Christon, J. Harst Manual of Environment Microbiology, ASM Press, Washington

DC.1997.

3. Ericksson Ed., Biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry, Springer –Verleg.1997

4. Hurst CJ et al. eds., Environmental Microbiology, ASM Press, Washington, D.C. 1997

5. Larry Anderson and David A. Tilman., Fuels from waste, Academic Press. 1997.

6. Whitaker J R and S.Philip. Biocatalysis in agricultural Biotechnology, Washington

ACS.1989

7. Jordening H J and Josef Winter Environmental biotechnology: concepts and applications

(2nd Ed.) Wiley & Sons Publishers.UK.2005

8. Daniel Vallero., Environmental Biotechnology: A Biosystems Approach (1st Ed.)

Academic press. New York.2010

9. Wang LK. Handbook of Environmental Engineering (1st Ed.) Springer Publishers.2010

10. Evans G G and Judy Furlong., Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application

(2nd Ed.).Wiley publishers. 2011

11. Wang L.K., Ivanov V., Tay J.H., HungY.T (2010) Handbook of Environmental

Engineering (1st Ed.) Springer Publishers

12. Gareth G. Evans, Judy Furlong (2010) Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and

Application (2nd Ed.).Wiley publishers.

10


BTM627: SEC I-A - BIOSTATISTICS CREDITS 4: 2TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 30)

UNIT I (6 Periods)

Techniques of sampling (random and stratified), sampling and non-sampling errors, variables in

biology, accuracy, precision, univariate and bivariate frequency distributions and their graphical

representations.

UNIT II (6 Periods)

Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, mode, median and

partition values. Measures of Dispersion: Range, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and

covariance. Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis.


Probability: Basic concepts , Distributions and Correlation Analysis

UNIT IV (6 Periods)

Hypothesis Testing- Sampling distributions and standard error, null and alternate hypothesis,

basic concept and illustrations of type I and type II errors, concept of confidence interval

estimation. Large sample tests for single mean and difference of means, single proportion and

difference of proportions.

UNIT V (6 Periods)

Student’s t-distribution: test for single mean, difference of means and paired t- test, chisquare

distribution: tests for goodness of fit, independence of attributes and homogeneity, F-distribution,

one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Primer of Biostatistics, 7th edition (2011), Stanton Glantz, McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN-

13: 978-0071781503.

2.Principles of Biostatistics, 2nd edition (2000), Marcello Pagano and KimberleeGauvrean,

Thompson learning. ISBN-13: 978-0534229023.

11


BTM627: SEC I-B - MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CREDITS 4: 2TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 30)

UNIT I (06 Periods)

Comparison of enzymes available for enzyme immunoassays, conjugation of enzymes. Solid

phases used in enzyme immunoassays. Homogeneous and heterogeneous enzyme

immunoassays. Enzyme immunoassays after immuno blotting.

UNIT II (06 Periods)

Enzyme immuno histochemical techniques. Use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies in

enzymes immuno assays. Applications of enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic microbiology.

Molecular methods in clinical microbiology: Applications of PCR, RFLP, Nuclear hybridization

methods, Single nucleotide polymorphism and plasmid finger printing in clinical microbiology


Laboratory tests in chemotherapy: Susceptibility tests: Micro-dilution and macro-dilution broth

procedures. Susceptibility tests:Diffusion test procedures. Susceptibility tests: Tests for

bactericidal activity. Automated procedures for antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

UNIT IV (06 Periods)

Automation in microbial diagnosis, rapid diagnostic approach including technical purification

and standardization of antigen and specific antibodies. Concepts and methods in idiotypes.

Antiidiotypes and molecular mimicry and receptors. Epitope design and applications.

Immunodiagnostic tests. Immuno florescence. Radioimmunoassay.

UNIT V (06 Periods)

GLC, HPLC, Electron microscopy, flowcytometry and cell sorting. Transgenic animals.

