Mrp 2003 Format

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It takes the cooperation and combined effort of several resources of knowledge, Energy and time to complete

an interdisciplinary project.

I herewith take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and reference to all those who

have helped and encouraged me towards successful completion of the project.

I express my sincere thanks towards Director, G.S.I.M.R., and Dr. H Indurkar for permitting to start my

work on the project.

The project work has easily been carried out with the able guidance and experience of Prof . Sanjay Solanki,

Faculty (G.S.I.M.R.). I am highly obliged and thankful to his valuable advice and moral support. Throughout

this work he has been a constant source of inspiration for me. His sincere cooperation and valuable

suggestion have gone a long way in the improvement of quality of work.

Date :

GOVINDRAM SEKSARIA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

AND RESEARCH, INDORE (M.P.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the present piece of work, entitled “POST IMPLEMENTATION EFFECT OF THE DATABASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DATABASE IN PERFORMANCE OF “INDORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION” has been successfully carried out by Mr. Avinash Singh, student of MBA fulltime, from GSIMR (DAVV), Indore.

The work has been carried out under my supervision and guidance, and is in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Masters in Business Administration.

The research work is an original study of the candidate and is of commendable standard to warrant its presentation for examination requirement of DAVV, Indore.

Project Guide Director

prof. Sanjay Solanki Dr. H Indurkar

External Examiner

PREFACE

The First chapter is introduction. It deals with the introduction to database usefulness and its vital role in

automation, and then we have discussed about the Indore municipal corporation in detail, after this we have

gone through the brief introduction of impact of implementation of database in Indore Municipal

Corporation.

The Second chapter deals with the literature survey. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review

the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as

such, do not report any new or original experimental work. In this chapter we have gone through different

studies researches and reports which are somewhere related to our study.

The Third chapter deals with objective of the study. It deals with the objective that we have gone through in

our study.

The Fourth chapter deals with the Research methodology. Research is defined as human activity based on

intellectual application in the investigation of matter. The primary purpose for applied research is

discovering, interpreting and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human

knowledge on a variety of scientific matters of our world and universe. Research can use the scientific

method, but need not do so.

The Fifth chapter deals with Data Analysis and interpretation. On the basis of our study we have gone

through some results and interpretation, which we have discussed in this chapter in detailed manner.

The Sixth chapter deals with result and findings. After the research there are some findings which is based

on result which we have discussed in detail.

The Seventh chapter deals with the limitations of the study.

The Eighth chapter deals with the recommendations. Which we have given to the Indore municipal

corporation

The Ninth chapter deals with the conclusion of the study.

Then there is reference which deals with the sources from where secondary data has been collected, that is

the books and websites.

Lastly the appendices contain the questionnaire, Synopsis and response sheet.

GOVINDRAM SEKSARIA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH

Particulars Page No.

01 Acknowledgement NR

02 Certificate NR

03 Preface NR

04 Index NR

05 Chapter 1: Introduction

06 Chapter 2: Literature Review

07 Chapter 3: Objective of Study

08 Chapter 4: Research Methodology

09 Chapter 5: Data Analysis & Interpretation

10 Chapter 6 : Result & Findings

11 Chapter 7: Limitations

12 Chapter 8: Recommendations

13 Chapter 9: Conclusion

14 Chapter 10: Bibliography

15 Annexure: (i) Questionnaire NR

(ii) Synopsis NR

(iii) Data Sheet NR

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Information Technology

The government of a nation is comprised of many varied institutions. However developments in information technology have helped governments to improve their "service" to their citizens.

Today the government sector is going through fundamental changes the ongoing advances in it and communication technology continues to have effect in the people work and play. Governments hold confidential information. Both data from its individual citizens and country specific security data. as all information becomes digital and available to anyone who cares to see it. Proper maintenance of database is must.

As it pertains to organizations within enterprises, IT represents an operational group that helps solve such problems as those related to data, information and knowledge capture, persistence, processing, brokering, discovery and rendering. Such organizations can be as small as one or two people that can be shared between multiple small business and as large as multi-billion dollar structures that are common in all Fortune 500 enterprises.

We use the term information technology or IT to refer to an entire industry. In actuality, information technology is the use of computers and software to manage information. In some companies, this is referred to as Management Information Services (or MIS) or simply as Information Services (or IS). The information technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protecting information, processing the information, transmitting the information as necessary, and later retrieving information as necessary.

1.2 Information System and EconomyThe widespread development of information system is changing the vary nature of society in which the systems are used.

Along with the global transportation infrastructure, network-based information systems have been a factor in the growth of international business and corporations. Although studies have yet to show a relationship between the deployment of information systems and higher productivity, it is widely believed that such a relationship exists. In addition to investing in other information systems, a large and growing number of organizations have embraced electronic commerce over the Internet.

An information system is a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions, as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.The technology used for implementing information systems by no means has to be computer technology. A notebook in which one lists certain items of interest is, according to that definition, an information system. Likewise, there are computer applications that do not comply with this definition of information systems. Embedded systems are an example. A computer application that is integrated into clothing or even the human body does not generally deal with linguistic expressionsInformation system through their central role in the information economy are affecting the changes in four central way

1 people are working smarter

2 people working with information

3 simplified working methods

4Time saving

1.3 Impact of Database Implementation

The nature of work has been redefined. every work place can afford to install a dozen of powerful computers

with very high disk storage capacity then it is not possible for every person in government sector to be

proficient in programming to carry out the activity of data storage and retrieval instead it is simpler if data is

stored at one system and all the staff can retrieve the respective information without much efforts. In this

respect database have become a dominant tool in computing and is the engine of information system, which

evolve itself to its current state through different stages.

Database is software that facilitates to efficient store shared, integrated, persistent data to be used in several

applications.

