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Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in
Punjab : Punjab : Punjab : Punjab :
A Case Study of Amritsar
Dr. R. S. Sandhu
Professor, Department of Sociology
B.S. SekhonB.S. Sekhon
G.R. School of Planning
G N D University
Amritsar
National Seminar on Developing Harmonious and Sustai nable cities in India for a Better Urban Future,20-21 March 2009
Organized by Association of Municipalities and Devel opment Authorities, In partnership with UN-HABITAT
Global Picture of Poverty & Inequality
• In the 21st century we are living in a period of profoundtechnological, social, economic and cultural changes. Theglobalization is leading to inequalities and unprecedentedprosperity and also helping in persistence and perpetuation ofpoverty. In deed, poverty affects half the world’s population. Itis spreading and it is putting tremendous pressure on theenvironment and global equilibria. The figures areapocalyptic:
2
apocalyptic:• 8 million children die each year because of poverty• 150 million children under the age of five suffer from extreme
poverty• 100 million children live in the streets• Every three seconds, poverty kills a child somewhere
Poverty vs InequalityPoverty has received more attentionfrom National and International agencies, but inequality which is manifestation of poverty has been ignored intentionallybecause it high lights the privileged position of higher income groups in relation to the rest of urban population in terms of :
Housing,
Safety
Urban Land InfrastructureUrban Land Infrastructure
Public funds
Over all environment
Inequality means unequal access to home, land, basic services, educationas well as safe non exploitative employment. It is because of market approach and perception of government.
The inequality is increasing in the south as well as in the north i.e. developing and developed countries.
Inequality is increasing all over the World
In India, the inequality is increasing in urban areas as compared to rural.
The inequality is increasing in China.
The current gap in annual incomes is also increasing in USA. The gap was only 42-1 in 1980, 107 to 1 in 1990 and 411-1 in 2007. The fact is
India (Gini Coefficient)
Year 1983 1987-88
1993-94 2004-05
Urban 33.9 35.0 34.4 37.6
Rural 30.4 29.9 28.6 30.5
China
Year 2003 2004
Gini Coff. 40.7 47.3
was only 42-1 in 1980, 107 to 1 in 1990 and 411-1 in 2007. The fact is that income inequality is real and it has been rising for more than 25 years.
Indian Scene
Since 1947 India has made significant progress in severalareas of economic and human development and economyhas diversified substantially.Size of population has grown from 340 million to one billionLevel of urbanization has increased from 17.2 percent to27.8 percent in absolute number –62 million to 285 million.27.8 percent in absolute number –62 million to 285 million.Trend of urbanization:Increase in number of towns, metropolitization andincrease in class one towns.Urbanization of poverty: one fourth population is livingbelow poverty line Limited achievements in povertyeradication.
The major proportion of population in urban India.(as per Census 2001)1. About 40 percent families live in one-room to
themselves. In case of Mumbai and Kolkata morethan 70 to 80% families live in one room houses.
2. There is acute shortage of housing but 11% houses arevacant.
3. In one third of urban families, a house does not include
Quality of Life- URABN INDIA
6
3. In one third of urban families, a house does not includea kitchen, a bathroom, a toilet and in many cases nopower and water supply. .
4. Only 44% urban houses have concrete roof.5. About 20 to 50 percent urban population lives in slums.
Slums suffer large scale deprivation in water supply, sanitation, primary health and primary education.
6. The private toilets are limited to 15% of the urban households and 21% to community toilets where as morethan 60% of urban households resort to open spaces fordefecation.
The above facts clearly depict the marginalization of thepoor and increasing inequality in India inspite 50 years of continuous planning.
……..Quality of Life- URABN INDIA
7
continuous planning.
Inequality in India continue to increase because of government policies that favors the rich.
Rather it is the rich getting richer faster than the poor.
Inequality in Punjab
Punjab is the one of the most prosperous and urbanized states of India. Its level of urbanization has increased from 22.9 % to 33. 95% in the last four decades where as India’s urbanization has increased from 17.97 % to 27.78 % during the same period.
Gini coefficient in PUNJAB, increased from 28.1 to 40.2( 1993-94 to 2004-05)
This is mainly because of fast rate of urbanization in the state of Punjab.
Punjab State
India (Gini Coefficient)
Year 1983 1987-88
1993-94
2004-05
Urban 33.9 35.0 34.4 37.6
Rural 30.4 29.9 28.6 30.5
Punjab
Urban 33.9 28.8 28.1 40.3
Rural 29.2 29.7 28.1 29.5
Infrastructure Inequality in Infrastructure Inequality in Infrastructure Inequality in Infrastructure Inequality in Class I cities of PunjabClass I cities of PunjabClass I cities of PunjabClass I cities of Punjab
Share of Households having Share of Households having Share of Households having Share of Households having
Bathroom Within HouseBathroom Within HouseBathroom Within HouseBathroom Within House
Provision of Bathrooms
80%100%
Per
cent
age
Only Mohali has 90% above closed drainage systems.
