Unit 1 review summaryI. Government Basics

Be prepared to connect Comparative Theories to real life examples – Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory

Define and make connections to examples of STATE / REGIME / NATION

Define Sovereignty and list sources of Sovereign power Define Legitimacy Types of Legitimacy – Traditional / Charismatic / Rational – Legal

II. Democracy and Types of Government Define and Distinguish characteristics of Liberal (Substantive) /

Procedural / and Illiberal Democracies Define Representative Democracy (Republic) and list elements of a

Rep Dem Democratization and the transition to Democracy = democratic

consensus Trend is toward more democratic systems in the world Characteristics of Authoritarian Systems

III. Political Culture and Participation Define and List characteristics of civil society Explain the role of citizens in a civic culture Explain the role of political parties Define a Catch All Party and which electoral system leads to 2

dominant catch all parties Reasons for elections in non-democratic regimes = tied to legitimacy Explain the electoral system known as Proportional Representation in

MMDs and its impact on the number of political parties represented in the Legislature

Explain the electoral system known as First Past the Post with SMDs and its impact on the number of political parties represented in the Legislature

Pros and cons of each electoral system Explain and distinguish the major ideologies = liberal (American and

the rest of the world), conservative, libertarian, social democratic, Christian democratic, radical and reactionary

Define and Distinguish a Pluralist System and a Corporatist System based on Patron-Client Relations

Elite Recruitment in both democratic and Non-Democratic Regimes

Changing role of women in world politics

IV. Institutions of Government Define, compare, and contrast Unitary, Federal and Confederal

Systems of government organization Centralized vs. decentralized power Explain parliamentary systems and apply it to the working of the

government Explain Presidential Systems and apply it to the operation of

government Distinguish Presidential and Parliamentary systems Role of a Head of State Role of the Head of Government Unicameral vs. Bicameral Legislatures – pros and cons Judicial Review – define and explain

V. Chapter 11 – Economics – and Globalization Define Globalization Benefits and problems of globalization Economic Impact of globalization Define Third World and understand how broad and diverse the

category is Dependency Theory Economic liberalization – define and explain its basic policies Development programs = Import Substitution and Structural

Adjustment Data Analysis – Be able to explain GDP / GNP / Per Capita / HDI /

Gini Index / CPI / Freedom House Analyze political cartoons

UNIT 1 COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT

I. BIG IDEAS

Who governs and to what ends? How are political systems organized? Who has the political power? How is public policy made within a country? What factors go into making public policy – both internal and external?

II. UNIT 1 OBJECTIVES

Upon the completion of Unit 1 of AP Comparative Government, the students will be able to:

1.) Understand the importance of current events to the political development of a country2.) Define Key vocabulary terms on government3.) Demonstrate an understanding of the different schools of Comparative Analysis4.) Explain the sources of sovereignty for a state 5.) Describe the factors that impact the level of legitimacy for a regime6.) Compare and contrast the different forms of government around the world7.) Distinguish between the forms of Democratic regimes around the world8.) Analyze the different electoral methods used around the world.9.) Compare and contrast the First Past the Post SMD Electoral system and the Proportional Representation Electoral System10.) Explain the concept of Civil Society and distinguish between a pluralist and a corporatist system. 11.) Assess the impact of Import Substitution and Structural Adjustment economic policies on the development of 3rd world nations.

III. COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT / COMPARATIVE ANAYLSIS

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

A. Define CP? The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries.• Study Politics in countries by classifying, comparing and choosing• Look for patterns – similarities and differences

B. Why do Comparative Analysis of Countries?• To understand public policy decision in countries and to be able to make predictions• To understand why things differ from place to place• AGOA for example• Serious Issues like war and peace / democracy / economy / health care / prosperity v poverty

