MRN – 10 – LTE - Politecnico di Milanohome.deib.polimi.it/capone/wn/MRN-EN-10-LTE.pdf · MRN – 10 – LTE Mobile Radio ... BTS/NodeB Rel 6 GSM/UMTS Serving/ PDN Gateway MME

Politecnico di MilanoFacoltà di Ingegneria dell’Informazione

MRN – 10 – LTE

Mobile Radio NetworksProf. Antonio Capone

Outline

1. Introduction2. Network Architecture3. Radio Interface

1. Introduction

© All rights reserved - copy forbidden - L. Dell'Anna/A. Capone 3

Spectral efficiencies


Evolution CDMA/OFDMA/TDMA


Evolution CDMA/OFDMA/TDMA


Standard evolution within 3GPP

GSMGPRS

EDGE

UMTS TD-SCDMA

HSDPA

HSUPA

HSPA+ R7

HSPA+ R8

LTEFDD TDD

LTEAdvanced

2G 3G 4G

TDMAFDMA

CDMA

OFDMA


Voice services on LTE

o No support to circuit switched services in LTE

o But SMS and Voice are the main source of revenues for operators

o Possible approachesn LTE only for data (no voice)n Fallback on 2G/3Gn Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA)n Voice over IMS & One Voice Profilen Over-the-Top VoIP


LTE – Performance targetso Peak data rate

n 100 Mbps DL / 50 Mbps UL per sector in a 20 MHz band

o 200+ active users per cell (5 MHz)o Latency in the user-plane <5 mso Maximum coverage distance 100 Kmo Mobility

n Optimized for 0-15 km/hn High performance for 15/120 km/hn Support for high speed up to 350 km/h

o Multimedia broadcast services (E-MBMS)o Flexible spectrum usage: 1.4 - 20 MHzo Advanced end-to-end QoS support


LTE - Technologies

o Multiple accessn DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP)n UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP

o Adaptive modulation and channel codingn DL/UL: QPSK, 16QAM e 64QAMn Convolutional coding and turbo coding (Rel-6)

o Advance MxN MIMO techniques n (2/4)x(2/4) downlink e uplink n Multi-user MIMO

o FDD and TDD supporto H-ARQ, rate control, security, etc.


2. Network Architecture


EPS (3GPP 4G) = SAE (EPS) + LTE (eUTRAN)

o The name of the technology commonly adopted is LTE, however the Release 8 introduces a general concept of Evolved Packet System (EPS) in 3GPP standard

o The EPS includes:n Service Architecture Evolution (SAE) n Long Term Evolution (LTE)

o SAE and LTE are specified asn Evolved Packet Core (EPC) andn Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

network (e-UTRAN)

EPS (4G)LTE (eUTRAN)

Radio access network

SAE (EPC)

Corenetwork


EPS architecture

o System is completely redesigned according to the “All-IP” paradigm

o New concept of “flat network”o The access network includes only a single

device: eNodeB (LTE base stations)o New advanced protocol stackso Open interfaces and high interoperabilityo Advanced O&Mo SON (Self Organizing Network) for

autoconfiguration of eNodeB (eNB)© All rights reserved - copy forbidden - L. Dell'Anna/A. Capone 13

Evolution towards the “flat network”

UPCP

GGSN

SGSN

BSC/RNC

BTS/NodeB

Rel 6GSM/UMTS

Serving/ PDNGateway

MME

eNodeB

Rel 8SAE (EPC/LTE)

GGSN

SGSN

RNC

NodeB

Rel 7Direct Tunnel

GGSN

SGSN

RNCNodeB

Rel 7DT + RNC in NodeB


Reduced number of interfaces

HA/GGSN

PDSN/SGSN

BSC/RNC

BTS/NodeB

ControlPlane

UserPlane

Serving/ PDNGateway

MME

eNodeB

ControlPlane

UserPlane

GSM/UMTS SAE (EPC/LTE)

User Plane: from 3 to 1 interfacesControl Plane: from 3 to 2 interfaces with reduces signaling