Jallandhar and Patiala has more than 60% Closed Drains.
Majority has less than 50% Closed Drains
0%20%
40%60%
80%
Ludh
iana
Am
ritsa
r
Jalla
ndha
r
Pat
iala
Bat
hind
a
Pat
hank
ot
Hos
hiar
pur
Bat
ala
Mog
a
Abo
har
SA
S
Mal
erko
tla
Kha
nna
Pha
gwar
a
Cities
Per
cent
age
Open Drn.
ClosedDrainsBathrooms
Provision of WATER in Class I Provision of WATER in Class I Provision of WATER in Class I Provision of WATER in Class I cities of Punjabcities of Punjabcities of Punjabcities of Punjab
Share of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water SourceShare of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water SourceShare of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water SourceShare of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water Source
Cities Share having TAP Water
SAS, Jalandhar, Pathnkot,Phagwara, Malerkotla
> 80 %
Amritsar, Moga, Abohar, 60—80 %Amritsar, Moga, Abohar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana
60—80 %
Bathinda, Batala, Khanna 40-60 %
SAS Nagar is an Exception which is a New Town Planne d with different systems.
Tap Water assumed to be better– Rest either hand pump or other source,
Use Shallow Aquifer and Prone to water Based Diseases
Housing Condition in Class I cities Housing Condition in Class I cities Housing Condition in Class I cities Housing Condition in Class I cities of Punjabof Punjabof Punjabof PunjabHouse Condition
Cities House Condition Good
House Condition Livable
SAS, > 90 % 6%
Patiala, Bathina, Pathankot , Hoshiarpur
70-75 % 21-25%
Amritsar, Jallandhar, Moga, Khanna
60-65 % 30-32 %
Ludhiana, Batala, Malerkotla, Abohar
40-60 % 33 – 40 %
House Condition is considered to be Satisfactory in only few Cities.
Much Need to be done for the Improvements in the Qua lity of life in the emerging Metropolitan cities
State Initiatives
Liberalization of government controlsPrivatization of Urban Development
inInfrastructure DevelopmentResidential DevelopmentResidential Development
TourismPoverty Eradication Programmes
e-Governanceothers
URBANISATION IN NEW TOWNS --MOHALI
EXISTING CITYIncorporate New Concept in the Hands of Pvt Developers
Urban Expansion with private partnersUrban Expansion with private partnersUrban Expansion with private partnersUrban Expansion with private partners
SWIMMING POOL,CLUBS
GREEN AREASGREEN AREASGREEN AREASGREEN AREASINDOOR GAMESINDOOR GAMESINDOOR GAMESINDOOR GAMES
Hosing-large size plots
Shopping Shopping Shopping Shopping –MALLS, MALLS, MALLS, MALLS, MULTIPLEXESMULTIPLEXESMULTIPLEXESMULTIPLEXES
There is rise of Spatial There is rise of Spatial There is rise of Spatial There is rise of Spatial Inequality in Mohali with Inequality in Mohali with Inequality in Mohali with Inequality in Mohali with the establishment of New the establishment of New the establishment of New the establishment of New
Private TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate Townships
Project Sanctioned in Punjab
Infrastructures: Augmentation of Water and SewerTechnical Education: polytechnic and ITI colleges on
BOT Basis
Mega Projects, Malls, Residential Township, IT park, Road Improvements, Infrastructures Up gradations, Bus Terminals, Express Ways
BOT BasisTransport Sector Bus Terminals– Up gradation and Modernization Roads, Bridges, Ring roads, Express
ways, Public Transport Tourism Sector: Development of Hotels, Palaces, Forts and
Museums
●●
Amritsar Jalandhar
Status of projects in the different cities
Most of the Projects are concentrated in three Cites
There Exists a Spatially Inequality in the state
●●●●●
LudhianaSr. No.