C. Schools of Comparative Analysis • POLITICAL ECONOMY APPROACH – Focuses on the nation-state level. It emphasizes the nexus between economic conditions and politics• MODERNIZATION THEORY – Focuses on the nation-state level. It emphasizes domestic forces such as cultural issues that may enhance or hinder development. This theory divides the world into a “modern” sector and a “Backward” Sector. • DEPENDENCY THEORY – Focuses on the global system and not just the country level. Poverty is a global issue and not just a political, economic or cultural issue. The small “core” of developed countries which specialize in high-value added manufactured goods, are conspiring to keep the rest of the “peripheral” countries depressed as they specialize in commodity products and resources. Poverty is based on a country’s position in this international system. • SYSTEMS THEORY – The focus is on all the players in the process of policymaking.o Inputs (Supports or demands – voters, interest groups, political parties, media) go to the Decision makers (institutions and Political Leaders) who produce Outputs (Public Policy) which leads to feedback (see the Media) with the system being affected by Environmental forces (globalization, the economy, etc)

IV. GOVERNMENT BASICS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT BASICS, DEMOCRACY, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND PROCESSES1. Comparative Basics:A. Government ? = Either a generic term to describe the formal part of the state or the administration of the day. The leadership or elite or elected officials in charge of running a state.

B. Nation ? As used by political scientists, primarily a psychological term to describe attachment or identity rather than a geopolitical unit such as the state.

C. State ? All individuals and institutions that make public policy, whether they are in the government or not. (Country)

D. Regime? The institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constitutional order in a democracy.

Did the US do regime change in Iraq? In Afghanistan?

E. Power = ability to maintain control F. POLITICAL POWER: The ability of one person (or a group) to cause another person (or group) to act in accordance with the first person’s intent in terms of political issues.

G. Politics ? The process through which a community, state, or organization organizes and governs itself. The struggle for power that gives one person or group the ability to make decisions for the larger group.

H. Autonomy? The ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public

I. Sovereignty? The right to rule – The ability of a state to carry out actions or policy within its territory independently without external or internal resistance - where a government gets its right to rule – source of its power• Sources?• Factors on why a country would give up some of its sovereignty?

J. Authority? The “right” to lead a country

K. Legitimacy ? A value whereby an institution is accepted by the public as right and proper, thus giving it authority and power - The extent to which the citizens accept the government as its true ruler• What factors go into raising or lowering the level of legitimacy in a regime?• Traditional, Charismatic, and Rational-Legal Legitimacy

L. Capacity? Strong v. weak v failed states? The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy.

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT - DEMOCRACYI. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

Despite the numerous names for governments that have existed since the beginning of time, political scientists have distilled governments down into one of three types.

What is the basic test between these three types of Governments? THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE POWER

A. SOVEREIGNTY – where a government gets its right to rule – source of its power

B. LEGITIMACY – The extent to which the citizens accept the government as its true ruler

C. Forms of Government Organization Unitary Systems vs. Federal Systems vs. Confederal Systems Push for Devolution today

D. Three types of Government:1.) AUTOCRACY – A government in which ONE person has the

power – RULE BY ONE! Sources of Power: Hereditary / Divine Right (power comes

from God) / Control of the Military Types of Autocracies: MONARCHY / DICTATORSHIP /

THEOCRACY (One religious leader in power like the Ayatollah in 1980’s Iran)

2.) Oligarchy – Rule by a Few - A (relatively) small group of people control the power

Sources of Power: Family connections / Membership in a group (CCP in China) / Military Control

Totalitarian / Fascist Regimes – rule by power and fear Examples: China and the Theocracy in Iran today

3.) DEMOCRACY – See below

III. FORMS OF DEMOCRACY 1.) DEMOCRACY – FORMS OF DEMOCRACY • Pure / Direct / Participatory vs. Indirect / Representative / Republic

• Liberal Democracies / Substantive Democracy / Advanced Democracy– define it? Examples?o A democratic form of government in which there are free, fair, and frequent elections and where there is a full spectrum of civil liberties and civil rights in placeLiberal Democracies – define it? Examples?