Core Network evolution

Access Access Access

CS

Access

PSCS CS Packet CorePS

PSTN PSTN IP

IMS

PSTN IP

IMS

PSTN IP

2G 2.5G/3G 3G IMS EPS


SAE - Evolved Packet Core

o It’s a Core Network completely based on IP that can serve access networks with different technologiesn 3GPP (LTE, UMTS, GSM/EDGE)n Non-3GPP (WLAN, WiMAX)n Fixed (Ethernet, DSL, optical fiber)

o That can providen Mobility (including handover between different

systems)n Policy management (e.g. unique charging)n Security


SAE - Evolved Packet Core

o It has a flat architecture with only two nodesn Base station (evolved-NodeB) n Gateway (Serving/PDN GW)

o It provides high performance and reduced operational costs

o With respect to 3G architecture, RNC functionalities are moved into the eNodeB

o The handover management is completely provided by base stations

o All interfaces are based on IP


LTE/EPC architecture

P-GWS-GW Internet

eNB

HSS

PCRF

S11

S6a

S5/S8 SGi

EPC

Rx

eUTRAN

X2

MME

S10

UE

Uu


LTE/EPC architecture

o LTE - Evolved UTRAN (eUTRAN)n User Equipment (UE)n Evolved NodeB (eNB)

o Evolved Core Network (EPC)n Mobility Management Entity (MME)n Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW

o P-GW)n Serving Gateway (S-GW)n Home Subscriber Server (HSS)n Policy Control and Charging Rules

Function (PCRF)


LTE - E-UTRAN

MME/S-GW MME/S-GW

eNB

eNB

eNB

S1

S1 S1

S1

X2

X2

X2X2

eNBs are connected together through the X2 interface according to a mesh topology (handover, intercellcoordination)

A eNB can be connected to more than one MME/S-GW for managing flows with different QoSand/or for the connection with different PDNs


User Equipment (UE)

o Handheld, smartphone, USB-card, sensors, etc.o It includes

n UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card) with the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module)

n TE (Terminal Equipment)

o It will include also a VoIP client for LTE voice calls

o It can have multiple antennas for MIMO supporto Most of UE will be multi standard: GSM, HSPA e

LTE (FDD o TDD)


eNB – Evolved Node Bo It’s the base station of eUTRAN, which

manages one or more cellso With respect to GSM and UMTS it also performs

additional functions (that were performed by BSC and RNC) like for instance handover

o All radio protocols are terminated on the eNB for for IP connectivity the eNB acts as relay towards the EPC (layer 2 bridge)

o The eNB manages radio resources and mobilityo The eNB is connected to a set of MME/S-GWs,

even if each UE is connected to only one of these


eNB – Evolved Node Bo Main functions

n Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Scheduling in UL and DL)

n IP header compression and data flow encryption

n MME selection in case of request from UEn Routing of User Plane data towards the

Serving Gatewayn Scheduling and transmission of

o Paging messages (originated by MME)o broadcast (originated by MME or O&M)

n Measurements for mobility and scheduling© All rights reserved - copy forbidden - L. Dell'Anna/A. Capone 24

MME - Mobility Management Entity

o It’s the main node of the Core Network SAE/LTE

o It includes most of the functions that in 2G/3G networks where implemented in different nodes

o It is involved in the Control Plane onlyo It establishes a direct connection with the UEo It is connected simultaneously with several

UEs, eNBs, MMEs (even of different operators), S-GWs, and HSSs



o Authentication and Securityn Together with the HSS it manages

authentication and encryption of channels for CP and UP

o Mobility Managementn It asks eNB and S-GW to allocate resources

for UE when they register to the networkn It stores the Tracking Area (or the eNB if in

active mode) that UE communicates periodically

n It is involved in handover procedures together with eNB, S-GW and other MME



o User Profile Management and Service Connectivityn It provides the basic connectivity for the initial

exchange of messages between UE and network (default bearer)

n It selects the Packet Data Network to be assigned to each UE

n When requested by the network (S-GW) or UE, it establishes a new bearer (dedicated)

n The MME verifies the profile and services for the UE before allocating the bearer