SUGGESTED READING

1. Practical Biochemistry, Principles and Techniques, Keith Wilson and John Walker

2. Advanced Instrumentation, Data Interpretation, and Control of Biotechnological

Processes, J.F. Van Impe,Kluwer Academic

3. Ananthanarayan R and Paniker CKJ. (2005). Textbook of Microbiology. 7th edition

(edited by Paniker CKJ). University Press Publication.

1

M.Sc Biotechnology Semester III

M.Sc Biotechnology SEMESTER III

BTM631: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION


Unit I(12 Periods)

Plant Tissue Culture & Totipotency: Totipotency, Different areas and applications of plant tissue

culture, Establishment of aseptic cultures, Initiation of callus and suspension cultures, Nutritional

components of tissue culture media.

Unit II(12 Periods)

Tissue Culture Techniques: Regeneration of plants, Organogenesis, Micropropagation with shoot

apex cultures (Clonal Propagation), Somatic Embryogenesis. Anther Pollen culture, Production

of haploids and their application, Storage of plant genetic resources (Cryopreservation),

Somoclonal variation. Isolation and culture of protoplasts, protoplast fusion and somatic

hybridization, Selection systems for somatic hybrids / Cybrids and their characterization.

Technology for yield enhancement and bioreactor system and models for mass cultivation of

plant cells. Biotransformations using plant cell cultures.

Unit III(12 Periods)

Transgenic Technology: Genetic Transformation methods for production of transgenic plants

(Direct, Indirect), Direct Gene Transfer (DGT) methods, Agrobacterium mediated genetic

transformation (Indirect), Chloroplast transformation and production of transplantomics.

Production of genetically modified plants/crops for agronomic traits, transgenic plants for biotic

and abiotic stress tolerance, transgenic plants for quality traits, Industrial enzymes, Molecular

farming for therapeutic protein (Plantibodies, Plantigens, Edible Vaccines).

Unit IV(12 Periods)

Metabolic Engineering of Plants: Plant cell culture for the production of useful chemicals and

secondary metabolites (Hairy root culture, Biotransformation, Elicitation) - pigments, flavanoids,

alkaloids; mechanism and manipulation of shikimate pathway.

Production of Industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, therapeutic proteins, edible vaccines

and antibiotics using transgenic technology.

Unit V(12 Periods)

2


Post-harvest technology: RNAi and antisense RNA technology for extending shelf life of fruits

and flowers (ACC synthase gene and polygalactoronase); delay of softening and ripening of

fleshy fruits (tomato, banana, watermelons). Post-harvest protection of cereals, millets and

pulses.

Suggested Readings: 1. Chrispeels M.J.et al. Plants, Genes and Agriculture-Jones and Bartlett Publishers,

Boston.1994. 2. Hammound J, P McGravey & Yusibov.V. Plant Biotechnology, Springer verlag.2000 3. Heldt. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.

Pvt.Ltd. Delhi. 1997 4. Murray D.R. Advanced methods in plant breeding and biotechnology.Panima Publishing

Corporation.1996 5. Nickoloff J.A.Methods in molecular biology, Plant cell electroporation and electrofusion

protocols-Humana press incorp, USA. 1995. 6. Sawahel W.A. Plant genetic transformation technology. Daya Publishing House,

Delhi.1997 7. Gistou, P and Klu, H.Hand book of Plant Biotechnology (Vol. I & II).John

Publication.2004 8. Slatu A et al.The genetic manipulation of plant. Oxford University Press.2003 9. Kirakosyan A and Kaufman P.B.Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology (1st

Ed.).Springer Publishers.2009 10. Halford N.G. Plant biotechnology: current and future applications of genetically modified

crops. John Wiely Publishers.2006

3


BTM632: ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I (12 Periods)

Animal Cell Culture: Introduction, cell culture laboratory-design, layout and maintenance.

Equipment and Instrumentation. Methods of sterilization, types of culture media, composition,

preparation and metabolic functions. Role of CO2, Serum, supplements, growth factors (EGF,

PDGF,NGF, Gap-43). Serum and protein free defined media.