1.3.1 User friendly

Although there are various other technologies for storing data, accessing the information would certainly

require programming a task best avoided by anyone without training and experience. The important aspect of

database is that it is collection of integrate data for multiple uses. Hence every user uses the same data but

uses it as per his or her own requirement.

Database is well organized collection of data that are related in a meaningful way which can be accessed in

different logical orders but are stored only once.

Thus in any organization database cost of developing and maintaining systems is lower standards can be

enforced security can be improve integrity can be improve enterprise requirements can be identified and

better services to the users can be provided.

1.3.2 Database Implementation Procedure

Stage 1 : Define Scope of the Database Project Identify which organizational subdivisions will be served by the database Define which functions within these organizations will utilize the database Identify which existing and planned applications will be converted to the database system Prepare proposal for management and obtain go-ahead

Stage 2 : Organize Database Project Pick users for design team Select database Administrator (DBA) Establish regular meetings and periodic management reporting for design team

Stage 3 : Select Database Management System Products Document requirements in formal proposal requests Select DBMS vendor

Stage 4 : Develop Initial Implementation Plan and Schedule Identify files that will be converted Identify programs within applications specified Estimate programmer hours needed to modify applications programs Estimate user clerical support needed to verify data using conversion Develop implementation schedule

Stage 5 : Design Database Complete detailed information requirements Identify data requirements Determine data structure and complete design specifications Review and approve design specifications

Stage 6 : Perform Training Develop training requirements and training schedule Train programmers in the use of DML (Data Manipulation Language) Train DBA in DMCL (Data Manipulation Control Language) and DDL (Data Definition Language)

Stage 7 : Install and Test Database Code DMCL, schema and subschema Modify representative programs for DBMS test Code conversion programs Generate the database Test and debug Review and approve test results

Stage 8 : Develop Detailed Conversion Plan Make individual programming assignments for each program to be modified and each file to be

loaded Schedule users to verify and correct file contents Schedule computer availability Prepare formal written conversion schedule and obtain commitments and from all parties involved Approve conversion involved

Stage 9 : Convert Existing Applications

Bring up one application at a time Update and regenerate database as required Approve revised applications as they are converted Begin using database for new applications and programs

Stage 10 : Fine-Tune Database Monitor DBMS access statistics and visible performance, and modify database as required Regenerate database when necessary

Stage 11 : Periodically Review Database Performance

Restate organizational goals and information requirements Evaluate success of database project Begin new database projects when required

1.4 Indore Municipal Corporation, IndoreThe administration of all urban matters in the city of Indore lies under the jurisdiction of the Indore Municipal Corporation, a council whose works sheds light about Indore's urban policies. The Indore Municipal Corporation on the other hand adheres to the regulations of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Palika Nigam Adhiniyam, 1956. The city of Indore is divided into 69 wards that are pigeonholed further into 11 groups in order to facilitate administration. This administration of this council is spearheaded by the mayor who acts as the Chairperson of the council and is elected through direct voting by all the citizens of the concerned municipal area in Indore.

A 10 member body, the Mayor-in-Council, appointed by the Mayor acts as the Advisory Committee of the Corporation. This committee is also headed by the Mayor who is assisted by a group of nine councilors.

One of the principal functions of the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) is the construction and maintenance of good roads, drainage and sanitation facilities, water supply, sewage, electricity and street management as well as waste management, disposal and recycling services as mandated by the law. In fact, the Indore state government has been a guaranteer for the Municipal Bond for an expenditure of Rs. 10 crores for the amelioration of the road conditions through private agencies.

The Indore Municipal Corporation is now endeavoring to improve the revenue collection and the property tax assessment methodologies. Another point on their agenda deals with the computerization of bills, rents, licenses, certificates and other records as well as adopting new computerized methods of accounting and automatic generation of bills and statements. A master date bank as well as an Urban Environmental Workbook for Indore city is also imminent.

1.5 Database implementation initiatives by Indore Municipal CorporationIndore Municipal Corporation has been the pioneer in the field of Database Implementation. It has been providing many of its services through computerization for over five years. All the zones are connected with the head office through wireless wide area network. IMC have plans to provide internet access to the central database to citizens not only to record suggestions and grievances but also to view all their accounts.

1.5.1 Database and internet at IMCWith interconnection of database and internet IMC have plans to send e-bills and sms-bills for better follow up leading to better revenue collection as is being followed in the finance sector today. IMC have plans to

start online payment facility, allowing citizens to pay their bills from the comfort of their home or from an ATM. Computerization is also helping in proper monitoring of all accounts and fail proof billing and follow ups. Further online features will allow recording and monitoring of grievances.IMC is doing computerization with a single database, interlinks all the modules in the front end and a terminal at any location can be used for any service that a citizen approaches for.

1.5.2

Analytical comparison of situation before and after the computerization initiative:

Before database implementation After Database implementation

Particular Performance & time Particular Performance & time

Manual recording of Death and birth certificates

More than 7 days Records up dated and ready at any moment

4-5 hours

Arrears record in ‘hard books’

Not accurate Computerized recording of various tax arrears

Precise and accurate

Generation of bills Delayed and with discrepancies

Bills raised with full details for transparency followed by personalized notice

Bills raised on time and significant increase in collection

Assessment of properties by ‘Muharrar’

Not accurate and a lengthy process

Self-Assessments forms introduced

Increase in tax collection with more precise calculation of tax with all specifications considered

No incentives for tax payees

Low collection Number of incentives given

Tax base and collection increased

Ambiguous and lengthy design of bill

Discrepancy in the bills and time consuming

Simplified and transparent bill format

Bills contained statement of dues, surcharges, rebates and advance payments.

Finance statements of the corporation

Time consuming, pending records and not up to date

since 1998 till date finance statements with all calculations computerized

Regular updated records available

Pubic complaints Grievances redressal was lengthy and time taking

Easy and direct access on single window counters

Efficient monitoring system and citizens charter compliance

Social security pension orders

No proper listing of the pensioners. Issuing money orders was extremely tedious.