S-GW – Serving Gatewayo The S-GW is in charge of managing the tunnel of UP

protocols and switching the tunnel in case of mobilityo The S-WG manages its own resources based on requests

from MME, P-GW and PCRFo It’s the “anchor” node for terminals moving between

different eNodeB. When requested by the MME, the S-GW reroutes data flows between the eNBs involved in a handover

o In case of inter-S-GW handover, the MME deletes the IP tunnel from old S-GW and establishes a tunnel with the new S-GW

o When the P-GW sends packets to a UE in IDLE, the S-GW buffers packets and requests to MME to perform the paging procedure

o The S-GW stores traffic statistics and it is involved in the interworking with other 3GPP systems, like GSM e UMTS


S-GW – Serving Gateway

o Functionsn Mobility anchor point for the inter-eNB handovern Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobilityn Data buffering in downlink for idle UEn Service instantiation for requests from the

networkn Routing and packet forwarding n Packet tagging at transport layer in uplink and

downlinkn Charging in UL and DL UE, PDN, and QCI


P-GW – PDN Gateway

o The P-GW manages IP addresses for UEs (IPv4/IPv6, DHCP)

o Together with the PCRF, it controls QoS and charging based on traffic flow

o Through the PCEF (a component of the P-GW), it filters IP traffic and calculate statistical information

o The P-GW allows the interworking with non-3GPP packet technologies like WiMAX and WLAN


P-GW – PDN Gateway

o Functionsn Mapping of IP flows and GTP tunnelsn Packet filtering per single UEn Traffic interception n IP address allocation for UEn Charging based on active services in UL

and DL n Data rate control in Downlink


PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function)

o To each connection UE-PDN is associated a PCRF

o The PCRF implements the Policy and Charging Control (PCC)

o It authorizes the assignment of QoS profiles to flows to/from UEs

o Together with the PCEF, it manages charging based on traffic flow


HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

o The HSS stores permanent user profileso It manages authentication (AuC) in its

network and in the Visited PLMNo It is connected to all MME of the

networko It stores the UE position and the

information on the associated MMEo It is basically the evolution of the

HLR/AUC used by GSM and UMTS


Services Domain

o The Service Domain includes all the other system components that are not part of LTE technology but that are used for basic services (like e.g. VoIP)

o Some service domain platforms are standard like the IMS, while other are just Internet application server

o In the case IMS, the integration is based on 3GPP specifications. In other cases it is managed by operators independently (web-servers, P2P ntw, etc.)


IP Multimedia Sub-system (IMS)

o The IMS is a system that allows mobile operators to offers multimedia services through Internet platforms

o The IMS implements for mobile users the convergence of voice, video, instant messaging, web applications, etc.

o It combines the growth of Internet applications and services with the global diffusion of the mobile access


IP Multimedia Sub-system (IMS)

o With the introduction of the IMS, 3GPP systems tend to comply with Internet IEFT standards

o SIP in particular, the main signaling protocol of the IMS, is actually specified by the IEFT

o Through the IMS, mobile operators try to offer value added services and not just “dumb pipe” of bits

o In 4G systems, voice services are provided through the IMS


IMS and EPS integration

PCRF P-GW


2.1 Interfaces and protocols


EPS functionalities


EPS Control and User Plane


Layer NAS (Non Access Stratum)

o Direct UE-MME connection which does not involves the eNBo It includes two sub layers

n EMM (EPS Mobility Management)o Attach/Detach, Tracking Area Update (UE in Idle

Mode), Transition Idle-Connected per Service Request (from UE), Paging Request (from network), Authentication, Encryption, Security

n ESM (EPS Session Management)o Activation and management of new bearers


LTE-Uu protocolso RRC (Radio Resource Control)

n Management of radio resources, signaling, data connections, and handover

o PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Pr.)n UP: IP Header Compressionn CP: Encryption e Integrity

o RLC (Radio Link Control)n Segmentation and concatenation of PDCP PDUs. Error

correction and ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)o MAC (Medium Access Control)

n Scheduling based on priority, multiplexing and HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)

o PHY (Physical Layer)n Modulation, coding


X2 interface – CP and UP


eUTRAN - User plane

PDCP, RLC and MAC perform header compression, cyphering, scheduling, and ARQ/HARQ functions