Name of the city
Number of major projects
Number of minor
projects
1 Mohali 121 92
2 Ludhiana 16 29
3 Amritsar 13 06
4 Jalandhar 12 04
Mohali
Harmonious Development in Harmonious Development in Harmonious Development in Harmonious Development in PUNJABPUNJABPUNJABPUNJAB
INFLUENCED BY THE ACTIVITES AND LIFE IN MAJOR CITES—due to Economic, Accessibility and Spatial Dominance
Housing a Housing a Housing a Housing a Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban
Functioning of Functioning of Functioning of Functioning of urban urban urban urban Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesurban urban urban urban CommunitiesCommunitiesCommunitiesCommunities
Provision of Services and Availability of Different Facilities that effect the harmonious Life in Cities of Punjab
INEQUALITY and State INEQUALITY and State INEQUALITY and State INEQUALITY and State Initiatives in AMRITSAR:Initiatives in AMRITSAR:Initiatives in AMRITSAR:Initiatives in AMRITSAR:
A CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDY
INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:
Central Old area:
Narrow roads
High rise structures
Widening of roads and GATED areas.
Expansion of Civil Line Areas, Malls and New Trends of Life Styles
Development Bungalows and Broad Acre House
Physical and Social Inequality in terms of Housing types, Provision of Infrastructures.
INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:
Roots of Inequality Lies Roots of Inequality Lies Roots of Inequality Lies Roots of Inequality Lies in Historical in Historical in Historical in Historical DevelopmentsDevelopmentsDevelopmentsDevelopments Development in Development in Development in Development in
Colonial Colonial Colonial Colonial PeriodPeriodPeriodPeriod– New New New New AreasAreasAreasAreas
Old City- Neglected and few Administrative Schemes in Colonial Period
INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:
Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as per Planned per Planned per Planned per Planned Government SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment Schemes
Inequality in the provision of the Decent housing areas
The major Highways and communication Lines are the
Spread of vast Unplanned Housing Areas
Lines are the Dividing line of vast UNPLANNED POOR HOSUING AREAS
INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:
Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as per Planned per Planned per Planned per Planned Government SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment Schemes
Inequality in the provision of the Decent housing areas
The major Highways and communication Lines are the
Spread of vast Unplanned Housing Areas
Lines are the Dividing line of vast UNPLANNED POOR HOSUING AREAS
INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:
CASE STUDY AREAS
RANJIT AVENUE(POSH AREA)
INDERPURI AREA
(Unplanned slums)
Type of Housing Ranjit Avenue Area
House in the Ranjit Avenue area
Public scheme provide Water in the Areas
Type of Housing Ranjit Avenue Area
Good quality houses Large size plots, Surrounded by green areas
Parks and Open Spaces Developed as part of Planned scheme of the Area.
INDERPURI Character of Area
Back Flow of Water
Chocked Drains in other areas too
Chocked Streets temporary arrangements
Back Flow of Water in streets
Railway track used as open space
recreational and social activity area
Ad-hoc approach to plan and development, raised streets lower plinth level of buildings
INDERPURI Character of Area
Streets are used as Trash areas, vacant corners are
breeding grounds for all kinds of diseases.
INDERPURI Character of Area
Chocked drains with house wastes
The bathrooms are mostly from hand pumps and used for bathing purposes. The vacant land adjacent railway track is used for open spaces and or defecate in open.
AGE
Years % Age
1 20-35 50
2 36-50 36.7
3 51-65 10
4 >65 3.3
There is majority of the people are either Young or Middle age.
Case Study Area INDERPURI (south of Amritsar)
Education
Literacy % age Share
Illiterate 30
up To Primary 26.7
Middle 26.7
Matric 10
Sr. Sec 6.7
About one third of them are totally illiterates and majority are School drop outs.
The occupational Pattern shows that 94.3 % are engaged in unorganized / informal sector which is usually a low paid sector and without any social security of employees.
Three fourth of them are earning less than US $ 110
Income / Month
7%
30%
10%
13%
Less Than 1500
1501-3000
3001-4500
4501-6000
Above 6000
Family Income in case Study Area
than US $ 110 (Rs.4500) / month
40%
In Inderpuri locality (study area) there are more than 50 % families are staying in single room accommodation.
On the other hand there are about 70 % families having in three room or more accommodation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% age Families
One Room Two Room Three orMore room
No of rooms
Housing: Number of Rooms
Amritsar city
Inderpuri Locality
S No Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area
Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city
1. House Level
1.1 Plot Area( av.) 450 sq ydOr 4050 sq feet
Plot Area (Av.) 55.56 sq yd or 500 sq ft
1.2 Cover Area 66 % as per bye laws Covered Area 100 %(Projections are made in streets)
1.3 Setbacks- Front and Back for light Setbacks—no setbacks, some houses have
Inequality in Amritsar City-- Comparative study of two Areas
1.3 Setbacks- Front and Back for light ventilations
Setbacks—no setbacks, some houses have court yards or open to sky are along one side.