Updated scheduled listing of pensioners and computerized printing of money

regular payments

orders

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Today’s complex and highly competitive market scenario has put forward a daunting task before

organization to manage their functions in more integrative and synchronized manner in order to build and

sustain their competitive edge. one such function of organization is management of information and data

whose importance can be outline by the fact that this result in a situation for an organization where it start

facing mismanagement of data and information which results in increase of work load. to overcome the

problem in data collection, processing, its storage for effective functioning database is created which

effectively defined, store and retrieve the information stored in a database. It provides various application

programme so that the data can be used by multiple application and users. It also provide option of

preventing unauthorized users to access the data.

3.1“R. Business success and information technology: are they really related?”

Ahituv, N.,and Giladi, 1993

With the enormous investments in Information Technology (IT), the question of payoffs from IT has

become increasingly important. Organizations continue to question the benefits from IT investments

especially in conjunction with corporate initiatives such as business process reengineering (BPR).

Furthermore, the impact of technology on nonfinancial outcomes such as customer satisfaction and quality

is gaining interest. However, studies examining the IT-performance relationship have been far from

conclusive. The difficulty in identifying impacts from technology has been the isolation of benefits of IT

from other factors that may also contribute to organizational performance. Furthermore, benefits from

technology investments may be realized over an extended period of time. Finally, IT benefits may accrue

when they are done in concert with other organizational initiatives such as business process reengineering.

This calls for studies that take into account control variables as well as data that span time periods.

3.2 journal e business, David Kuhn’s, 2007

Database implementation is a effective tool in increasing working efficiency of an organization which deals

in access of information management. Database-backed applications use databases in very specific ways.

They do all the input, processing, and display in the application. They use the database to store information

that must be kept after the application exits and information that must be shared with other applications. In

summary, the application does its own:

Input

Processing

Display

and relies on the database for:

Permanent storage

Sharing information

databases make this much easier, and have features like transactions, indexing, joins, aggregates, and a table

structure that makes the job of the application programmer easier.

3.3 Mr.R.C. Kajarekar, Dr.Kamal Naydn kabra, Case studies,2005

We reviewed case studies of Mr.R.C. Kajarekar and Dr. Kamal Naydn kabra how database is effective in all

organizations. A database helps you to organize your data in an logical manner. Database management

systems are fine-tuned to rapidly retrieve the data you want in the way you want it. Databases also enable

you to break data into specific parts. Retrieving data from a database is called querying. Databases also allow

you to set up rules that ensure that data remains consistent when you add, update, or delete data. A properly

set-up database minimizes data redundancy Databases also make sharing data between different systems

much easier than using proprietary data formats—that is, a format specific to a particular program,

manufacturer, or operating system. One final significant advantage of databases is security. Most database

management systems allow you to create users in order to specify various levels of security. Before someone

accesses the database, he or she must log on as a specific user.

3.4 Working papers, 1999 Indore Municipal CorporationWe reviewed working papers of Indore municipal corporation in year 1999.IMC realizes the need of

computerized management of data and information. Rather than manual management of information.it was

estimated that the planning and implementation will be a complex process to restructure the whole

organization. the research team was formed to work on the project training of employees were given to

enhance their skill to handle computerized work, various software were used for database information the

whole process of implementation of database was finally implemented in 2001 in which they analyze pros

and cons of database implementation in their organization and concludes it is a need of hour to implement

database for efficient working as well as organization and people development.

A research study of eight companies, all with at least two years' experience with computers, lends credence

to this conclusion.19 Fifty-three middle managers and fourteen top managers reported that, be-cause the

computer had relieved middle management of many petty administrative details, these jobs had grown in

complexity and importance. There was no evidence from the study that middle management would be

eliminated, that their positions would become highly structured, that they would become mere specialists in

computer techniques, or that their jobs are taking on the characteristics of pure leadership or supervision. In

some cases, instead of reducing the role of the middle manager, the computer has made possible the

expansion of existing operations and has resulted in the addition of middle management positions.

Another study gives further support to this viewpoint by showing that the effect of the computer can be a

decrease in the decisions reaching top management for resolution.20 This study of one hundred top managers

over a fourteen-month period revealed that top management rarely made direct use of the computer as a

decision tool. When it did, the computer was used to provide support for middle management decisions.

Therefore, it would appear, many believe that:

“The automation of decision making, irrespective of how far it goes, and in what directions it proceeds, is

unlikely to obliterate the basically hierarchical structure of organizations. The decision process will still call

for departmentalization and sub-departmentalization of responsibilities.”

Harold Wolff, a management consultant who led a panel session on "the new management" at an annual

meeting of the Institute of Management Science (TIMS), says one characteristic of this group is their point of

view that "change is one constant fact of life." As a result, the group insists that organizational flexibility is

the prime requisite for good management, rather than rigid structures with clearly defined job descriptions

and lines of authority. While a great deal has been written concerning the impact of computers on

organizational structures, there was little empirical evidence supporting the various conclusions. As a result,

a plant facility of a large, nationally known company employing several thousand employees was studied to

determine the influence on installed computer systems. The conclusions:

“Computers provided many benefits to the company through reduction in manual effort, improved

performance, cost savings, and more timely information for decision making and control purposes.

Computers resulted in organizational change and, in many cases, upheaval. Departments became combined,

functions became obsolete, and positions were eliminated; all resulting in a change in managerial philosophy

toward organizational relationships3. Failure to recognize the importance arid the extent of such changes will

jeopardize the best technically designed systems. The result may be the loss of key personnel and sabotage of

the system to the extent that technical information gains are negated.”

