Mrs. MayLRW

January 19, 2016

Take out your yellow sheet and MLK/MX packet.

Argumentative Speech

A strong opening has five main elements:[12] An attention grabber. This is a statement (or sometimes a visual) that gets your audience's attention. It can

be a good idea to be a little startling or dramatic at the opening of your speech. For example, you might start with a information (or pictures) showing how a nearby landfill is nearly full to capacity.

A link to the audience. This is a means of showing that you have something in common with the audience. Show that you have a similar background or share an emotional connection of some kind. This will really depend on knowing your audience. For example, if you are a parent, speaking to other parents, you might emphasize the concern for your own children's

future. If you share a common interest or ideological position with your audience, you can emphasize that. Your credentials. This is a means of showing that you are knowledgeable or an authority on

the topic of the speech. Highlight the research you've done on your topic. If you have any personal or professional experience with the topic, be sure to emphasize that, too. In the recycling example, you might say "I've invested many hours studying the recycling issue and the

types of programs available in other cities." Your goal. Explain to the audience what you hope the speech will accomplish.

For example: "I hope by the end of my talk that you will agree that we need a city wide recycling program." A road map. Finally, tell the audience what the main points of the speech will be.

For example, "I believe we must start a recycling program for these three reasons...."

Write a strong opening. Before you can begin persuading your audience, you need to open the speech in a way that will make them want to pay attention.

Example

The main body of your speech should contain the points you outlined in Part 1. It should provide the audience with several convincing reasons to support your viewpoint. Arrange these points logically. Don't jump from one point to the next, and then back again. Instead, complete an argument, then move on to another the flows logically from it.[13]

Use credible sources from your research to back the points you are making. Even if your point is more emotional (pathos), introducing some factual information will make your argument stronger. For example "Each year, 40,000 acres of beautiful forests are destroyed to make paper, according to a study from the American Recycling Institute."

Use real life examples that the audience can relate to. Even an argument based on facts and logic (logos) should relate to the audience's lives and interests. For example: "In these hard economic times, I know many of you are afraid that a recycling program will mean a costly increase in taxes. But, the city of Springfield started a program like this one three years ago. So far they've seen an increase in revenue as a result of the program. Many residents have seen a decrease in their taxes as a result."

Offer persuasive evidence.

Although it is not strictly necessary, your argument may be stronger if one or more of your supporting points addresses the views of the opposing side. This gives you a chance to address your audience's possible objections and make your argument stronger.[14] Make sure that you describe opposing views fairly and objectively. Consider whether someone who actually holds that view would approve of the way you are describing their position. If you aren't sure, find someone who think that way and ask![15]

For example, you would not want to say: "opponents of recycling just don't care if we waste our precious resources, or our money." That's not a fair description of their opinion.

Instead, you might say: "opponents of recycling are concerned that the cost might be much higher than just using new materials," and then go on to offer an argument about why recycling might be the more cost-effective option.

Address the counter-argument.

Conclude with a call to action. The conclusion of your speech should remind your audience of what you have told them. It should also make it clear exactly what you hope they will do next. Don't just restate, verbatim, what you've already said. Instead, use this as an opportunity to reinforce the way your main points support your call to action. For example: "To sum up, I've shown you (points a, b, and c). These three undeniable facts point to a city-wide recycling program as the most sensible and ethical step we can take in helping create a more sustainable future. Please, join in me in voting 'yes' on this program in November."

Write an attention-getting introduction. Your argument won't convince anyone if nobody is listening. Grab your listeners' attention with an engaging introduction. Quote statistics, site an expert or provide a surprising fact at the beginning of your speech to draw in your listeners.

Study the topic. Even if you think that you are an expert on the topic, you must do your basic research. Look for evidence, especially statistics, that supports your position.

Overview

Do not assume that your listeners understand the topic. Spend some time explaining the topic clearly so that they understand it.

State your position clearly and quickly, backing it up with supporting information that you gleaned during your research.

Conclude your speech with a restatement of the main points. Leave your listeners with no questions. Point out any particularly relevant points once more, reminding listeners a final time why your position is the right one.