eNB

PHY

UE

PHY

MAC

RLC

MAC

PDCPPDCP

RLC


eUTRAN - Control planeo No header

compressiono PDCP: cyphering e

integrity protectiono RLC and MAC same

function of UPo RRC: broadcast,

paging, RRC connection management, mobility, …

o NAS: EPS bearer management, authentication, paging, security, …

eNB

PHY

UE

PHY

MAC

RLC

MAC

MME

RLC

NAS NAS

RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP


S1 interface

o S1 interface connects the eNodeB to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and includes User Plane and Control Plane

o S1 is a all-IP interface, without support for the old SS7 protocols

o The S1 is part of the SON (Self Organizing Networks) which allow automatic configuration of network parameters


S1 interface - Control Plane

o It is based on the SCTP/IP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol/IP) stack from which it inherits robustness in message transport

o The SCTP/IP allows the use of multiple streams for adding redundancy to signaling flows and multi-homing

o In LTE, the S1-AP (Application Protocol) is directly on top of the SCTP without any intermediate protocol for Connection Management

o The use of IP layers is completely free and can also be based on the traditional IPv4, even if IPv6 will probably be most common


S1 interface – User Plane

o It is based on the GTP/UDP/IP stack already used in UMTS

o The GTP-U (GTP User plane) facilitates the tunnel management between different 3GPP systems

o IP is not specifiedo The transport bearer is identifies through

n Source GTP TEID (Tunneling End ID)n Destination GTP TEIDn Source IP addressn Destination IP address


X2 interface

o Interconnects directly different eNodeBs. All eNodeBs that have adjacent radio coverage should be connected in mesh mode

o X2 and S1 protocols stacks are similar, except for the X2-AP and l’S1-AP

o X2 interface has an important role during handover since it forward downlink traffic towards the new eNB until the new data connection is established (in the Uplink it is the UE itself that sends traffic to the new eNB)


2.2 Self Organizing Networks


Self Organizing Networks

o Network configuration and management are complex and costly tasks for mobile operators

o Several problems can be caused by human mistakes

o SON has the goal of making network auto configuring

o The introduction of LTE makes things even more difficult:n Coexisting 2G/3G/LTE networksn A large number of eNBs (including Home eNB and

femto cells)n Large number of network parameters n …


SON schemes

BasicSetup

Optimization

Self-healing

InitialRadioCfg

IPaddress.configuration

AssociationwithGW

Autentication

SWdownloadandconfiguration

NeighbourlistconfigurationCoverageparametersconfiguration

Neighbourlistconfiguration

Coverageandcapacityparametersconfiguration

Failuredetectionandlocalization

Healingschemes

SelfConfiguration

SelfOptimization

SelfHealing


Self planning and configuration

o New installed eNodeBs connect to configuration server and provides their HW and SW profile.

o After an authentication phase, configuration parameters for creating S1 and X2 connection are downloaded and applied.

o At the end of the procedure the eNodeB becomes fully operative

o Initial configuration of transport networko Authenticationo Association to O&M servero Download of basic SW and parameterso Radio configuration

o Result: fast and cheap system rollout© All rights reserved - copy forbidden - L. Dell'Anna/A. Capone 53

Self optimizationo Auto optimization, self training, self

optimizing loopn Automatic Neighbour Relations based on

UEs and eNBs measurements. n Auto switch-off of cells with no trafficn Automatic Power Reduction for coverage

and interference optimizationn Tuning of MIMO parametersn Tuning of hand-over parameters and

load-balancingn RACH parameters optimization

o Result: better network quality, reduction of failures


Self healing

o Failure automatic detection and execution of recovery procedures. Examples:n Temperature alarm: power reductionn SW fault: roll-back to a previous version

o Result: reduction of the number of on site managements, more robust network


SON architecture

o Centralizedo Simplified/hybrido Distributed


3. LTE radio interface


Bandwidth

o LTE is able to operate on different spectrum portions (from 700 MHz to 2700 MHz)

o Different bandwidths can be used 1.4, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

o FDD duplex FDD spacing from 30 to 400 MHzo Both FDD and TDD are used for adapting to spectrum

allocation rules in different regionso LTE must be robust to interference from adjacent

systems (GSM, WCDMA, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, etc.)