Further validation of the structural impact of computers is provided in reports that such companies as Ling-

Temco-Vought, flow Chemical, Pillsbury, General Electric, General Mills, and many others have had or are

now experiencing many organizational changes resulting from computer installation. In addition, special

organizational development departments to provide expertise in organizational planning have been

established at companies such as the Hotel Corporation of America and Federated Department Stores.

Another article states:

Most current theories of structuring organizations stress the concern for humanizing the organization. . . .

What needs to be recognized is that technology may also exert an important effect upon the structures of the

organization and may help determine the tasks toward which the other . . . components of the organization

structure strive.11

On the other hand, for those who think change is necessary for the sake of change or to keep up with the

times, James D. Webb, NASA's former administrator, warns and insists that the dimensions of any new

computer-organization system are impossible to determine in advance. His rationale:

"The critical factors arise out of the environment in which the systems are being devised, and that

environment is constantly changing."

Some examples of organizations implementing “Database Management System”

3.5 SETI @ HOME PROJECT

Database implementation is applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at

the same time - usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer

processing cycles or access to large amounts of data. A well-known example of database in the public

domain is the on-going SETI (Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence) @Home project in which thousands

of people are sharing the unused processor cycles of their PCs in the vast search for signs of "rational"

signals from outer space. According to John Patrick, IBM's vice-president for Internet strategies, "the next

big thing will be grid computing. Grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out

pieces of a program to as many as several thousand computers. Grid computing can be thought of as

distributed and large-scale cluster computing and as a form of network-distributed parallel processing. It can

be confined to the network of computer workstations within a corporation or it can be a public collaboration

(in which case it is also sometimes known as a form of peer-to-peer computing).

3.6 EUROPIAN UNION GRID PROJECT

A number of corporations, professional groups, university consortiums, and other groups have developed or

are developing frameworks and software for managing grid computing projects. The European Community

(EU) is sponsoring a project for a grid for high-energy physics, earth observation, and biology applications.

In the United States, the National Technology Grid is prototyping a computational grid for infrastructure and

an access grid for people. Sun Microsystems offers Grid Engine software. Described as a distributed resource

management (DRM) tool, Grid Engine allows engineers at companies like Sony and Synopsys to pool the

computer cycles on up to 80 workstations at a time. (At this scale, grid computing can be seen as a more

extreme case of load balancing.)

CHAPTER -4

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

4.OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Primary objective -

To measure performance improvement at Indore Municipal Corporation after

implementing database system.

It is believed that implementation of database management is need of the hour.

Indore Municipal Corporation implemented database management in the year1996, with the implementation

the working at the workplace is expected to be improved as it will increase efficiency and will be helpful in

better time management.it will also be an economic working process.

Secondary objective-

To measure service quality towards consumer provided by Indore municipal

corporation.

As database management will lead to better efficiency so it will be beneficial on the part of consumers also

the organization will be able to provide better services. Consumers access will become easy to information

and it will increase transparency of the organization.

CHAPTER-5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

“Research methodology” is a method of studying problems whose solutions are to be

desired partly, over all from facts. These facts may be statement of opinions, historical

facts, those contained in records and reports, the results of tests, answers to

questionnaires, experimental data of any sort, and so forth.

-By M.S.Monore

Thus, research is the systematic exploration of the region of the unknown to find satisfactory answers to the

questions: what, how and why? It may be diligent enquiry in a scientific manner for improvement for an

existing system or for development of a new one, or for improving a process.

Every project report conducted scientifically has specified framework for controlling data collection. This

framework is called research design. Its function is to ensure that required data are collected accurately and

effectively.

5.1) RESEARCH DESIGN- Descriptive.

Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the

population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where,

when and how...

Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a

situation. Thus, Descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable

affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal

validity.

The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. Often the best approach,

prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the

aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what

the implications of the findings are.

In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied. But there are always

restrictions to that. Your research must have an impact to the lives of the people around you. For example,

finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know

what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.

5.2) SAMPLING DESIGN- Probability sampling.

A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero)

of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these

traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units

according to their probability of selection.

Example: We want to estimate the total income of adults living in a given street. We visit each household in

that street, identify all adults living there, and randomly select one adult from each household. (For example,

we can allocate each person a random number, generated from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1, and

select the person with the highest number in each household). We then interview the selected person and find

their income. People living on their own are certain to be selected, so we simply add their income to our

estimate of the total. But a person living in a household of two adults has only a one-in-two chance of

selection. To reflect this, when we come to such a household, we would count the selected person's income

twice towards the total. (In effect, the person who is selected from that household is taken as representing the

person who isn't selected.)

In the above example, not everybody has the same probability of selection; what makes it a probability

sample is the fact that each person's probability is known. When every element in the population does have

the same probability of selection, this is known as an 'equal probability of selection' (EPS) design. Such

designs are also referred to as 'self-weighting' because all sampled units are given the same weight.

Probability sampling includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Stratified Sampling,

Probability Proportional to Size Sampling, and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These various ways of

probability sampling have two things in common:

Every element has a known nonzero probability of being sampled and

involves random selection at some point.

5.3)SAMPLING UNIT- Employees of Indore municipal corporation.

5.4) SAMPLE SIZE-50

5.5) Techniques of Data Gathering

There are many techniques available for collecting data. While deciding about the method of data collection

to be used for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two types of data viz..primary and secondary.

5.5.1) Primary data-Primary data are those, which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen

to be original in character.

5.5.2) Secondary data are those which have already being collected by someone else and which have already

been passed through the statistical process.

Some important method of collecting data is:-

1:-Observation method

2:-Interview method

3:-Through questionnaires

4:-through schedules

5.6) Tools used in this research for the data collection

1. Primary data-: Questionnaire

A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of

forms. The questionnaire are expected to read and understand he questions and write down the reply in the

space meant for this purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondent is supposed to answer the questions

on their own.

