Mr. Rodefeld Room 22 - Rodefeld's Class at Irondalerodefeldatirondale.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/3/3/38339087/rodefelds_… · 2.6 Declining Birth Rates Lowering birth rates through education

Mr. RodefeldRoom 22

Irondale High SchoolHuman GeographyOctober 2nd, 2018

1st Hour 8:35 - 9:312nd Hour 9:37 - 10:33

3rd Hour 10:39 - 11:354th Hour 11:41 - 1:115th Hour 1:17 - 2:136th Hour 2:19 - 3:15

Today in Class:Slideshow Notes

Today’s Homework:Read p. 39-40

Tomorrow in ClassThe Owls

https://ww

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/interactive/2018/09/19/upshot/facebook-county-friendships.htm

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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/09/19/upshot/facebook-county-friendships.html









https://ww

w.gapm

inder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles

Gap minder

Unit 2: Population and Migration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0

Introduction to Unit 2

Overpopulation: an area’s population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support it at an acceptable standard of living

*In your notes, finish this sentence in your own words: “Overpopulation is:”

-complete this sentence using your own words...try not to use any of the words in the above definition.

Learning Targets 2.1:

● Identify the four regions where most of the world’s human inhabitants are clustered.

● List the main reasons for the uneven distribution of the world’s human population.

2.1 Population Concentrations

●Sparsely populated regions●Humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments.

●Humans avoid the “too’s”●Too Hot●Too Dry ●Too Cold●Too Mountainous●Too Wet

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.


© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

FOUR POPULATION CLUSTERS




● Heavily populated regions● 4 Main Population Clusters:

● East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea)● South Asia (India, Bangladesh,Pakistan)● Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam)● Western Europe (mostly urbanized)

*these clusters contain 2/3’s of entire human population!




POPULATION CARTOGRAM



*What is the world’s most populous country?

China

Quiz

List each of the four major clusters of human population and give one fact about each cluster.

Learning Target 2.2:

● Compare and contrast the three types of population density.

7 Billion and Counting video Clip

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=d1dIAtvSFLM

Population Clock:

http://www.census.gov/popclock/

https://www.vox.com/2016/1/30/10872878/world-population-map




http://www.census.gov/popclock/

https://www.vox.com/2016/1/30/10872878/world-population-map

2.2 Population Density

●Density●The number of something that occupies an area of land

●*Arithmetic density●The number of people per unit area of land

●i.e. -- population density




ARITHMETIC DENSITY




ARITHMETIC DENSITY OF FOUR COUNTRIES



●*Arable land: land suited for agriculture

●*Physiological density●Total number of people supported by a unit of arable (farmable) land




PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY




PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY OF FOUR COUNTRIES



●Agricultural density●Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land●*This is used to determine a country’s farming efficiency




AGRICULTURAL DENSITY© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.



AGRICULTURAL DENSITY OF FOUR COUNTRIES


Summarizing the Three Types of Density

1. Which country puts the most stress on its agricultural land?

Egypt

Do You Know?... (for your notes)

*A country with a large amount of arable land and a small amount of farmers will have which of the following?

a. high physiological densityb. low physiological densityc. high agricultural densityd. low agricultural density

low agricultural density


● Explain the three types of indicators used by geographers to measure population change.

2.3 Components of Change

3 Measures of population change1. Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

●Percentage by which a population grows in a year●Only uses birth and death rates●Immigration and emigration are excluded

Where are the highest and lowest rates of natural increase?




NATURAL INCREASE RATE© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.


●Doubling time●Number of years needed to double a population

NIR of 1.0 = 70 year doubling timeNIR of 1.2 = 54 year doubling time

● Many NIR above 2.0 in Sub-Saharan Africa, SW Asia, and North Africa

● Many negative NIR in Europe● what does a negative NIR mean?




WORLD POPULATION GROWTH



3 Measures of population change2. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

●Total number of live births/year/1,000 people in a society




CRUDE BIRTH RATE© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

*Where are the highest

CBRs?