1.4 Bathrooms- 3 to 5 bathrooms Bathroom- only 50 % have access to bathrooms
1.5 Kitchen-Modular kitchen designs with modern fittings
Kitchen- Only one third have kitchens in the houses
1.6 Mode of Transport-Cars even two per family
Mode of transport- 63 % uses bi cycle
1.7 Floor Area – 668 sq ft per person Floor Area – 48 sq ft per person
1.8 No of Rooms/ Person -- 1.75 No of Rooms/ Person – 0.33
1.9 Av. Room Size – 300 sq ft Av. Room Size – 80 sq ft
S No Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area
Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city
1.7 Floor Area – 668 sq ft per person
Floor Area – 48 sq ft per person
1.8 No of Rooms/ Person -- 1.75 No of Rooms/ Person – 0.33
1.9 Av. Room Size – 300 sq ft Av. Room Size – 80 sq ft
Inequality in Amritsar City
Housing
1.10 Land Value $ (US) 600 (Rs 25000 per sq yd
Land Value $ (US) 50 (Rs 2000 per sq yd
1.11 Cost of House -- $ (US) 312 500
Cost of House $ (US) 5275
The Value of house in planned Areas is 60 times higher than the value in poor areas
S No Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area
Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city
2.0 Infrastructures:
2.1 Water Supply—Public supply lines + Own sources submersible pumps (ground water available easily) pvt filtration process
Water Supply—No public water supply, Use hand pumps or shared with neighbors
2.2 Sewerage—Septic tank in each Sewerage—no sewer connection,
Inequality in Amritsar City
Infrastructure
2.2 Sewerage—Septic tank in each house sewer connection to city lines
Sewerage—no sewer connection, sewage flows in open drains
2.3 Drainage—Combined and Partially combined areas, used in parks and road side green areas
Drainage—open drains or streets, no flow of water as area developed in low lying areas.
2.4 Electricity—separate transformer after every 100 houses, regular supply
Electricity—Open wires, sharing of electric loads, frequent power failures.
2.5 Parks—Well defined parks, semi maintained by public agencies
Parks—No provision of parks, public land or railway track is the open space available.
S No ITEMS Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area
Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city
1. CAR YES(More than one) NO
2. MOTOR BIKES YES Negligible (3 %)
3 CYCLE YES YES 63 %
4. AIR CONDITIONER YES NO
5. WATER COOLER YES NO
6 ELECTRIC FAN YES YES
7 INVERTOR YES NO
8 T V YES (More than one) Many (73%)8 T V YES (More than one) Many (73%)
9 WASHING MACHINE
YES NO
10. MIXIE GRINDER YES NO
11 ELECTRIC PRESS YES One Eighth people
12 GAS CONNECTION YES Only 50 % uses
13 MOBILE YES (Multiple Connections) Only 23 %
14 BANK ACCOUNT Yes 23 %
15 CREDIT CARD Yes No
Efforts in Amritsar
18
3950
0
4943
48
44
42
Ward Wise Net Population Density of Amritsar
LEGEND
63 - 140141 - 300301 - 517518 - 779
10 - 62( P / ha )
Hatched area is Hatched area is
( P / ha )
10 - 62
518 - 779301 - 517141 - 30063 - 140
LEGEND
18
3950
0
4943
48
44
42
Maximum Population Concentrated in South of Amritsar
18
19
34
25
1732
35
4636 45
24
42
41
23
38
15
3037 1428 5 233
16
1
31 2726
40
8
3
6
29
22
7 219
2012
1311
4
10
0 6 Kilometer s
Hatched area is Highly densed
Ward 37 is the old Village Chherata
Hatched area is Highly densed
Ward 37 is the old Village Chherata
0 6 Kilometer s
18
19
34
25
1732
35
4636 45
24
42
41
23
38
15
3037 1428 5 233
16
1
31 2726
40
8
3
6
29
22
7 219
2012
1311
4
10
Map No 6
Railways.shp
AcessCollectorDistributoryMajorMinor
# Bus Stand# Railway Yard( Rly Station
LEGEND
To Lopoke
To Ajanala
Fateh Garh
ChurianTo Majitha
To Batala
Transport Network of Amritsar City
Infrastructure Improvement in the Infrastructure Improvement in the Infrastructure Improvement in the Infrastructure Improvement in the CityCityCityCity
#
#
#
%U
0 6 Kilometers
To Lahore
To Khem-Karan To Tarn_Taran
oke
To Jallandhar
Golden Temple
Construction of Elevation Road
Railways.shp
AcessCollectorDistributoryMajorMinor
# Bus Stand# Railway Yard( Rly Station
LEGEND
To Lopoke
To Ajanala
Fateh Garh
ChurianTo Majitha
To Batala
Transport Network of Amritsar City
New areasNew areasNew areasNew areas
Expansion of new areas in AmritsarExpansion of new areas in AmritsarExpansion of new areas in AmritsarExpansion of new areas in Amritsar
Villas, Apartments, Planned Housing
Green Areas, Malls, Hotels, Clubs
GATED AREAS
#
#
#
%U
0 6 Kilometers
To Lahore
To Khem-Karan To Tarn_Taran
oke
To Jallandhar
Golden Temple
DISTRIBUTION OF FUNDS (JNNURM)
Proposed Projects in Amritsar
The Funds provided under JNNURM to improve the Urban condition
The Urban Transport Sector consumed major Share– Cons truction of elevation road, Bus Terminals and road Improvements.