2. Secondary data -: The secondary data is collected from various journals, magazines of

marketing and various websites. The data have been collected through literature on the current events of

Indore municipal corporation.

5.7) TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS- Pie Chart/Graphical/t Test/Z Test

Pie chat-The pie chart is perhaps the most ubiquitous statistical chart in the business world and the mass

media.[3] However, it has been criticized,[4] and some recommend avoiding it,[5][6][7][8] pointing out in

particular that it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across

different pie charts. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some cases, in particular

if the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than comparing the slices among them.

[1] Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25 to 50% of the data,[9] but in general, other

plots such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-graphical methods such as tables, may be more adapted for

representing certain information. It also shows the frequency within certain groups of information.

Graphical analysis-Graphs are vital tools for analyzing and displaying data. Graphs allow us to explore

the relationship between two quantities -- an independent variable usually plotted on the x axis and a

dependent variable usually plotted on the y-axis .Consider an experiment measuring the pressure of a gas

while its temperature is varied. The measured pressure is the dependent variable, depending on the

temperature set by the experimenter.

Z-test-The `Z-test` is a statistical test used in inference which determines if the difference between a sample

mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically significant.

t-test-A statistical test involving means of normal populations with unknown standard deviations; small

samples are used, based on a variable t equal to the difference between the mean of the sample and the mean

of the population divided by a result obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the sample by the square

root of the number of individuals in the sample.

CHAPTER-6

DATA ANALYSIS

Classification of the employee on the basis of Gender:-

Gender No. of Employee Percentage

Male 44 88

Female 06 12

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:- From the above we analyze that from the sample size of 50 Employees, 88% are male and the rest 12% are female. So this clarifies that the Indore Municipal Corporation are being dominated by male employees.

Classification of the Employee on the basis of Age group:-

S. No. Age group No. of

Employee

Percentage

1 Below 20 years 04 08

2 25-35 25 50

3 35-45 15 30

4 Above 45 06 12

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From this we analyze that out of the sample size of 50 Employees 08% belongs to 25yrs of age

group, 50% belongs to 25-35 yrs. of age group, 30% belongs to 35-45 yrs. Of age group and the rest 12% belongs to

above 45 yrs. of age group. It clearly states that the Indore Municipal Corporation recruits mostly the youngsters.

Classification of the Employee on the basis of their Qualification:-

S. No Qualification No. of Employee Percentage

1 Undergraduate 01 02

2 Graduate 28 56

3 Post Graduate 21 42

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From the above data of qualification of the 50 employees we analyze that maximum of them are

graduate i.e. 56% and 42% are postgraduate with the remaining 2% as undergraduate. This also adds up that most of

the employees are graduate in the Indore Municipal Corporation.

Classification of the Employee on the basis of Income group:-

S. No. Income group (Monthly in lakhs) No. of Employee Percentag

e

1 Below 2.5 lakhs 33 66

2 2.5-3.5 lakhs 13 26

3 3.5-4lakhs 04 08

4 Above 4 lakhs 00 00

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From the above analysis it is clear that 08 % of them earns between 3.5-4.5 lakhs, 26% earns

between 2.5-3.5 lakhs, 66% of them earns below 2.5 lakhs Rs per month, so we can conclude that most of the

employees of the Indore Municipal Corporation earns below 2.5 lakhs.

1. Are you satisfied with database implementation in the organization?

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation increase satisfaction level of employees in the organization. Database implementation serves many aspects to built satisfaction amongst employees.

The above pie chart provides the following information:

04% of the respondents dissatisfied,38%neutral,52%satisfied and 06%highly satisfied with the database implementation in the organization.

Options No. of respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 03 06

Satisfied 26 52

Neutral 19 38

Dissatisfied 02 04

Highly dissatisfied 00 00

2.Are you satisfied that database implementation justify large financial investment.



Satisfied 27 54

Neutral 12 24

Dis satisfied 00 00

Highly dis satisfied 00 00

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation justifies large financial investment as it saves additional resources includes in previous manual type work in the organization.


24% of the respondents neutral,54%satisfied and 22%highly satisfied with the view that database implementation justifies large financial investment in the organization.

3.Are you satisfied database implementation is user friendly ?



Satisfied 27 5 4

Neutral 15 30

Dis satisfied 01 02


INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation is quite easy to access with the concern employees of the organization and it is easy to comprehend too. .


02% of the respondents dissatisfied,30%neutral,54%satisfied and 14%highly satisfied with the fact that database implementation is easy to use.

4. Are you satisfied that database implementation increases service quality of the organization .

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation escalates service quality of the concern organization as it increases employees competency with changing scenario.


02% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,4% dissatisfied,26%neutral,50%satisfied and 04%highly satisfied with the fact that database implementation is easy to use.



Satisfied 25 50

Neutral 13 26

Dis satisfied 02 04


5. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in organizational development ?

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation enhances every aspect which overall improvise the working procedure and finally leads to organizational development.


0% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,24% dissatisfied,14%neutral,60%satisfied and 00%highly satisfied with the fact that database implementation is easy to use.



Satisfied 30 60

Neutral 07 14

Dis satisfied 01 02


6. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in reducing work load?



Satisfied 30 60

Neutral 10 20

Dis satisfied 05 10


INTERPRETATION:-description provided for database implementation reduces work load.


00% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,10% dissatisfied,20%neutral,60%satisfied and 10%highly satisfied that database implementation reduces work load of the organization.

7. Are you satisfied implementation of database increase efficiency?



Satisfied 20 40

Neutral 12 24

Dis satisfied 07 14


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for increased efficiency after Database implementation in the organization.


02% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,20% dissatisfied,24%neutral,40%satisfied and 20%highly satisfied that database implementation increases efficiency of the organization.

.8. Are you satisfied that database implementation is helpful in time saving?