Illiberal Democracies – define it? Examples?o A gov’t with elections that are not free, fair or frequent and with large

scale disenfranchisemento A gov’t which does not protect the people’s civil liberties, rights or human

rightso A gov’t without an independent judiciaryo A country with no or weak civil society

PROCEDURAL DEMOCRACY o Form of democracy in which there is the appearance of democracy with

some protections for rights and liberties and elections BUT the elections are not free, fair, or competitive. Such as some citizens being denied suffrage, or one group controlling access to government (Corporatism), OR one group manages and rigs the elections through Electoral Alchemy or Tacos with the PRI in Mexico in 20th century

SUBSTANTIVE DEMOCRACY VS. PROCEDURAL DEMOCRACY

• In SD, electoral process gives all eligible citizens opp to equal participation in fair, frequent, free and competitive elections with extensive protections for rights and freedoms A democracy in which citizens have all the symbols or trappings of democratic process but carry far less influence than in a traditional or substantive democracy• Citizens elect reps but have far less influence on policy• PD are managed by members of the bureaucratic elite but these elite do not let many other freedoms or rights exist• Examples: Russia, Iran, China and Nigeria (Mexico PRI era)

SUBSTANTIVE DEMOCRACY PROCEDURAL DEMOCRACY Define? See Lib Dem above

In SD, electoral process gives all eligible citizens opp to equal participation in fair, frequent, free and competitive elections with extensive protections for rights and freedoms

A democracy in which citizens have all the symbols or trappings of democratic process but carry far less influence than in a traditional or substantive democracy

Citizens elect reps but have far less influence on policy

PD are managed by members of the bureaucratic elite but these elite do not let many other freedoms or rights exist

Examples: Russia, Iran, China and Nigeria (Mexico PRI era)

What is meant by the concept of “Institutionalized Democracy”? - (HINT - Rule of Law) As a country develops into a liberal democracy and the people come to accept

the rule of law, then the idea of democracy becoming more legitimate and accepted , therefore institutionalized

What is the most basic or common method by which people can participate in politics? Voting and elections

Basic terms: SUFFRAGE AND CONSTITUENCY Suffrage = right to vote Constituency = the geographic area that an elected official represents – really

is the people in that area Popular Sovereignty – The right to rule comes from the people

Review of Initiative, Referendum, Recall and Plebiscites Plebiscite: a nonbinding referenda designed to gage public opinion on an

issue and not a final binding decision

Factors needed in a successful democracy:

FFF and competitive elections Suffrage protections Liberty and freedom Rule of Law and an Independent Judiciary Sep of Powers Civil Society vs. Civic Culture – Social Capital ideological / economic / social / educational conditions

3 / 4 waves of democratization (Samuel Huntingdon) Late 19th century – Increase in education and urban population – 20 of 65

Indep Countries are demo End of WWII – Breakup of Euro Colonial powers Late 1970’s – Started in Southern Europe and spread to Latin America and

Asia but picked up speed in 1989 -1991 with the Fall of the USSR Early 21st century / Post 9/11 World – USA all the way – The Arab

Spring / Sprung

ELECTORAL SYSTEMSPOLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND PROCESSES

I. What is the most basic or common method by which people can participate in politics? Voting and elections

II. Basic terms: SUFFRAGE AND CONSTITUENCY Suffrage? THE RIGHT TO VOTE Constituency? The voters in A geographical area that an elected official

represents Popular Sovereignty? The power to rule comes from the consent of the

people

III. What is the primary institutional mechanism to regulate political competition? ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

What is meant by the concept of an ‘ELECTORAL SYSTEM”? The rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in the leg / gov’t

IV. What is Duverger’s Law? Scientific principle that focuses on the relationship between an electoral system and political party systems. The electoral system chosen in a country will impact the political party system that develops in that country.