Culture and maintenance of primary and established cell lines. Biology of cultured cells-culture

environment, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and differentiation. Characterization of cultured

cells, viability, cytotoxicity, growth parameters, cell death and Apoptosis. Expression of culture

efficiency.

Unit II(12 Periods)

Stem cells and Tissue Engineering: Scope, embryonic and adult stem cells, properties,

identification, stem cells culture, techniques and their applications in modern clinical sciences.

Tissue engineering, biomaterials used in tissue engineering, three dimensional culture and

transplantation of engineered cells. Tissue engineering - skin, bone and neuronal tissues.


Transgenic Animals and Animal cloning: Methods involved in the production of transgenic

animals, importance and applications of transgenic animals. Gene knock out and mice models for

tackling human diseases.

Animal cloning: methods of cloning and their importance with reference to domestic animals.

IVF- technology for live stock and humans.

Unit IV(12 Periods)

Applications of Animal Biotechnology: Improvement of biomass, disease resistant, recombinant

vaccines for poultry, live stock-pharming products. Pharmaceutical products produced by

mammalian cells - plasminogen activator, erythropoietin, blood clotting factors, glycoprotein

hormones, interleukins, interferons, Cell culture based vaccines.

Unit V(12 Periods)

Bioethics: Bioethics in Biodiversity, ethics of resource management, impact of patenting on

4


biodiversity rich developing countries. Ethical issues associated with consumptions of

genetically modified foods. Ethical implication of human genome project, international ethical

and legal issues connected with human genome diversity research. Genetic studies of ethnic

races.Use of cell cultures as alternative for animal models for research. Testing of drugs on

human volunteers, use of animals for research and testing; animal and human cloning- ethical

and social issues, organ transplantation and xeno transplantation.

Suggested Readings:

1. Ballinic C.A., Philips J.P and Moo Young M.Animal Biotechnology. Pergamon press,

New York. 1989.

2. Watson J.D.et al. Molecular Biology of Gene (6th Ed.) Publisher Benjamin

Cummings.2007.

3. Berger S. L. and A.R. Kimmel.Methods in enzymology guide to molecular cloning

techniques (Vol 152). Academic Press Inc. San Diego.1996

4. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak J.J. Molecular Biotechnology.ASM Press, Washington

DC.2003.

5. Jenni,P, Mather and David Barnes, Methods in Cell Biology (Vol 57) Academic

Press.2001

6. Ratlege, C. and B. Kristiansen, Basic Biotechnology. Cambridge Univ. Press, London.

2001

7. Watson J.D et al. Molecular Biology of the Gene(6th Ed), The Benjamin Cummings

Pub.Co.Inc.USA.2008

8. Shantharam, D., Jane F Montgomery. Biotechnology, Biosafety & Biodiversity:

Scientific & Ethical issues for Sustainable development. 1999

9. Jan Freshney. R .Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and Specialized

Applications (6th Ed.) Wiley & Sons. 2010

10. John Davis., Animal Cell Culture: Essential Methods (1st Ed.) Wiley-Blackwell and

Sons publisher. 2011

11. Ernst-L Winnacker, From Genes to Clones: Introduction to Gene Technology. WILEY-

VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany Reprinted by Panima Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi. 2003

5


BTM633: GENETIC ENGINEERING CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I (12 Periods)

Introduction to Genetic Engineering: Scope and importance of Genetic Engineering.Tools of

Gentic Engineering: Enzymes; Non-specific endo & exo nucleases, DNase, RNase. Restriction

modification; restriction endonucleases- types, nomenclature, recongnition sequences and

mechansism of action. Methylation, RNA modification. Role of Kinases, phosphotases,

polynucleotide phosphorylase, polynucleotide kinases. Ligases - types and mechanism of action.


Vectors: General characteristics of vectors, Brief account of naturally occurring plasmids.