Satisfied 19 38

Neutral 16 32

Dis satisfied 05 10


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for saving of valuable time after implementing Database implementation in the organization.


00% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,10% dissatisfied,32%neutral,38%satisfied and 20%highly satisfied that database implementation saves time for whole organization.

9. Are you satisfied that database implementation is cost effective?



Satisfied 24 48

Neutral 15 30

Dis satisfied 04 08


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for cost effectiveness after Database implementation in the organization.


08% of the respondents dissatisfied,30%neutral,48%satisfied and 14%highly satisfied that database is cost effective to implant in the organization.

10. Database management is better than manual working?

Options No. of respondents

Percentage


Satisfied 27 54

Neutral 14 28

Dis satisfied 02 04


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided Database implementation better then previous manual working in the organization.


04% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,04% dissatisfied,28%neutral,54%satisfied and 10%highly satisfied that database implementation is quite better then manual working as it manages things much consistently.

11. Are employee at every level satisfied by database implementation?



Satisfied 19 38

Neutral 13 26

Dis satisfied 06 12


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for satisfaction of every level employee after Database implementation in the organization.


02% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,12% dissatisfied,26%neutral,38%satisfied and 22%highly satisfied that database implementation increases efficiency of the organization.

12. Are you satisfied that database implementation improve working environment in the organization



Satisfied 22 44

Neutral 13 26

Dis satisfied 07 14


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for changes in working environment after Database implementation in the organization.


14% of the respondents dissatisfied,26%neutral,44%satisfied and 16%highly satisfied that database implementation effect in the organization.

13. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in increasing consumer satisfaction?



Satisfied 14 28

Neutral 09 18

Dis satisfied 09 18


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for increased in consumer satisfaction after Database implementation.


08% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,18% dissatisfied,18%neutral,28%satisfied and 28%highly satisfied that

database implementation increases consumer satisfaction.

CHAPTER-6

RESULT AND FINDINGS

RESULT AND FINDINGS

Maximum responses say that database implementation increase satisfaction level of employees in the organization and its implementation serves many aspects to build satisfaction amongst employees.

Maximum responses agree Database implementation justifies large financial investment as it saves additional resources includes in previous manual type work in the organization.

Suggests Database implementation is quite easy to access with the concern employees of the organization and it is easy to comprehend too. .

Maximum responses believe database implementation escalates service quality of the concern organization as it increases employee’s competency with changing scenario.

It enhances every aspect which overall improvises the working procedure and finally leads to organizational development and database implementation reduces work load.

Database implementation in the organization increased efficiency and saving of valuable time in the organization

Maximum agrees it is cost effective for the organization. It suggest Database implementation is better than previous manual working in the organization. At every level employee after Database implementation in the organization are satisfied It finally results in consumer satisfaction after Database implementation.

CHAPTER 7

LIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS

Budgetary constraints – gathering and processing data was expensive. May be due to lack of expertise

to conduct extensive surveys to gather primary data, whatever the potential benefits, and also lack the funds

to pay specialist market research agencies to gather such data for them. In these cases, organisations may be

forced to rely on data that is less than ‘perfect’ but that can be accessed more cheaply, e.g., from secondary

sources

Time constraints – organisations are often forced to balance the need to build up as detailed a picture as

possible regarding customer needs etc. against the desire to make decisions as quickly as possible, in order to

maintain or improve their position in the market

Reliability of the data – the value of any research findings depend critically on the accuracy of the data

collected. Data quality can be compromised via a number of potential routes, e.g., leading questions,

unrepresentative samples, biased interviewers etc. Efforts to ensure that data is accurate, samples are

representative and interviewers are objective will all add to the costs of the research but such costs are

necessary if poor decisions and expensive mistakes are to be avoided.

Legal & ethical constraints – the Data Protection Act (1998) is a good example of a law that has a

number of implications for market researchers collecting and holding personal data. For instance, the data

they obtain is kept secure, is only used for lawful purposes and is only kept for as long as it is necessary.

Unresponsive attitudes on administrative part.

It was difficult to convince management at the workplace that the data provided by them will be used only

for academic use only although they cooperated but initially they were reluctant to provide complete

information.

CHAPTER -8

RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

Indore Municipal Corporation should opt for the training session for those employees who are still not at

ease with the database implementation.

Effective communication with the employees will make them respond in a much better way and which

will increase efficiency in the work.

Consumers should be made aware of the services provided to them so that they can avail those facilities

so customer satisfaction will increase.

Since database management is an advance process so it is needed to update periodically and training to

employees should be provided in a comprehensive way.

At every level process should be more simplified as much as possible and easy process of working should

be adopted.

Supportive environment should be provided to employees to motivate then to perform better .

Grievance redressal procedure should be adopted.

More skilled employees should be recruiting for efficient use of the database.

CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

It is evident that there are many conflicting opinions as to the impact of database management system on the

organizations that use them. When it is viewed as a management system, its installation may result in drastic

and extensive change. some tentative observations

Structure. The computer not radically change organizational principles that are valid and enduring.

Change is only made in the application of these principles.47 As a result, a model of the structure of

organization using database management will closely resemble that of the ones not using them. These

organizations will still have the conventional three layers of top management, middle management, and the

operational level. The organization will still be a hierarchy. Although distinct lines between some divisions

and departments tend to fade, there is still a structure that is divided into parts and those parts into subparts

and so on, much resembling the form of organization that has been traditionally famililar.48

Middle Management. Although computers have affected and will probably continue to affect the

content of middle management jobs, they will not destroy them. Because they are relieved of many routine,

repetitive, programmable decisions, middle managers will tend to be more fully utilized on the unstructured

aspects of their jobs.49

Centralization versus Decentralization. In order to facilitate database systems integration, the trends

toward decentralization may be slowed or partially reversed. However, it appears that in the final analysis

there will not be as great and radical a shift toward centralization as some may think. Just because an

organization centralizes its computer activities is no reason for it to alter the existing degree of centralization

or decentralization of authority.50

The New Breed. Although the role of information specialists in computer functions takes on greater

significance and their influence increasingly felt throughout the organization, they will not take over top

management of the organizational functions they support. It is clear that a prime responsibility of top military

management is to provide sufficient guidance to computer personnel, and information to other organizational

functions they support, so that confusion, unrest, and mistrust do not become organizationally disruptive.

