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9/21/13 Mrunal [Food Processing] Fisheries: Freshwater, Aquaculture, Shrimpfarming: supply chain, upstream, downstream, Marine Policy, Fisherman Welfa

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[Food Processing] Fisheries: Freshwater, Aquaculture, Shrimpfarming:

supply chain, upstream, downstream, Marine Policy, Fisherman WelfareScheme

1. Prologue

2. Fisheries: Scope/significance

3. EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

4. Supply chain

1. Saltwater@Upstream

2. Freshwater@Upstream

3. Aquaculture@upstream4. Shrimp-farming@Upstream

5. @Processing

6. @Downstream

5. Government Policies/Schemes

1. Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy, 2004

2. National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)

3. Government Schemes

4. Fishermen Welfare Scheme

5. International Support6. State governments

6. MockQuestions

Prologue

syllabus of UPSC Mains (GS)topics in this

article

(GS1) Distribution of key natural resources across the worldand India

just a brief tableon EEZ

(GS2) Government policies and interventions for developmentin various sectors

ComprehensiveMarine FishingPolicy, 2004

(GS2) Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the

population

Fishermen

Welfare Scheme

(GS3) Food processing and related industries in India-scopeand significance, location, upstream and downstreamrequirements, supply chain management.

Related tofreshwater,saltwater and

shrimps.

later: well see [Food processing] Poultry, meat, tea, coffee, wine, edible oil.

Fisheries: Scope/significance
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RankingIndia is the second largest producer of fish in theworld

GDP contribution~5% within GDP from agri-allied sector.~0.8% within total GDP.

Export (2011-12

data)

Indian Fish export >$3500 million dollarIndian meat export ~$3000 million dollar

still, Indias share in world export Is barely 0.1%(for each fish and meat individually)

Gives employment

to more than

3000 fishermen villages8 lakh fishermen families

40 lakh fishermen

Top 5 fish producers

Top-5 Countries (2009 data) Top-5 States (2012 data)

1. China2. India

3. Peru

4. Indonesia5. Vietnam

1. Andhra Pradesh2. West Bengal

3. Gujarat

4. Kerala5. Tamil Nadu

Some stupid numbers from economic survey

Export (2011-12data)

export (approx. Milliondollar)

Indias share in world trade(approx.)

Fish 3400 3%

Meat 2700 2%

Geographical advantage:

Coast Line more than 8100 kms

Continental Shelf ~half million sq.km

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) more than 2 million sq.km

+millions of hectares of ponds, tanks, rivers, reservoirs, canals, brackish water area.

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

The EEZ of India can be further divided into the following regions:


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WEST COAST=42% OF

EEZ

NorthWest

Gujarat & Maharashtra

South

WestGoa, Karnataka & Kerala

EAST COAST=28% OF

EEZ

LowerEast

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh &Pondicherry

Upper

East Orissa & West Bengal

Remaining EEZ area under Andaman and the Nicobar Islands.

Andaman- Nicobar Lakshadweep

6 lakhs sq km EEZ 4 lakh sq km EEZ

There is immense potential for import of fish into India from neighboring countriesin South Asia and South East Asia.

Indian fisheries sector classification

1. MarineA. Deep Sea FishingB. Coastal Fishing

2. Inland (Freshwater)

3. Aquaculture

Supply chain: Fisheries

click to enlarge Supply Chain of Fish

Among all Desi food processing industries, Fish processing supply chain =

shortest. Because in most of the cases, fishermen themselves sell their catchdirectly to consumers via local wet fish markets.Alternate channels for distribution: Fishermen=> commission agents=> Fishmarket.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9841283294/


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Saltwater@Upstream

1. Arabian sea=broader continental shelf=fish production higher than Easterncoast.

2. Despite government ban, fisherman use fine-sized net= even Juvenile fish arebeing caught.

3. 30% to 40% of the catch is discarded by fishermen in high seas becausejuvenile fish who dont fetch good prices in market= resource lost.

4. During breeding season, fishing is banned in coastal waters. But theauthorities dont enforce it strictly.

5. Lack of surveillance of territorial waters= even outsiders (Pakistani

fishermen) do illegal fishing in our area.6. The EEZ around Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep confluences with

international waters. This makes these Island territories vulnerable to illegalFishing by foreign vessels.