Promoter, MCS, Ori, and marker genes-lac Z. Construction of pBR 322, pBR325, pUC 18 and 19

vectors and expression vectors. E.coli promoters, lac promoter, trp promoter, lambda pL

promoter, hybrid tac promoter, ribosome binding site, codon selection. M 13 derived vectors,

Lambda based vectors, cosmids, phagemids, minichromosomes, BAC and YAC Shuttle vectors,

Ti plasmids, vectors for animals-SV40 and Bovine papilloma virus


Gene Cloning Strategies and Construction of Gene Libraries: Cloning from mRNA: Isolation

and purification of RNA, synthesis of cDNA, Isolation of plasmids, cloning cDNA in plasmid

vectors, cloning cDNA in bacteriophage vectors. cDNA libray.

Cloning of genomic DNA: Isolation and purification of DNA, preparation of DNA

fragments and cloning. Construction of genomic libraries.

Advanced cloning strategies-synthesis and cloning of cDNA, PCR amplified DNA, use of

adaptors and linkers, homopolymer tailing in cDNA cloning, expression of cloned DNA

molecules, Selection, screening and analysis of recombinants: Genetic selection, insertional

inactivation, chromogenic substrates, complementation of defined mutations, nucleic acid

hybridization, screening methods for cloned libraries, PCR screening protocols, immunological

screening, restriction mapping of cloned gene, blotting techniques, sequencing methods.

Purification strategies of expressed His- tagged proteins.


Transformation Techniques: Purification of vector DNA, restriction digestion, end modification,

cloning of foreign genes, (from mRNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA) transformation

6


screening, selection, expression and preservation.Transformation and transfection techniques,

preparation of competent cells of bacteria, chemical methods-calcium phosphate precipitation

method, liposome mediated method, physical methods-Electroporation, gene gun method.

Method of DNA transfer to yeast, mammalian and plant cells, transformation and transfection

efficiency.

Unit V (12 Periods)

Labelling and Detection Techniques: Labeling of DNA, RNA and Proteins by radioactive

isotopes, non-radioactive labeling, in vivo labeling, autoradiography and autofluorography.

DNA sequencing by enzymatic and chemical methods, Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE,

PFGE. Methods of nucleic acid hybridization; Southern, Northern and Western Blotting

techniques.

Chemical Synthesis of Genes and PCR: Phosphodiester, phosphotriester and Phosphite ester

methods, principles and strategies. Oligonucleotide syntesis and application, synthesis of

complete gene. PCR, methodology, essential features of PCR, primers, Taq polymerases,

reverse transcriptase-PCR, types of PCR-Nested, inverse, RAPD-PCR, RT-PCR (real time

PCR), Applications of PCR.

Suggested Readings:

1. Nicholl D.S.T. Introduction to Genetic Engineering Cambridge (3rd Ed.) University

press.UK. 2008

2. Old R.W., Primrose S.B. Principles of gene manipulation - An introduction to genetic

engineering (5th Ed.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK. 1996.

3. David S L. Genetics to Gene Therapy –the molecular pathology of human disease (1st

Ed.) BIOS scientific publishers, 1994.

4. Ernst-L Winnacker, From Genes to Clones: Introduction to Gene Technology. WILEY-

VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany Reprinted by Panima Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi. 2003

5. Benjamin Lewis, Genes VIII (3rd Ed.) Oxford University & Cell Press,NY.2004

6. Robert Williamson.Genetic Engineering (1st Ed.) Academic Press.1981.USA

7. Rodriguez. R.L (Author), Denhardt D.T. Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning

Vectors and Their Uses (1st Ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann publisher.UK. 1987

8. Ansubel F.M., Brent R., Kingston R.E., Moore D.D. et al. Short protocols in molecular

7


biology(4th Ed), Wiley publishers. India. 1999.