Sub-Saharan Africa


3 Measures of population change3. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

●Total number of deaths/year/1,000 people in a society




CRUDE DEATH RATE



●NIR = (CBR – CDR)/10

*So, figure out the following:


Country CBR CDR NIR

X 40 15 ?

Y 20 9 ?

Z 10 6 ?

A 45 35 ?

Learning Targets 2.4:

● Explain how changes in total fertility rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy affect population structure.

● Define dependency ratio and describe how a population pyramid can be used to study population structures.

2.4 Population Structure

●*Total Fertility Rate (TFR)●Average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

●Future behavior predictor




TOTAL FERTILITY RATE



●Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)●Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with live births

●Health care access indicator




INFANT MORTALITY RATE



●Life expectancy●Number of years a newborn infant can expect to live, assuming current mortality levels

●Health care access and wealth indicator




LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH



●Young and old●*Dependency ratio

●Number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years●Indicates financial burden on a society’s productive population


*To calculate the dependency ratio, one must know all of a country’s population under age 15 and over age 64

Population Structure

TED - Population Pyramids

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLmKfXwWQtE



POPULATION UNDER AGE 15



●Population pyramid● *Displays a country’s population by age

and gender




POPULATION PYRAMID OF THE UNITED STATES


*Practice:a. How many females

are there in the 50-54 range?

b. Are there more 15-19 year old males or 60-64 year old males?

a. about 3.5% of total population

b. 15-19 year old males

2.4 Population StructurePopulation Pyramid of Ethipoia, 2000

*How many 20-24 year old males were there in Ethiopia in 2000?about 3 million

Hans Rosling - 200 Countries in 4 Minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo


● Explain the stages of demographic transition.

2.5 The Demographic Transition

●Demographic transition●Process of change in a country’s population●Every country is in one of the four stages of the demographic transition




DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

*Put this graph into your

notebooks


Stage 1●Very high CBR●Very high CDR●*Very low NIR●most of human history in Stage 1●no country in Stage 1 today

● although some small societies (Amazon, Papua/New Guinea)

●very low NIR






Stage 2●High CBR●Rapidly declining CDR●*Very high growth / rapid NIR●‘developing countries’●infectious diseases brought under control by penicillin, vaccines, and other medicines lower death rates while birth rates remain high causing high NIR






Stage 3●Rapidly declining CBR●Moderately declining CDR●*Moderate growth / increasing NIR●people choose to have fewer children which lowers birth rates and slows NIR

● economic reasons● government encouragement






Stage 4●Very low CBR●Low, slightly increasing CDR●*Zero or negative NIR - very slow growth●*Includes the Developed Countries (MDCs)●Continued low death rates and lowering birth rates cause low growth...possibly negative growth

● more women getting educated and working rather than staying ‘in the home’

● more available contraceptives● children become an economic liability rather than an

asset© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.




Using Population Pyramids and the DTM*For each of the following population pyramids, determine if it is

Stage II (Very rapid growth), Stage III (Moderate growth), or Stage IV (very slow or negative growth)

Stage III (notice date) Stage IV Stage II

The Demographic Transition

*The most rapid population growth is occurring in the Developing Countries (LDCs)



POPULATION PYRAMID AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION FOR CAPE VERDE (LEFT), CHILE (CENTER), DENMARK (RIGHT)


Video - The Demographic Transition Model and Population Pyramids in Geography (6:00)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nonCD5GR9bw


● Give examples of how some developing countries have lowered birth rates.

2.6 - Declining Birth Rates - World In the Balance video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gubSO_U8MW0

2.6 Declining Birth Rates

●Population has been increasing at a slower rate since the mid-twentieth century.

●Decline is mostly due to lower birth rates.




CRUDE BIRTH RATE CHANGE 1980–2010



*Three population reduction strategies:●1. Education ●2. Health care●3. Distribution of contraceptives



●Lowering birth rates through education and health care

●Improvement of economic conditions is key.●Wealthier communities have more to spend on education and health care. ●More educated women have greater economic control over their lives.●More educated women better understand their reproductive rights, make more informed choices, and select more effective contraception.●Better health care leads to lower IMRs.●Lower IMRs lead to higher likelihood of contraception use.