Min 1.4 MHz

Max 20 MHz


Available frequencies


LTE Frequency in Italy


UE categories


Enabling technologies

o Multi carrier modulation (OFDM/OFDMA)

o Multiple antennas (MIMO)

o Adaptive modulation and coding

o Soft recombination of transmitted packets and retransmitted packets (HARQ)

o Packet switching at the radio interface


OFDMA

o LTE usesn OFDMA in Downlinkn SC-FDMA in Uplink

o OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

o SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)


OFDMA: resource allocation example


Channel adaptation

o Link Adaptation (Rate Control)

o Scheduling

o Hybrid ARQ


Chan. Qual. Tx Pwr Data Rate Chan. Qual. Tx Pwr Data Rate

with Power Control (UMTS/GSM) With Rate Control (HSPA,LTE)

Rate Controln Rate Control can make use of

o Different coding schemes (1/3 , ¾, 4/4)

o Multiple modulations (BPSK, … 64QAM)

o Multiple antennas (e.g. MIMO)

n It allows to handle variable channel quality without increasing power


Rate Control

o Rate Control can use different combinations of modulation and coding schemes

o Decision on which combination to use is based on SNR estimation


Scheduling

o Transmission scheduling considersn Channel characteristics (even of each

subcarrier)n Fairness on timen Fairness on throughputGuaranteeing QoS for active bearers

User #1

User #2


Hybrid ARQ

o Forward Error Correction

o Soft Combining


Partial frequency reuse

21

3

3

2

32

11

1

1

1

11

S

3

2

1

1

2

3


Multiple antennaso Space diversity (TD)

n Increased capacityn More reliable linken Antennas at TX and/or RXn Mitigate fading

o Antenna Array (BF)n Beam-formingn Increased coveragen Antennas at TX and/or RX

o Spatial Multiplexing (SM)n Increased raten Increased spectral efficiencyn Antennas at TX and RXn Multi stream


3.1 LTE Downlink OFDMA


WCDMA e OFDMA differenceso WCDMA

n Rigid wide-band allocation (5 MHz for UMTS)n Non-optimal multi-QoS services managementn Difficulty in transmission medium adaptationn Traffic and control channel over the same

bandwidth

o OFDMAn By having lots of narrow band subcarriers

(15 kHz in LTE), interference can be controlled effectively

n Exellent management of different QoS services

n Each slow radio channel is well protected from Inter-Symbol-Interference


OFDM signal generation

1) Serial to parallel data conversion

2) For each symbol a sinusoidal signal is generated

3) The peak value for the sum of several signal is proportional to the number of symbols considered

Un simbolo OFDMA

Q

I

-1,1 1,1

1,-1-1,-1-1,1 +135°

1,1 +45°

1,-1 +315°

-1,-1 +225°

f0 + 15 kHz

f0 + 30 kHz

f0 + 45 kHz

f0 + 60 kHz

4

0

-4

2

-2

t

…,+1,+1,-1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,…

Un simbolo OFDMA

N sotto-portanti

B


SC-FDMA signal generation

1) Serial to parallel conversion2) A trajectory between considered symbols (+1,-1 amplitude) is calculated3) The new signal is frequency domain translated via DFT4) The obtained sub-carriers are translated onto the allocated LTE spectrum

Q

I

-1,1 1,1

1,-1-1,-1

…,+1,+1,-1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,…

0

-1

1

t

Un simbolo SC-FDMA

0 t

Un simbolo SC-FDMA

V(I)

V(Q)

S(.,.) S(.,.)