7. Most fishing vessels dont have facility to freeze the fish onboard

immediately after catching= quality deterioration before they reach the coast.8. unregulated fishing of highly migratory species just outside the EEZ=negative

impact on Marine biodiversity.9. Most vessel dont have special equipment to do deep water fishing beyond

depth of 400m. Example yellow fin tuna found around Lakshadweep islands.Theyre almost unexploited since the technology for deep long lining is not

prevalent in the Islands.

Freshwater@Upstream

For inland fisheries, two big players= WB+Andhra.But even those state governments not enforcing fishing net size in rivers,lakes and reservoirs= juvenile fish caught and discarded.

Fishing ban during breeding season not strictly enforced.

Aquaculture@upstream

EMPIRES

National Fisheries Development Board vs. Department

of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries.Their jurisdictions/responsibilities are still not clearlydefinedResult: overlapping, lack of synergy.Freshwater aquaculture, contributed to the BlueRevolution in the country in late 1970s. But not it is

now almost stagnating in terms of yield rates.

MNREGA Fish production can be enhanced 2 to 4 times bycreating more rainfed water bodies via MNREGAlabour. But this potential is largely ignored.


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AQUACULTURE

Fish feed not available at reasonable prices.Most farmers are small/marginal, dont know best

practices in cultivation, post-harvest management for

fish farming.waste disposal done in hygienic manner= environmentalimplications

Shrimp-farming@Upstream

Nellor District, AP= Shrimp Capital of India.Pink revolution=Shrimp.

PARENTS

Disease free brooder stock (parent shrimps)= notavailable. Hence their next generation is also diseased.

If you import the brooder stock=there are noregulation/quality checks =infected stock=>the shrimps

thus grown have variety of disease=rejected in US/EU forexport.For aquaculture/shrimp culture, you need to get approvalfrom State fisheries Department. But Often, the statedepartments take 3-6 months to scrutinize documents=

project implementation delayed.

ANTIBIOTICS

Imported feed or antibiotics=>high customduty=expensive.Therefore lot of Chinese/counterfeit/spurious products in

market.Farmer unknowingly uses such input= antibiotic tracesfound in Indian shrimps=>theyre rejected in US/EUmarket.

FEED COST feed cost accounts for 50% of the total costGovernment investment in research for low cost feed andtechnology required.

TRAINING

Need to educate farmers on modern techniques of shrimp

farming so they can enhance the quality and body weight ofshrimps.

but there is shortage of extension staff for fisheries instate departments.

@Processing


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NOTABLE

PLAYERS

Adani Exports, Hindustan Lever Ltd, Ruchi Worldwide,Vishal Exports, Aditya Enterprises ,Liberty, FalconMarine.

WATER

QUALITY

Potable water is not available at landing and cleaning shedsat the ports.

EU specifies more than 50 parameters of water, If tracesof these chemicals are detected= product rejected. (and as

you can guess, our exports are often rejected.)

PACKAGINGNeed Focused research to develop low-cost packaging forseafood products, both for the export + domestic market.

LOW VALUE

ADDITION

Even for exports, our fish-processing is primary/basic

levelWe merely freeze/mince the fishes/shrimps and exportthem to China/Thailand/Japan.They do more value-addition and create variety of ready-

to-eat fish food (e.g. sushi shrimps) =>export to US/EU@higher prices.

INVESTMENTTo comply with US/EU/HACCP regulation, we need huge

capital investments to upgrade our processing units.

@Downstream

More than 1/3rd of Indians eat fish but demand for processed fish=limitedbecause

Indian consumer prefer wet (fresh) fish rather than processed fish.Cost of processed fish product= 20-25% higher than fresh fish.(due to

indirect taxes)Desi Consumers prefer to buy fresh fish from wet markets and process it athomeTherefore, Indian fish processing segment=entirely export-oriented, due tolack of local/domestic demand

INFLATION

Fish prices more than doubled during the Eleventh Plan, ahigher inflation than either crops or any other livestock

segment.This is negatively affecting business and demand.

There is inadequate awareness about nutritional benefits of


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MARKETINGfish.

Need marketing campaign to increase desi-demand-showing hygienic, healthy, consistent quality of branded,

packaged fish products over the unhygienic macchi-market.