V. What are the major forms or types of electoral systems in Liberal democracies?1. Explain the First Past the Post Single Member District Electoral System

(FPTP / SMD) The voting districts are set up as only 1 representative for each

constituency Winner Take All process Plurality = Candidate with the largest # of votes wins the seat

2. What is the difference between Plurality Elections and Absolute Majority Elections?Plurality is the most votes regardless of whether it is over 50% and majority means 50% plus 1 vote

3. In a FPTP system, how are seats in the legislature allocated? The candidate who gets the most votes in the SMD gets the seat

4. What is meant by a Run Off Election? IN electoral systems where the winner needs a majority of the vote, it is the second stage election after the first round where no one gets a majority

5. What are the pros and Cons of the FPTP SMD Electoral System?PROS CONS

Easier to get a majority and less being held hostage by small parties

More control over the legislature Representative accountability to

voters Tends to push system toward a 2

party Process with less # of PP in leg

Wasted votes as many votes cast do not actually count to anyone being elected

Voters are reluctant to vote for smaller PP

Leg is dominated by 2 major PP Smaller groups are not represented

so less democratic

6. Explain the PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION (PR) Electoral System

MMD = Multimember Districts so more than 1 leg seat is contested in each district– not a candidate centered process

PR – LIST = each party offers a list of candidates and voters select between party lists (Closed). Voters cast ballots for a PP rather than for a candidate and the % of votes the PP receives in a district determines how many seats the PP gets in that district. PP sets up a list of its candidates by rank and then allocates the seats in district based on % of vote received

PR –OPEN LIST STV (Single Transferable Vote) = voters show their support for individual candidates as voters rank candidates by preference eon ballot (can cross party lines)

7. In a PR system, how are seats in the legislature allocated? By % of the vote received for the party

8. What are the Pros and Cons of the PR system?PROS CONS

Seats in Leg reflect range of opinion of voters

More power to the PP which controls the candidates

Leads to smaller PP Increases the # of PP in leg. Greater diversity of representation More consensus and coalition

building

Not a candidate centered process Too much power for PP’s Not as democratic as people do not

actually choose their leaders Coalitions lead to instability

9. What is meant by a Threshold Requirement for seat allocation?A minimum percent of vote needed in order to qualify for seats in legislature.

10. Explain the idea of a MIXED ELECTORAL SYSTEM? Voters vote for candidates in SMD and also for PP using PR

11. Which type of electoral system tends to lead to a dominant 2 party system? FPTP12. Which electoral system gives 3rd Parties the best chance of winning seats? PR 13. Which electoral system tends to distort the winning margin of the victorious candidate / party? FPTP14. Which type of electoral system is often criticized because it leads to wasted votes? FPTP15. In which electoral system do voters actually get to directly choose their representative? FPTP16. Which type of system leads to more competitive political parties? PR17. Which type of system leads to more coalition governments? PR18. Which type of electoral system is the most common? PR19. Which type of electoral systems tends to lead to political parties made up of broad coalitions with diverse constituencies and interests under one party? FPTP

20. Under which electoral system is it harder to hold politicians accountable? PR

VI. KEY PRINCIPLES / PROCESSES OF DEMOCRACY 1. How do you encourage competition in democratic elections? Allow the

existence of PP

2. Why are Political parties so important? They act as unifying symbols that assist voters in making choices Bring together diverse groups of people and ideas PP create the means by which politicians are held accountable to

voters Encourage competition but also are loose enough to prevent tyranny

3. How is a Political Parties different than an Interest Group? Only a PP runs candidates for office

POLITICAL CULTURE – SEE POWER POINT

POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND IDEOLOGYI. Describe the differences in political attitudes and political ideologies that exist in the realm of politics today.

1. What is mean t by “POLITICAL ATTITUDES”? Term used to describe one’s views regarding the necessary pace and scope of change between freedom and equality. It refers to the speed and method with which political changes should take place in a society. Political Attitudes are very PARTICULARISTIC which means that they are country specific.