-1

1


Packet Switched Radio Interface

o All protocols are packet switchedo Transmission interval of 1 ms (in HSDPA

it is 2 ms) comparable to coherence time of the channel

o MAC layer implementsn Adaptive schedulingn Multiple Antenna technology (MIMO)n Rate control


TDD and FDD frames

o Two duplexing schemes are specified: FDD e TDD

o In FDD, assigned spectrum is in pairs (e.g. 20+20 MHz), one for the downlink and one for the uplink

o In TDD the same spectrum (e.g. 10 MHz) is assigned to downlink and uplink but in different times

o Frame formats for FDD and TDD are called type 1 and type 2 respectively


TDD Frame

o In TDD, subframes 1 and 6 are switching points between UL and DL (duration can be 5 or 10 ms)

o Different combination of UL/DL subframes have been specified

• Frameduration10ms• DwPTS=DownlinkPilotTimeSlot• UpPTS=UplinkPilotTimeSlot• GP=GuardPeriod


FDD frame

o Frame duration: 10 mso Sub-frame duration (2 slot): 1 mso Slot duration: 0.5 mso A frame duration is 307200 Ts (OFDMA symbol

durations)

#0 #1 #2 #3 #19#18

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

One subframe


Resource Grid

NDL-RB* NRB-sc sub-carriesNsymb OFDM symbolsDL

symbN OFDM symbols

One downlink slot slotT

0=l 1DLsymb -= Nl

RB

scDL

RBN

N´

subc

arrie

rs

RB

scN

subc

arrie

rs

RBsc

DLsymb NN ´

Resource blockresource elements

Resource element ),( lk

0=k

1RBsc

DLRB -= NNk


Bandwidths and Resource Blocks


Resource Grid and Resource Elements

o NDL-RB depends on bandwidth used

o In case of multiple antennas, to each of them a different

Resource Grid is associated

o Resource Elements are the basic units in the grid

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB 6 15 25 50 75 100


Resource Blocks

o RBs are used to describe the mapping of channels on Resource Elements

o There are physical and virtual RBso A physical RB is defined as NDL-symb consecutive symbols

in time domain and NRB-sc subcarriers in frequency domain, where NDL-symb and NRB-sc are in the table

o A physical RB is then NDL-symb x NRB-sc Resource Elements equivalent to 1 time slot and 180 KHz

Configuration RBscN DL

symbN Normal cyclic prefix kHz 15=Df 7

kHz 15=Df 12

6 Extended cyclic prefix

kHz 5.7=Df 24 3


Resource Blocks

o Physical RBs are numbered from 0 to NDL-RB-1

o Virtual RB have the same size of physical ones and are divided inton Virtual RB Localized Typen Virtual RB Distributed Type

o Resource Elements can be grouped into RE Groups, which are used for mapping channels on REs


Resource Blocks

TransmissionBandwidth [RB]

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

Center subcarrier (corresponds to DC in baseband) is not transmitted in downlink

Active Resource Blocks

Resource block


FDD frame


FDD frame

50 R

B x

12 =

600

sub

carri

ers

12 s

ubca

rrier

s


FDD frame with MIMO

sub-carriers

antennastime

10 ms

50x2

0 R

B / 1

0 M

Hz

Resource Blocks


Maximum throughput


Downlink channels

Base band OFDM

Scrambling Modulation mapper

Layermapper Precoding

Resource element mapper

OFDM signal generation

Resource element mapper

OFDM signal generationScrambling Modulation

mapper

layers antenna portscode words


Downlink physical channels

o DOWNLINK Physical channelsn Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)n Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)n Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)n Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)n Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) n Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

o There are also reference channels and primary and secondary synchronization channels

o Modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM e 64QAM


Channel mapping


3.2 LTE Uplink SC-FDMA


SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA


SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA


RBs transmission in UL e DL

SC-FDMA

OFDMA


SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA

Source: Agilent


UL frame

o Similar to that of the DLo Same number of symbols and RBso Same frame durationo The SC-FDMA modulation scheme

does not introduces differences


Uplink physical channels

o UPLINK physical channelsn Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

o Access requestso Time Advance

n Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)o Uplink data channel

n Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) o Uplink signaling channel

o Modulation schemes: QPSK, 16QAM e 64QAM


Maximum Throughput DL/UL


Documents

MRN – 10 – LTE - Politecnico di Milanohome.deib.polimi.it/capone/wn/MRN-EN-10-LTE.pdf · MRN – 10 – LTE Mobile Radio ... BTS/NodeB Rel 6 GSM/UMTS Serving/ PDN Gateway MME