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Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
Unit 6: DNA & Protein SynthesisCh. 28 DNA—Life’s Code
Describing DNA
• Who first described DNA?
– ________________________ & ________________________
• What shape did they use to describe DNA?
– _____________________________ (which looks like a ______________________)
DNA is a Polymer…
• What is the monomer that repeats to make DNA
– _____________________________________ (Sketch & label one in the box below.)
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
– 4 kinds:
• _______________________________
• _______________________________
• _______________________________
• _______________________________
– Trick to remember the 4 kinds of nitrogen bases… ______________________________
A Model of DNA
• Is a DNA molecule single-stranded or double-stranded?
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
– __________________________________-stranded
• What parts make up the strands?
– “backbone”/sides
• __________________& __________________
– “rungs”/steps
• ______________________________________
– Always paired as:
» _______________________________
» _______________________________
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
• DNA is contained in ________________________________________________ within the _______________________________________________________________________
DNA Replication
• What is another word for replication???
– ____________________________________
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
• Why must DNA replicate?
– so when cell divides, each new cell __________________________________________
• When does DNA replicate?
– ___________________________ the cell divides (_____________________ mitosis)
• Where does DNA replicate?
– inside the _______________________________
• How does DNA replication occur?
– 1. DNA molecule ____________ between bases forming 2 new _____________ "strands"
– 2. The “parent” strands act as ____________________________________________…
• "new" ______________________ are paired up with the ____________________ ________________ on the “parent” strand
– forming a ________________________________________________ strand
» Ex. ________ pairs up with ________
• 3. Now, there are ___________________________________ of the original DNA molecule.
• And, when the cell divides, each daughter cell _____________________________.
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
Finish the replications…
Deoxyribonucleic Acid vs. Ribonucleic Acid
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
DNA RNA• sugar = • sugar =
• stranded
• stranded
• leave nucleus • between nucleus & cytoplasm
• N bases = • N bases =
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
The DNA Code & Protein Synthesis
• What is a gene?
– a ______________________________________ that ______________________ for the synthesis (making) of a specific _______________________
• Which part of DNA actually carries the code?
– the ___________________________________
• & their ________________________
– If the _______________________________________________ is changed the
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
___________________________________________ (usually) changes & the _____________________________________ made (usually changes)
• So, the big question is… How does the DNA code in a cell’s nucleus get to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized?
– _____________________________ & _____________________________
Transcription
• What is transcription?
– DNA code is "transcribed"/________________ into __________________________
• When does transcription happen?
– when a _______________________________________________________ is needed
• Where does transcription happen?
– in the _______________________________________________________________
• What does transcription make?
– a single-stranded ______________________________________________________
• made from instructions/order of the ___________________ in the ____________
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
• What are the steps in transcription?
– 1. DNA _____________________________
– 2. free _________________________ pair with _______________________ on DNA
• until a ___________________________________________________ is reached
– 3. mRNA _____________________________________________________________
• & moves __________________________________________________________
mRNA
• What is a codon?
– ____________________ consecutive bases on mRNA that codes for a particular _______________________________
• Some amino acids have more than one codon.
– How can we figure out the amino acid coded for by a codon?
» a codon chart (You will be given 2 types & can use them on quizzes/tests.)
Translation
• What is translation?
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
– process of making ___________________ from ______________________________ (with the help of _______________________________________________________ &__________________________________________________________________)
• When does translation occur?
– when _________________ from the nucleus joins with _________________________
• Where does translation happen?
– in the _______________________________________________________________
• What are the steps in translation?
1. ____________________________________ on _____________________________:
joins with _____________________________ _____________________________________
carries __________________________ specified by the ____________________ on the ________________________ to the _______________________________
2. Amino acids ________________________ & ____________________ to form protein
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
Let's Practice...
Given the following DNA sequence:
• What would the mRNA strand look like?
• What amino acids would be coded for using this mRNA?
• What would the anticodons on the tRNA be for each amino acid?
• Given the following DNA sequence determine the:1. mRNA codon sequence2. The amino acids that would be coded for by each codon
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
3. anticodons on each tRNA which "allowed" it to bring that amino acid (using mRNA codons)
DNA = TAC CCA TTG GAT CCG ACT
1. mRNA codon =
2. amino acid (a. a.) =
3. anticodon (on tRNA) =
Mutations
• What are mutations?
1. ____________________________________ in a ________________ on a chromosome
• can occur spontaneously during __________________________________________
• can be caused by ______________________________ (such as radiation, high temperatures, or chemicals)
• often corrected, but not always
– once occurs, ________________________ as if ______________________________________
– can cause a different ________________________ to be formed
Types of Mutations
• What are the 3 types of mutations?
1. _______________________________________
• What happens in a deletion mutation?
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________
– a nucleotide (base) is ___________________
» causes a _____________________________________
~___________________ nucleotides after the deletion to the ____________ causing a different ___________________________________ to be formed
2. ________________________________________
• What happens in an insertion mutation?
– a nucleotide (base) is __________________
» causes a _____________________________________
~___________________ nucleotides after the insertion to the ____________ causing a different ___________________________________ to be formed
3. ________________________________________
• What happens in an point mutation?
– a nucleotide (base) is ______________________________________________
» ____________________________________________ cause a "frame shift"
~sometimes _________________ & _____________ can be the __________
Sickle Cell Mutation
• What does the sickle cell mutation do?
– affects __________________________ (a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen)
• What type of mutation causes sickle cell?
– a _____________________________ mutation
• changes one ________________________________________________________
– changes the _____________________________________________________
Name ____________________________________ Date __________Mrs. Geithner-Marron Bio 200 Period _________