Type of Political Attitude Description 1. RADICALS Believe in dramatic, revolutionary change of the existing

political, social and/or economic orderCurrent system is broken and need a new orderUnavoidable necessity of violence

2. LIBERALS Favor Evolutionary or Progressive Change within the existing systemSystem is not fundamentally unjust or broken

3. CONSERVATIVES Supports the current order (Status Quo) and questions need for any significant change in existing system Change just replaces one set of problems for another

4. REACTIONARIES Agree with Conservatives on Evolutionary Change but view the current order as fundamentally unacceptableSeeks to restore old values and earlier political, social, and economic institutions – Dramatic change back to a previous regime

2. What is meant by the term “POLITICAL IDEOLOGY”? This concept differs over

how powerful a state should be. Sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics. It is concerned with the ideal relationship between freedom and equality for all individuals and the proper role of political institutions in achieving or maintaining this relationship. Political Ideology is ‘UNIVERSALISTIC” which me3ans it crosses from one country to another.

A. 5 MODERN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES:

IDEOLOGY BASIC TENETS COMPARISON TO POLITICAL ATTITUDE IN NORTH AMERICA

1. LIBERALISM Favors a limited role in society and economic activity. Emphasizes a high degree of personal and economic freedom over social equality. Low state autonomy so the role of state is concern itself with the maximum protection for liberty for all. Freedom

Conservatives

is the best course for prosperity for most people. 2. COMMUNISM A political and economic system in which all wealth

and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and ultimately the need for institutions like the state. State controls all economic resources. Need a powerful state with high autonomy.

Radical

3. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

Supports private property and markets but believes that state has a strong role to play in regulating the economy (like nationalization of industries) and providing benefits to the public. Seeks to balance freedom with equality. Yes freedom but also an emphasis on economic equality. Need a strong state with high autonomy while still recognizing the importance of individual liberty.

Liberal

4. FASCISM Stresses a low degree of both personal freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state. Rests on the idea that people and groups can be classified as either superior or inferior. Individual freedom must submit to the collective will.

Reactionary

5. ANARCHISM Stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all. Believes in the possibility of a high degree of personal freedom and social equality.

Radical

3. What is meant by “FUNDAMENTALISM”? A political ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state or to make faith the sovereign authority.

4. What is meant by “POLITICAL CULTURE”? The Basic norms for political activity in a society. The traditions and customs in terms of politics passed on through a society.

5. OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES TO BE AWARE OF:A. Christian Democratic Party – inspired mostly by Catholic thoughts and ideals so

appeals only to the Catholics.B. CATCH-ALL PARTIES – Parties used to seek out members who shared the

same ideology. This term developed in the 1960’s and describes a new type of Political party that plays down ideology in favor of slogans, telegenic candidates, and tries to reach OUT TO ALL PEOPLE. The expansion of the media has allowed this type of party to exist.

C. GREEN PARTY – A Political Party that takes a strong stand against nuclear weapons and energy and supports environmental causes.

Supported by Post-Materialist Voters

D. What is meant by an ‘INTERVENTIONIST STATE”? Governments in Industrialized Democracies that pursue an active economic policy. These grew in response to changes and problems associated with the Industrial Revolution such as pollution, failing businesses (say hello to Mr. Lehman and his Brothers), and unemployment / poverty.

Think of examples of Intervention by states: Health Care programs, subsidized education programs through the university level, unemployment compensation, pensions / socials security, senior programs.

THE INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENTObjectives: The students will be able to explain the different options that a state has in terms of organizing its institutions of government. Also think about the pros and cons of using each of these systems.

I. GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION Unitary System

o Any form of government in which all of the government power is in the hands of the national or central government

o Pros – more efficient and consistent policy makingo Cons - Lack of ideas and diversification of policy

Federal System o The division of government power between the levels of

government, national state and local, with each level exercising direct authority over the people

o Pros – More diversity of policy ideaso Cons – Less efficient – takes longer to get policy done and

more inconsistent Confederate / Confederation

o Think EU and UNo States retain sovereignty overall but give up some

authority for limited policy areas Asymmetrical Federalism?

o If every state / subregional government in a state has the same extent and level of power / authority, it is called SymmetricaL Federalism.

o If there are states / subregional governments within a country with different levels of power and authority, then it is Asymmetrical FEDERALISM.