The share of urban basic Services is just 4 % (Addition of Integrated water)while there is more than 70 % area unplanned and devoid of basic services.
CDP prepared under JNNURM is unable to address the problems of POOR
DISTRIBUTION OF FUNDS (JNNURM)
82%
4%
4%
10%
Urban TranportImprovement
Basic Service toUrban Poor
Conservation andTourisum
Water and Sanitation
There is very little effect on making city harmonious and to reduce inequality
Proposed Projects in AmritsarS No Project Type Amount in Rs. CRORES
Identification of Projects - Urban TransportRoad Development, Pedestrians Movement in Walled City,Parking Management, Visual Intrusions– Cables, Poles etc.
95
Road Network Improvements—Bridges, Elevated Road, Culverts, ROB and South Ring Roads etc.
1720
Mass Transit System Development 752
TOTAL URBAN TRANSPORT 2567
Housing/Basic Services for Urban PoorWeaker SectionHousing, Urban basic Services
120
Reforming & computerization of the existing system in MCA and other Zonaloffices including purchasing of software, Institutional strengthening, Capacity building, Communication and Citizen Participation Programme
10
Conservation, preservation and development of heritage,culture (Urban Renewal)
36
Promotion of tourism 105
Integrated Water and Sanitation Project 312
GRAND TOTAL 3150
New Urban Development Projects
Projects Developed under the liberalized policy in the Peripheral areas.
GTAED RESIDENTIAL TOWNSHIPS
HOTELS AND SHOPPING MALLS
DEVLOPED ALONG ALL LEADING ROADS
UPGRDATION OF ROADS IMPROVE ACCESSIBILTY UPGRDATION OF ROADS IMPROVE ACCESSIBILTY TO NEW AREAS
FUITHER WIDENED THE INEQUALITY
INFRASTRUCTURES UPGRDATION IN A SLUM AREA
M. CORP. OF AMRITSAR IDENTIFES 63 SLUMS
BUT…………….
THERE IS NO CLEAR DEMARCATION OF SLUMS
Identification of slum area, type and Identification of slum area, type and Characteristics to upgrade the Infrastructure provisions
Generation of Spatial Data Base– An Integrated Approach
Identification of Gaps and Existing Sewer system
Aspiration and Socio-economic Character of
people
Augmentation of Sewer system and Sanitation in AMRITSAR
Conclusions:There is large unequal distribution of housing resources in Cities. The planned residential areas have better urban environment, but its share is just 30 % in the total city.
There is high level of income inequalities and this gap is further widening in cities of Punjab.
The service providers should make people first approach. The The service providers should make people first approach. The allocation of funds under JNNURM is not concerned with the inequality situation in Amritsar.
The CDP prepared is not integrated with Infrastructure requirement of the city.
Privatization and state policies are further enhancing the Inequalities.
There is need to identify and demarcate the slums, provide then the urban support system.
The functioning of ULB is not favoring and pro-poor in urban development.
The infrastructure up gradation programme need to address the wider community and public health issues
In order to achieve Harmonious Urbanization in PUNJAB
the wider community and public health issues
The planned development efforts are limited
to very small section of the society.
In order to bring spatial harmony there is
need to shift the policies of the government
Harmonious Urbanization in PUNJAB
…..seems to be a myth As
Neither the STATE policies nor the functioning of ULB are attempting to reduce functioning of ULB are attempting to reduce the inequalities.
The polices need to be framed with the direct coordination of the community with local support systems
Social GroupsTechnicalTransparency
On Line Project
Identification
Harmonious Society and Cites in PUNJAB
Administration
On Line Participation
IT Literacy
Identification
Financial Participation
Innovative Leadership
Decision Making—political / Administrative
Integrated Decision making System / Approach
…….thanks