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ECOLOGYMrs. Lambert’s class
Biogeochemical CyclesAbiotic vs. Biotic FactorsAutotrophs vs. HeterotrophsFood Chains/WebsTrophic Levels10% Energy Transfer
Today we are going to understand how all living things are important for a stable environment.
ECOLOGY
The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
BIOTIC VS. ABIOTIC FACTORS Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of
biological and physical factors. Biotic factors – living factors; the ecological
community. Abiotic factors – non-living factors; rain, sunlight,
etc. Together, the biotic and abiotic factors determine
the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives.
COMPARING BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Section 2: Ecology of Organisms
AUTOTROPHS VS. HETEROTROPHSWhich is which in the picture?
WHICH ARE YOU?
Autotroph vs. HeterotrophThis classification system divides organisms by
the way take in energy…1.Autotrophs – organisms that can capture
energy from sunlight or chemicals2.Heterotrophs- organisms that rely on other
organisms for their energy and food supply (ex. Has to eat something else, can’t energy solely from chemicals nor the sun.)
THUS, YOU ARE A HETEROTROPH!
PRODUCERS VS. CONSUMERS Autotrophic organisms are considered to
be producers because they produce their own food. Example: Plants.
Heterotrophic organisms consume the plants so they are called consumers. (There are primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, all named depending how many steps or trophic levels it is away from the producer level.)
Producers (or primary producers) are autotrophic organisms because they produce their own food. Example Plants.
3 Types of consumers1. Primary consumers= one step away from
the producers2. Secondary consumer= two steps away
from the producers3. Tertiary consumer=three steps away from
the producers
COMPARING CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS
Section 3: Energy Transfer
SUNLIGHT IS THE MAIN ENERGY SOURCE FOR LIFE ON EARTH.
How do producers make their own energy?Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce
food from sunlight.Some bacteria and algae produce energy
from chemicals through chemosynthesis
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Plants use carbon dioxide, water and
sunlight to produce carbohydrates (sugar), oxygen, and water.
6 CO2 + 12H2O C6H1206 + O2 + H2OThe process that removes carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and adds oxygen to the atmosphere.
THERE ARE 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
HETEROTROPHSTypes of consumers…
Can you name them??
1. HERBIVORES Obtain energy by eating only plants.
Examples: Sheep, cattle, horses, etc.
2. CARNIVORESObtain energy from eating only
animals.
3. OMNIVORESObtain energy from eating both -plants and animals.
They eat within more than one trophic level!
AH…….. “THE CIRCLE OF LIFE”
Detritivores– obtain energy from dead matter Yum!ex: Earthworms, vultures
Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (“write in”) …and recycle compounds back into the soil and atmosphere.
ex: Bacteria & fungi
FOOD CHAIN Is a series of steps in which organisms
transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
Food chains show the one-way flow of energy in an ecosystem.
Example: algae zooplankton small fish squid
shark What is the producer in the food chain
above? Algae!
MRS. LAMBERT’S CRAZY FOOD CHAIN… (READ LIKE THE POEM: THERE WAS AN OLD LADY WHO SWALLOWED A FLY…..)
~There were these old bacteria that decomposed an owl!~Oh, so fowl to decompose an owl. ………but they didn’t die.~They decomposed the owl who swallowed a snakethank goodness it wasn’t Monty, …for my class’s sake.~He swallowed the snake who ate the rat. Fancy that to swallow a rat!…but he didn’t die.~He swallowed the rat who ate the wisteria (flower) …. which grew from the rich soil made by those bacteria!~So this brings us from the start to the end, just to ago back round again… …There were these old bacteria that decomposed and owl….
(*grin…. I tried. Ha ha. Love: Mrs. L)
FOOD WEBS Feeding relationships that are more
complex than a single chain. A food web links all the food chains in
an ecosystem together.
FOOD WEBS
TROPHIC LEVELS Each step in a food chain or food web is
called a trophic level.1st level – producers2nd and higher levers – consumersEach consumer depends on the trophic level
below it for energy.
THE 4 TROPHIC LEVELSOnly 10% of the energy in a trophic level is
transferred to the next, higher level. This explains why there are fewer organisms as you increase in levels.
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID A diagram that shows the
amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level. Energy pyramid – only about
10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level.
Biomass pyramid – the amount of living tissue (organic matter) within a given level.