II. EXECUTIVE BRANCH Electoral System Term of Office + Term Limits Presidential vs. Parliamentary System

Parliamentary System - Political system in which the roles of Head of State and of Gov’t are assigned to separate individuals like a PM and Queen or Premier

o A political system in which there is no real separation of powers and in which the roles of Head of State and Head of Government are assigned to separate executive offices. A political system in which the executive is dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislature, often expressed through a vote of confidence, and with no clear-cut separation of powers between the branches

PROS CONS PM is elected from leg so

less conflict between Exec and leg

More efficient

Easier to get leg passed with less gridlock and divided gov’t

Votes of No Confidence and no fixed terms allow replacement - flexible

Dangerous concentration of power with limited Sep of Powers

Need coalitions

Smaller PP have power to stymie leg or policy

Presidential System – Political system in which roles of Head of State and of Gov’t are combined in one exec office with a fixed term

o A political system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not

accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it

PROS CONS Pres has direct mandate from

people who elected him / her Stability with fixed terms Fusion of powers = more

legitimacy More democratic as voters

choose leader

Too much power in 1 person’s hands

Limits competition and threatens democracy

Too hard to remove with fixed terms

Divided government

MIXED - Semi presidential System – (RUSSIA NOW) PM and Pres coexist with PM chosen by leg and pres directly elected by people and has considerable power like over foreign affairs and possibly to remove PM or dissolve leg

Head of State o Executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both

nationally and internationally

Head of Government o Executive role that deals with everyday tasks of running the

state, such as formulating and executing policy

Bureaucracyo The part of a government composed of technical experts and

others who remain from one administration to the next What is meant by the term “Government” when

referring to a country in AP Comparativeo The Head of Government plus the

Bureaucracy

III. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

Electoral System Terms of Office + Term Limits Unicameral – 1 house legislature

o Pros – More efficient and quicker to respondo Cons – Less diversity of policy ideas

Bicameral – 2 house legislatureo Pros – more policy diversity and discussion

of ideas – better policyo Cons – Less efficient

Tricameral – 3 house legislature Distribution of Powers between the House of a

Legislature

IV. JUDICIAL BRANCH Term of Office Selection Process – Elected or Appointed The Concept of an Independent Judiciary Power of Judicial Review – If so, Abstract or

Concrete Judicial Reviewo The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of

government and overturn those laws or policies that violate the constitution

o Abstract vs. Concrete Judicial Review

GLOBALIZATION - ECONOMIC ISSUES IN DEVELOPING WORLDOBJECTIVES: The students will be able to

1.) Explain the economic issues facing developing countries 2.) Distinguish between economic policies and reforms attempted in

these countries.

I. GLOBALIZATION 1. DEFINE IT2. TYPESOF GLOBALIZATION – Economic / Political / Environmental / Social (Human Rights)3. Pros and Cons of Globalization

II. THIRD WORLD 1. Define it2. Why is it so difficult to assess countries in 3rd world? Diversity of culture and economic development and number of countries3. Capacity – Strong vs. Weak vs. Failed States

III. ECONOMIC BASICS 1. What type of economic system does a country have in place? COMMAND /

MARKET / MIXEDNo government control à total government control

2. COMMAND ECONOMY Defined:

A centrally planned and controlled economy / or Government dictates pricing and production

FEATURES / CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMAND ECONOMY:• Central Planning• Central power makes all decisions• Fixed or gov’t set pricing• Govt’ control of distribution and production• Gov’t control of employment and wages• State owned econ resources• Highly Restricted property rights if any• Use of production quotas and PLANS

SocialismGovernment owns basic means of production, determines use of resources, distributes products and wages, provides social services- education, health, welfare.