●Lowering birth rates through contraception●Rapidly, cheaply, and widely distributed contraception

●A more rapid method than economic development ●Family-planning programs can be used as well.



●Problematic regions:●Bangladesh

●Low levels of wealth and literacyIn 1990, 6% of women in Bangladesh used contraceptivesIn 2010, 56% of women in Bangladesh used contraceptives




WOMEN USING FAMILY PLANNING



●Problematic regions:●Africa

●Economics, religion, and low levels of education limit contraception use.

Currently:About ¼ of African women use contraceptives

-about ¾ of Latin American women use contraceptives

-about ⅔ of Asian women use contraceptives








FAMILY PLANNING METHODS


2.6 Declining Birth Rates●Problematic regions:

●Southwestern Asia●Low status of women limits contraception use.

●Women have less access to education and hold fewer legal rights as compared to men.●Large families—male symbol of virility

*One effective approach to decreasing birth rates is the education of women

-more freedom for women allows them to choose to have fewer babies, continue education programming, and pursue careers







*One important obstacle to declining birth rates is that there is religious opposition to some effective birth control methods

2.6 - Declining Birth Rates - Practice Question

*In Developing Countries (LDCs) today, the main reason for declining birth rates is:

a. government policiesb. women are having more babiesc. religious tolerance d. women are having fewer babies

d - women are having fewer babies

2.6 - Declining Birth RatesArticle: Italy Is A Dying Country According To Their Own Prime Minister

Article at this link: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/italy-is-a-dying-country-says-minister-as-birth-rate-plummets

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/italy-is-a-dying-country-says-minister-as-birth-rate-plummets

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/italy-is-a-dying-country-says-minister-as-birth-rate-plummets

Learning Targets 2.7

● Explain the components of future population growth and the elderly support ratio.

● Describe the possible stage 5 of demographic transition.

2.7 Population Futures

●World population will still increase, but at a slower rate than in the past.●Components of future population growth

●Fertility is the primary determinant.




FUTURE POPULATION GROWTH



●Elderly Support Ratio●The number of working-age people (ages 15–64) divided by the number of persons 65 or older




ELDERLY SUPPORT RATIO



Demographic transition possible stage 5

*In this stage, it is predicted that the most developed countries will experience population decline. (negative NIR)

●Factor of more elderly than young population in these countries●Fewer young women who will be entering their childbearing years




POSSIBLE STAGE 5 OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION


Japan’s Upside-Down

Population Pyramid



POSTER IN SHANGHAI, CHINA, PROMOTES ONE-CHILD POLICY



India Versus China●These two countries comprise more than one-third of the world’s population.

India’s population policies●Beginning in 1971, citizens paid to be sterilized●Now a stronger emphasis on education as family planning ●Limited success



India Versus China●China’s population policies

●*China’s government implemented the One Child Policy in 1980●Financial and other incentives to limit family size●Greater prosperity in China has led to a relaxation of one-child policy●Now a stronger emphasis on education as family planning

●Family-planning fees


2.7 - Population FuturesChina’s One Child Policy

Here is a very interesting 27 minute video entitled “The Suffering Caused by China’s One Child Policy”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0BPWFnL_jY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4OWJlyaHt0

Learning Targets 2.8

● Summarize Malthus’s population theory.

● Describe how modern supporters of Malthus have used his theory to interpret recent population-related changes.

● Evaluate Malthus’s population theory and list the main criticisms of the theory.

2.8 Malthus’s Grim Forecast

●Thomas Malthus (1766–1834)●An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

*Population increases geometrically*Food production increases arithmetically

*Malthus theorized that population was growing more rapidly than resources and in the future there would become resource and scarcity issues which would cause conflicts and wars




MALTHUS THEORY AND REALITY



●Contemporary Malthus supporters observe that today:

●Relatively poor countries have experienced the most rapid population growth.