This role of top management is vital and essential because computer specialists must function in an

established organizational environment. By understanding that environment, the personnel in it, and their

roles, management can greatly facilitate the effective, efficient operation of a computerized data processing

activity in conjunction with its users.51

CHAPTER 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Working papers, 1999-2001 Indore municipal corporation.

Avi silberschatz, henry f korth, s sudarshan Database System Concepts, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill,

was released January 28, 2010.

Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom, Database Systems (DS:CB) second edition June 9,

2008.

Deccan chronicle Press release,29 Jan 2001

WEBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

www.imcindore.org

CHAPTER

Annexure: (i) Questionnaire

(ii) Synopsis

(iii) Data Sheet

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Prospectus,

I am an MBA student and doing research on “Post implementation effect of database in performance of Indore Municipal Corporation, Indore” for the partial fulfillment of the course. The information and responses provided by you will be kept strictly confidential and used for academic purposes only. Please tick the most favorable option.

Name- : Gender : (a) Male (b)Female

Age : (a) Below 25 years (b) 25-35 years (c) 35-45 years

(d) Above 45 years

Qualification : (a) Undergraduate (b) Graduate (c) Post graduate

Income group : (a) Below 2.5 lakhs . (b) 2.5-3.5 lakhs (c) 3.5-4 lakhs.

(d) Above 4 lakhs .

Ques.1 Are you satisfied with data implementation in the organization ?

(a) Highly satisfied (b) Satisfied (c) Neutral (d) Dissatisfied (e) Highly dissatisfied

Ques.2 Are you satisfied that database implementation justify large financial investment?


Ques.3. Are you satisfied database implementation is user friendly ?


Ques.4. Are you satisfied that database implementation increases service quality of the organization


Ques.5. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in organizational development ?


Ques.6. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in reducing work load?


Ques.7. Are you satisfied implementation of database increase efficiency?


Ques.8. Are you satisfied that database implementation is helpful in time saving?


Ques.9. Are you satisfied that database implementation is cost effective?


Ques.10. Database management is better than manual working?


Ques.11. Are employee at every level satisfied by database implementation ?


Ques.12. Are you satisfied that database implementation improve working environment in the organization


Ques.13. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in increasing consumer satisfaction?


SYNOPSIS

1. INTRODUCTION

The government of a nation is comprised of many varied institutions. However developments in information

technology have helped governments to improve their "service" to their citizens.

Today the government sector is going through fundamental changes the ongoing advances in it and

communication technology continues to have effect in the people work and play. Governments hold

confidential information. Both data from its individual citizens and country specific security data.as all

information becomes digital and available to anyone who cares to see it. Proper maintenance of database is

must.

The widespread development of information system is changing the vary nature of society in which the

systems are used.

Information system through their central role in the information economy are affecting the changes in four

central way

1 people are working smarter

2 people working with information

3 simplified working methods

4Time saving

The nature of work has been redefined. every work place can afford to install a dozen of powerful computers

with very high disk storage capacity then it is not possible for every person in government sector to be

proficient in programming to carry out the activity of data storage and retrieval instead it is simpler if data is

stored at one system and all the staff can retrieve the respective information without much efforts. In this

respect database have become a dominant tool in computing and is the engine of information system, which

evolve itself to its current state through different stages.

Database is software that facilitates to efficient store shared, integrated, persistent data to be used in several

applications.

Although there are various other technologies for storing data, accessing the information would certainly

require programming a task best avoided by anyone without training and experience. The important aspect of

database is that it is collection of integrate data for multiple uses. Hence every user uses the same data but

uses it as per his or her own requirement.

Database is well organized collection of data that are related in a meaningful way which can be accessed in

different logical orders but are stored only once.

Thus in any organization database cost of developing and maintaining systems is lower standards can be

enforced security can be improve integrity can be improve enterprise requirements can be identified and

better services to the users can be provided.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Today’s complex and highly competitive market scenario has put forward a daunting task before

organization to manage their functions in more integrative and synchronized manner in order to build

and sustain their competitive edge. one such function of organization is management of information and

data whose importance can be outline by the fact that this result in a situation for an organization where

it start facing mismanagement of data and information which results in increase of work load. to

overcome the problem in data collection, processing, its storage for effective functioning database is

created which effectively defined, store and retrieve the information stored in a database. it provide

various application programme so that the data can be used by multiple application and users. It also

provide option of preventing unauthorized users to access the data.

“R. Business success and information technology: are they really related?” Ahituv, N., and Giladi,

1993.

With the enormous investments in Information Technology (IT), the question of payoffs from IT has

become increasingly important. Organizations continue to question the benefits from IT investments

especially in conjunction with corporate initiatives such as business process reengineering (BPR).

Furthermore, the impact of technology on nonfinancial outcomes such as customer satisfaction and

quality is gaining interest. However, studies examining the IT-performance relationship have been far

from conclusive. The difficulty in identifying impacts from technology has been the isolation of benefits

of IT from other factors that may also contribute to organizational performance. Furthermore, benefits

from technology investments may be realized over an extended period of time. Finally, IT benefits may

accrue when they are done in concert with other organizational initiatives such as business process

reengineering. This calls for studies that take into account control variables as well as data that span time

periods.

journal e business, David Kuhn’s, 2007

Database implementation is an effective tool in increasing working efficiency of an organization which

deals in access of information management. Database-backed applications use databases in very specific

ways. They do all the input, processing, and display in the application. They use the database to store

information that must be kept after the application exits and information that must be shared with other

applications. In summary, the application does its own:

Input

Processing

Display

and relies on the database for:

Permanent storage

Sharing information

databases make this much easier, and have features like transactions, indexing, joins, aggregates, and a

table structure that makes the job of the application programmer easier.