RETAILERS

Large number of retailers are unable to sell processed fish

products because they dont have due to cooling storagefacilities + electricity problems.

MARKETING

RESEARCH

We dont export Ready to eat marine products insignificant volumes, because we are not aware of variedtastes and cuisines in different regions of the worldneed investment in marketing research in foreign

consumers food preferences.

DUMPING

US Department of Commerce has imposed an anti-dumping duty on Indian Shrimp. more on dumping, alreadydiscussed click me

REJECTIONSUS/EU/foreign countries often reject our fish/shrimpcargos for traces of antibiotics, heavy-metals, foul smell.

Government Policies/Schemes

Jurisdiction:

StatesMarine fisheries within the territorial waters are the subject of maritime

states

CentreFisheries beyond this limit within the EEZ fall in the jurisdiction ofCentral Government.

Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy, 2004

By Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture

Three main objectives: 1) boost export 2)socio-economic welfare of fishermen 3)

protect marine ecology/biodiversity

ACTIVITY policy wil l address fol lowing:

1. SUBSISTENCEFISHING

protection + welfare

2. SMALL-SCALE
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FISHING technology transfer to small scale sector

3. INDUSTRIALFISHING

work out strategy for fishing in Antarctic watersby Indian owned vesselsinfrastructure support, Joint Venture for fish

processing and export

PPP: Build-Operate-Own and Build- Operate-Transfer systems.

Salient Features of this policy

1. ATTENTION TO CONSUMERS

increase per capita (fish) protein intake

Attention to consumer rights. Ensuring food safety, mandatory barcoding and packaging for sale of fish products.Ensure international quality and food safety in fish and fishery products.Ensure Hygiene in fishing harbor and processing centers.

Protect consumers from fish contaminated with heavy metals and otherhazardous chemicals discharged from industrial establishments.eco labeling of marine products

2. ATTENTION TO FISHERMEN

Each fisherman household would be given a card for easy identification.

Strengthen Cooperative movement of fishermenUniformity in central-state welfare schemes for fisherman.

Greater participation of cooperatives, NGOs and local self-GovernmentsGovernment to contribute towards Insurance scheme for only those

fishermen who do not own a boat.Fishermen Housing Schemes will unified and implemented as a master

plan through a national agency.3. ATTENTION TO ENVIRONMENT

responsible and sustainable fishing practices to Preserve environment

and biodiversity

Strict ban on all types of destructive methods of fishing.Regulate Mesh sizes in different parts of the fishing gear. Penalties forviolations of mesh regulations.

Prohibit Catching of juveniles and non- targeted species=prohibitedgreater liaison between Central and State Pollution Control Board tocontrol all industrial establishments discharging effluents in to the seaHazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) in effluentdischarge systems will be made mandatory.

Mangrove plantation in Coastal areas.4. ATTENTION TO FANCY THINGS:

HRD, R&D, use of IT, strengthening marine database via satellites etc.

National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)


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HQ: Hyderabad. For both inland and marine fish. Promotes following

1. Accelerated development of the fisheries and aquaculture in a sustainable

manner

2. Hygienic development of wholesale and retail markets3. Mariculture (cultivation of marine organized in enclosed section of ocean /

pond / tank etc. Example: prawn, pearls, agar etc)

4. Training to fishermen/fish farmers

Government Schemes

National Mission for ProteinSupplement (NMPS)

Component of Rashtriya Krishi VikasYojana.to promote production of animal based

protein through livestock development,

dairy farming, pig and goat rearing and

fisheries

Development of Inlandfisheries & Aquaculture

fish farmers were provided assistance forfreshwater aquaculture. ~30000 already

benefitted under 11th FYP.

Development of Marine

Fisheries, Infrastructure PostHarvest Operations.

development of 13 fishing harbors and 4

fish landing centres, 4 fishing harbors wererepaired and renovated. (11th FYP)safety appliances provided

Strengthening of Database &Geographic Information

System for Fisheries Sector.

Under the scheme, inland water bodies aresurveyed and mapped in the States.

Work already finished in W.Bengal.