9. Sambrook J et al. Molecular cloning Volumes I, II and III. Cold Spring Harbor laboratory

Press, New York, USA. (1989, 2000)

10. Terence A Brown. Genomes, (2nd Ed.) BioScientific Publishers.UK.2002

11. Anthony JF Griffiths, William M Gelbart, Jeffrey H Miller, and Richard C Lewontin

Modern Genetic Analysis (1st Ed.)W. H. Freeman Publishers.NY. 1999

12. S. B. Primrose, Richard M. Twyman.Principles of gene manipulation and genomics (7th

Ed.) John Wiley & Sons publishers.2006

8


BTM634: APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY CREDITS 6: 4 TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 60)

Unit I (12 Periods)

Gene Amplification and Expression: Salient features of expression vectors. Expression of foreign

gene: expression of eukaryotic genes in bacteria, expression of foreign genes in yeast, insect and

mammalian cells.

Processing of recombinant proteins: refolding and stabilization. Protein engineering- addition of

disulphide bond, changing amino acids, modification of metal cofactors, changing protease

activity, active site modification. Amplification of DNA: polymerase chain reaction.


Gene Theory and Therapeutic Products A. Production of monoclonal bodies by phage display

technique using filamentous phage vectors. B. Gene therapy: somatic and germline, random and

targeted gene replacement, in vivo and ex vivo gene delivery, retrovirus gene transfer system,

advantages and disadvantages of adenovirus, adenoassociated virus, herpes virus vectors, gene

correction, replacement/augmentation, editing, regulation and silencing. gene therapy of human

diseases.


Production of Commercial Products by GMOs : Role of rDNA technology in production of

alcohol, Role of rDNA technology in production of vitamin- (ascorbic acid, vitamin B12),Role

of rDNA technology in production of vaccine- (vaccinia viral vaccine, polio vaccine), Role of

rDNA technology in production of hormone- (insulin, oxytocin), Role of rDNA technology in

production of antibiotics- (streptomycin, penicillin).

Unit IV(12 Periods)

Plant Secondary Metabolites and Nanobiotechnology : Plant secondary metabolites:

phenylpropanoid pathway, shikimate pathway, alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable

plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes, oleosin partitioning

technology. B. Green house technology: principle and application. Nano biotechnology:–

Introduction to nanoscience, size matter, tools for measuring nanostructure Biosensor

development and application, Nanofabrication, Nanotech impact on types of DNA chips & their

production, SNP and genome mismatch signals Concept of nanobiotechnology and application

of nanobiotechnology in medicine

9


Unit-V (12 Periods)

Animal Biotechnology :Animal cell culture, stem cells and tissue engineering, transgenic

animals, IVF technology for livestock improvement, biofarming, pharmaceutical products,

plasminogen activator, blood clotting factors, interleukins, vaccines. Microbial diseases of

humans: AIDS, Hepatitis B, Rabies, Typhoid, STDs, Tb, plague, malaria, amoebiosis, tumors,

treatment of cancer, diabetes, anemia.

Suggested Readings:

1. Kuby, J. (2003). Immunology 5th Edition. WH. Freeman and Company, NY.

2. Roitt, I.M. (1998). Essential Immunology, ELBS, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London.

3. Gistou, P and Klu, H.Hand book of Plant Biotechnology (Vol. I & II).John Publication.2004

4. Halford N.G. Plant biotechnology: current and future applications of genetically modified

crops. John Wiely Publishers.2006

5. Ballinic C.A., Philips J.P and Moo Young M.Animal Biotechnology. Pergamon press, New

York. 1989.

6. Watson J.D.et al. Molecular Biology of Gene (6th Ed.) Publisher Benjamin Cummings.2007.

7. Ratlege, C. and B. Kristiansen, Basic Biotechnology. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 2001

8. David S L. Genetics to Gene Therapy –the molecular pathology of human disease (1st Ed.)

BIOS scientific publishers, 1994.