Mr.R.C. Kajarekar, Dr.Kamal Naydn kabra,Case studies,2005

We reviewed case studies of Mr.R.C. Kajarekar and Dr.Kamal Naydn kabra how database is

effective in all organizations. A database helps you to organize your data in a logical manner.

Database management systems are fine-tuned to rapidly retrieve the data you want in the way you

want it. Databases also enable you to break data into specific parts. Retrieving data from a database

is called querying. Databases also allow you to set up rules that ensure that data remains consistent

when you add, update, or delete data. A properly set-up database minimizes data redundancy

Databases also make sharing data between different systems much easier than using proprietary data

formats—that is, a format specific to a particular program, manufacturer, or operating system. One

final significant advantage of databases is security. Most database management systems allow you to

create users in order to specify various levels of security. Before someone accesses the database, he

or she must log on as a specific user.

Working papers,1999 Indore municipal corporation

We reviewed working papers of Indore municipal corporation in year 1999.IMC realizes the need of

computerized management of data and information. Rather than manual management of

information.it was estimated that the planning and implementation will be a complex process to

restructure the whole organization. the research team was formed to work on the project training of

employees were given to enhance their skill to handle computerized work, various software were

used for database information the whole process of implementation of database was finally

implemented in 2001 in which they analyze pros and cons of database implementation in their

organization and concludes it is a need of hour to implement database for efficient working as well as

organization and people development.

3. NEED FOR STUDY

As we know the fact that automation in any field would probably improvise the performance of

working platform so this study checks whether implementation of database and its applications are

making their mark or not in escalating performance of Indore Municipal Corporation.

The study will show how efficiency increases after implementing database then manual work.

The study will also show whether database will help in cost cutting and time saving then manual

management of information.

4.OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Primary objective - To measure performance improvement at Indore Municipal Corporation after

implementing database system.

Secondary objective- To measure service quality towards consumer provided by Indore municipal

corporation.

5.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.1) RESEARCH DESIGN- Descriptive.

5.2) SAMPLING DESIGN- Probability sampling.

5.3) SAMPLING UNIT- Employees of Indore municipal corporation.

5.4) SAMPLE SIZE-50

5.5) TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION-

5.5.1) Primary data-Interviews, Questionnaires (5likert scale)

5.5.2) Secondary data- Indore municipal corporation employees

5.6) TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS- Pie Chart/Graphical/t Test/Z Test

6. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Through the study it is expected that we will come to know how, with the implementation of database, the

working at Indore Municipal Corporation becomes better and efficient. How it will help out in cost cutting

and time saving for the organization. It will also help in knowing how the working become organized and

user friendly for the employees and consumers access to information might become easy, more consistent,

and high-quality work with greater, most cost-effective compliance and service level agreements and finally

increase customer satisfaction plus enhanced customer value.

7.LIMITATION

1 Time constraint.

2 Unorganized and unavailability of resources in collecting the primary data.

3 The secondary data will be used so the accuracy of findings will depend on it.

4 Unresponsive attitudes on administrative part.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Working papers, 1999-2001 Indore municipal corporation.

Avi silberschatz, henry f korth, s sudarshan Database System Concepts, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill,

was released January 28, 2010.

Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom, Database Systems (DS:CB) second edition June 9,

2008.

Deccan chronicle Press release,29 Jan 2001

WEBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

www.imcindore.org

Questions

Resp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 b a A b b b b a B c b d e

2 c b b a a b a b C b a b a

3 b c c b b c b b C b c c d

4 a c c b b a b a B b a b b

5 c b b b c b b b C b a b d

6 c b b b c b b a B b c d c

7 c b b b a b b c B c b c d

8 c b b a b b c b B c b c c

9 c b c b b b c b C b c b c

10 b c b b b b b c C b c b b

11 b c b c b b d c B b e b c

12 b a c b b b a b C b a d e

13 c b b c b c b c B c d c b

14 b a b b b b c b C b d d a

15 c b b b c b c c B b d a d

16 d c b b b b b c B c c a a

17 b a a c b d b d C a b c a

18 b b c b b b c b C b d b b

19 c b c c b b c d B b c b d

20 b a b c b b a b C b b d e

21 d b c b c b b c B b b c d

22 b b b d d c c b B b d c d

23 c b a b c d c b A b c d a

24 b c c e b d a c B d b a d

25 c b b d c b a d D c b b a

26 c b a b a b c d A b c b d

27 b c b c b b b c C b b a b

28 c b a c b c b b A b b a b

29 b a b c b b b a B a b b b

30 b a c b a c b a B b a c c

31 b a b a a c b c B e c b a

32 b a b b a a c a B c b a a

33 c a b a b c a b C c a b b

34 b b b a b b b b D b b c c

35 b a b b b c a b D c a a b

36 c c b a b b b a B b a c b

37 b c b a c b c b B c a b b

38 b c b a b d a c B a c b a

39 c b c b b a c b A b b c a

40 b b a b a c b a A b c c b

41 b b c c a b c c B a c b a

42 b b a a a b c d C e c b a

43 b c b b b c a c D c b b c

44 c c d b a b c a B c b a a

45 c b c c b a c b C b a b c

46 b b b c b d b b A c d b b

47 a b c b b a b c A a b c e

48 b b c c a b a c B c b b c

49 c b b c a b b c B b b d a

50 a b c b b b c a C d a b b

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