Fishermen Welfare Scheme

In the 90s, there were multiple schemes for fishermen welfare but in mid-2000s, allof them combined into single Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare ofFishermen (duh, no catchy name/abbreviation, not named afteryou know who. butthen again, scheme falls under Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying= under

Sharad Pawar=not directly underyou know whos party.)

anyways, this scheme has:

Two pronged approach

PROTECTIVETo prevent any short term decline in the standard of


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living. (via insurance + savings)

PROMOTIONALTo enhance the long term general living standard of the

entire community. (via model village + training)

four broad components

1. MODELFISHERMEN

VILLAGES

fishermen (both inland and marine) will be givenbasic civic amenities like houses, drinking water,tube-well and commonplace for recreation and work.for housing- Preference will be given to fishermen

below poverty line and to landless fishermen.

2. INSURANCE

Group Accident Insurance for Active Fishermen.Rs 50,000/- against death or permanent totaldisability and Rs 25,000/- for partial permanent

disability.50:50 cost sharing by Center:state

3. SAVINGS

CUM

RELIEF

during the fishing season (8 month), fisherman willgive Rs.600, + government will contribute another

Rs. 600. (total 1200)= this plus bank-interest will be

given to fisherman during lean season (remaining 4months of the year)

4. TRAININGself explanatory

to update knowledge and improving skills of fishersin regard to modern fishing technology.

Misc.

CIBAIMMUNoDot

An immunodot blot test for early detection of WSS virus inshrimp. Patent pending.

Silver

pompano

Successful breeding experiments carried out.

can be done in ponds, tanks and floating sea cages.price of pompano is about Rs.200/-per kg, The species isable to acclimatize and grow well in the vast low saline and

brackish waters of our country.

International Support

Several international organizations, including the World Bank, UNDP ,


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DANIDA, NORAD, ODA (UK and Japan) provide aid to India for the

development of fisheries sector .(UK) has provided technical aid for the prevention of post-harvest losses in

marine fisheries. Recently, FAO launched a scheme for providing technicalassistance to implement Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) inseafood processing industries.

State governments

They need to do following:

1. Enforce fishing holidays during breeding season.2. Awareness camps to educate the fishermen on importance of the breeding

cycle of the fish to replenish the stock.3. Regulate fishing net size. 30 mm mesh size should be standardized for use.4. Announce specific financing schemes for purchase of requisite vessels and

equipment5. Allow only a sustainable number of vessels to operate in the coastal waters.

Dont give license to everyone.6. Leasing of coastal zones There is need to consider leasing of coastal zones

on a long term basis (30 years) to private sector players, for introduction ofadvanced mariculture technologies such as cage culture, pen culture etc. for

augmenting fish production.

Mock Questions

MCQs

1. Correct Statement about EEZ of Indiaa. Eastern Cost has larger area under EEZ than Western Cost

b. Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep is surrounded by the maximum

EEZ area.c. Bothd. None

2. Correct statements about yellow fin tuna

a. Found in the shallow coastal waters around Lakshadweepb. It is on verge of becoming extinct, because of destructive fishing in this

region.c. Bothd. None

Descriptive

2m

1. Obstacles to Pink Revolution in India2. MODEL FISHERMEN VILLAGES3. National Mission for Protein Supplement (NMPS)

4. National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)12m


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1. Issues affecting supply chain of marine fisheries.2. Write a note on Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare of

Fishermen.

3. Enumerate the salient features of the Comprehensive Marine FishingPolicy.

4. Define Aquaculture and Mariculture. Discuss their significance in ruraldevelopment in coastal areas.

25m1. Although India is the second largest fish producer of the world, the

share of fisheries sector in Indias GDP is negligible. Examine thereasons for this phenomenon and suggest remedies.

Essay1. Civilization is like a thin layer of ice upon a deep ocean of chaos and

darkness.2. India is rich in people, rich in culture, rich in resources and rich in

trouble.

URL to article: http://mrunal.org/2013/09/food-processing-fisheries-freshwater-aquaculture-shrimpfarming-supply-chain-upstream-downstream-marine-

policy-fisherman-welfare-scheme.html

Posted By Mrunal On 21/09/2013 @ 00:54 In the category Economy

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Mrunal » [Food Processing] Fisheries_ Freshwater, Aquaculture, Shrimpfarming_ supply chain, upstream, downstream, Marine Policy, Fisherman Welfare Scheme » Print