9. Prescott, Sc and Dunn, C. Industrial Microbiology, McGraw Hill, New York. 1984

10. Santaniello V, Evenson RE, Zilberman D and Carlson GA, Agriculture and Interllectual

property rights: Economic, Institutional and Implementation Issues in Biotechnology,

University Press. 2003

11. S N Jogdand Medical Biotechnology 2nd Edition Himalaya publishers 2008

10


BTM637: SEC II- A BIOETHICS,BIOSAFETY AND IPR CREDITS 4: 2TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 30)

UNIT-I (6 Periods)

Foundation of Bioethics-Definition, historic evolution, codes and guidelines, universal

principles. Bioethics – Necessity of Bioethics, different paradigms of Bioethics – National &

International.Ethical issues against the molecular technologies. Codes, Covenants, Declarations

and Guidelines.

UNIT-II (6 Periods)

Biosafety guidelines- Government of India definition of genetic modified organism (GMOs) and

living modified organisms (LMOs), roles of institutional biosafety committee, review committee

on genetic manipulation (RCGM), genetic engineering approval committee (GEAC) for GMO

applications in food and agriculture, environmental release of GMOs. Biosafety assessment of

pharmaceutical products such as drugs/vaccines etc. AERB/RSD/RES guidelines for using

radioisotopes in laboratories and precautions.

UNIT-III (6 Periods)

Introduction to Intellectual Property: Patents, Types, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights,

Industrial Design and Rights, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications- importance of

IPR –patentable and non patentables, patenting life – legal protection of biotechnological

inventions. World Intellectual Property Rights Organization (WIPO).

UNIT-IV (6 Periods)

Grant of Patent and Patenting Authorities: Types of patent applications: Ordinary, PCT,

Conventional, Divisional and Patent of Addition; An introduction to Patent Filing Procedures;

Patent licensing and agreement; Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies,

Rights and Duties of patent owner.

UNIT-V (6 Periods)

Agreements and Treaties: GATT, TRIPS Agreements; Role of Madrid Agreement; Hague

Agreement; WIPO Treaties; Budapest Treaty on international recognition of the deposit of

microorganisms; UPOV & Brene conventions; Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT); Indian Patent

Act 1970 & recent amendments.

SUGGESTED READING

1. Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation : David H. Holt

11


2. Patterns of Entrepreneurship : Jack M. Kaplan

3. Sateesh MK (2010) Bioethics and Biosafety, I. K. International Pvt Ltd.

4. Sree Krishna V (2007) Bioethics and Biosafety in Biotechnology, New age international

publishers

12


BTM637: SEC II- B BIOINFORMATICS

CREDITS 4: 2TH/T+2 PR (TOTAL HOURS- 30)

UNIT I (6Periods)

History of Bioinformatics. The notion of Homology. Sequence Information Sources, EMBL,

GENBANK, Entrez, Unigene, Understanding the structure of each source and using it on the

web.

UNIT II (6 Periods)

Protein Information Sources, PDB, SWISSPROT, TREMBL, Understanding the structure of

each source and using it on the web. Introduction of Data Generating Techniques and

Bioinformatics problem posed by them- Restriction Digestion, Chromatograms, Blots, PCR,

Microarrays, Mass Spectrometry.


Searching Databases: SRS, Entrez, Sequence Similarity Searches-BLAST, Various tools for

local alignment.Blast analysis, Detecting Open Reading Frames, Outline of sequence Assembly,

Mutation/Substitution Matrices,

UNIT IV(6 Periods)

Multiple Sequence Alignment, Phylogenetic Analysis using Distance Matrix method (UPGMA

and Neighbor joining) and Character State method (Maximum likelihood method)

UNIT IV(6 Periods)

Data Submission.Genome Annotation: Pattern and repeat finding, Gene identification tools.

SUGGESTED READING

1. Ghosh Z. and Bibekanand M. (2008) Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications. Oxford

University Press.

2. Pevsner J. (2009) Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. II Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.

3. Campbell A. M., Heyer L. J. (2006) Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. II

Edition. Benjamin Cummings.

Documents

M.Sc BiotechnologyM.Sc Biotechnology Semester I incinerators, chemotherapy. Methods of isolation and maintenance of pure culture streak plate, – pour plate and spread plate methods,