●Little wealth in these countries to support growth

●World population growth is outstripping many global resources.

●Will result in war and other civil violence



●Malthus’s Critics●Argue a larger population could stimulate economic growth, food production, and technological development.●Unjust social practices are to blame, not lack of resources.●Some argue that high population growth leads to greater political and economic power.


2.8 Malthus’s Grim Forecast●Malthus’s theory and reality

●Globally, Malthus’s theory has not been supported during the past 50 years.

●World food production has increased faster than the NIR.*actual food production has been much higher than Malthus predicted

*food production has grown faster than natural increase rate

●Hunger and famine are distribution problems and not production problems.●Cultural, economic, and technological change has slowed population growth.


Malthus’s Grim Forecast - Crash Course

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAkW_i0bDpQ

Gapminder Computer Lab

GapMinder Worksheet link: http://www2.moundsviewschools.org/irondale/userfiles/redmana/human%20geography%20unit%202/activity_demographic_transition_model_gapminder.pdf

Go To: www.gapminder.org

http://www2.moundsviewschools.org/irondale/userfiles/redmana/human%20geography%20unit%202/activity_demographic_transition_model_gapminder.pdf

http://www2.moundsviewschools.org/irondale/userfiles/redmana/human%20geography%20unit%202/activity_demographic_transition_model_gapminder.pdf

http://www.gapminder.org

Population Reference Bureau Computer Lab

Find the instructions for this lab here:

https://docs.google.com/a/moundsviewschools.org/document/d/1h9NOqOJuIHC8gryIiYa4A338qi6n9u3Bct7GETijjAM/edit?usp=sharing

Complete the lab by MAKING A COPY of this link and filling in the answers.



Population InteractivesCensus Mapper, Population Bracketology, and Population Pyramids

Go to this link, follow the directions, and complete the lab assignment.https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_sLu-YuzclNE1EQnTbt20AEHnXeyBlAe0DyKknH0ls/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_sLu-YuzclNE1EQnTbt20AEHnXeyBlAe0DyKknH0ls/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_sLu-YuzclNE1EQnTbt20AEHnXeyBlAe0DyKknH0ls/edit?usp=sharing

2.9 The Epidemiological Transition

●Each stage of the demographic transition has distinctive causes of death.●The leading causes of death shift through the demographic transition.



●Stage 1: Pestilence and famine (high CDR)●“natural checks”

●Infectious and parasitic diseases, accidents, animal and human attacks



●Stage 2: Receding pandemics (rapidly declining CDR)

●Improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine, and industrial revolution●Not immediate decline in CDR



●Stage 3: Degenerative diseases (moderately declining CDR)

●Decreasing deaths from infectious diseases and increase in chronic disorders (aging)



●Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases (low but increasing CDR)

●Cancer and cardiovascular diseases still present●Medical advances and behavioral changes extend life expectancy



●Early mapped cholera distribution●John Snow

●English doctor mapped location of 1854 Soho (London, UK) cholera victims and location of water pumps

●Revealed that the disease was caused by contaminated water




BIRTH OF GIS© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2.10 Global Health Threats

●Some infectious diseases have returned, and new ones have emerged.

●A possible Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition●Previously controlled and eradicated diseases return●New diseases emerge



●Reasons for possible Stage 5●Poverty

●Unsanitary conditions and poor access to medical care




TUBERCULOSIS (TB) DEATHS, 2009



●Reasons for possible Stage 5●Evolution

●Development of resistance to drugs and other controls

●Improved travel●More rapid and widespread transportation of diseases




INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER ARRIVALS




DIFFUSION OF AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES




HIV/AIDS


Chapter Review

●Key Questions●Where is the world’s population distributed?●Why does population growth vary among countries?●How might population change in the future?


Documents

Mr. Rodefeld Room 22 - Rodefeld's Class at Irondalerodefeldatirondale.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/3/3/38339087/rodefelds_… · 2.6 Declining Birth Rates Lowering birth rates through education