CommunismGovernment decides how much to produce, what to produce, how to distribute goods and services, command economy

3. MARKET ECONOMY DEFINED: An economy in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand based on the private market with little to no government control

FEATURES / CHARACTERISTICS OF A MARKET ECONOMY • The Private sector controls and makes econ decisions and

sets prices• Supply and demand determines allocation of resources• Private property rights• Freedom to choose jobs and econ decisions• Focus on profits• Emphasis on competition• Income / Wage inequality / unemployment• Economy booms and busts - instability

CapitalismGovernment is mostly hands off the means of production, use of resources, distribution of products and the determination of wages. The essentials of capitalism are free enterprise, free market, freedom of choice, individual incentive and laissez-faire.

3. Mixed Economy – This is the economic system used by almost every country in the world. There is a mix between government control and private decision making. The good old US of A

4. Basics Economic terms: GDP : Gross domestic product is the market value of all officially

recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a year GNP: Gross national product is the market value of all the products and

services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country. Unlike GDP which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP allocates production based on ownership.

GNP Per Capita = divided GNP by population – measures the standard of living in a country

PPP – Purchasing Power Parity = a statistical tool that estimates the buying power of income across different countries by using the US as a benchmark ($36,000)

5. Newly Industrializing Country v. Less Developed Country LDC is a nation with a lower living standard, underdeveloped industrial

base, and low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries

BRIC – Brazil, Russia, India, and China NIC - Countries whose economies have not yet reached developed

country status but have outpaced their developing counterparts. Nations undergoing rapid economic growth with strong exports. Industrialization with a strong manufacturing base is the key indicator of a NIC.

NICs usually share some other common features, including:

Increased social freedoms and civil rights Strong political leaders. An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other

nations Strong capital investment from foreign countries. Rapid growth of urban centers and population.

4. Theories of Economic Development(A) Westernization Model – UK was first to develop its industry during the Industrial Rev. This became the model for other Euro nations to follow.

The biggest obstacle for LDC’s to modernize is old values and traditions that hinder progress.

(B) Dependency Theory – economic development of many countries is blocked by the fact that industrialized nations exploit them. Prosperous nations control the resources and assets of developing nations. Problems cannot be solved by westernizing because that leads to further exploitation. Rather problems are solved by establishing independence. This leads many LDC’s to seek socialism. Obstacles to development are external in nature rather than internal

5. Export-oriented Industrialization – See the “Asian Tigers” whose strategies were to directly integrate the country’s economy into the global economy by concentrating on economic production that can find a place in international markets

6. Neocolonialism – idea that there are indirect forms of imperialism at play today in world

7. What is Economic Globalization? - it is an extensive system of global

international trade and economic relations.

Note: The response must address the system/interconnectedness/export and import, not just foreign trade; that is, the definition cannot be simply about expanding the domestic economy but must include the international system. Describe a policy response of the Mexican government to economic globalization:

• Participation in a regional or bilateral trade agreement (e.g., NAFTA)• Liberalization of the economy and adoption of neoliberal and privatization policies• More legislation friendly to foreign business• Diversification of the economy • Domestic business sector investment

8. Distinguish between Economic Liberalization and Political Liberalization • EL - Less government regulation of the economy and greater participation of

private entities (free markets, reducing state control over markets, pricing, employment, property, distribution).

• Reducing government intervention in the economy.

• PL - Increasing citizen rights and liberties. • Minimizing government supervision of society/individuals.

NeoLiberalism – combo of economic and political liberalism

9. Explain Economic Policies adopted by LDC’s / Third World Nations seeking to advance their nation’s economy.

Import Substitution – What is it? Why do it?o Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports

to advance domestic goods and industries.

Structural Adjustment – as mandated by the IMF and the WB – What is it? Why do it? Successful?

(A)Major components? Restructure and diversify the economy Reduce government debt Reduce taxes Reduce government spending Privatize parastatals

Export-oriented Industrialization – See the “Asian Tigers” whose strategies were to directly integrate the country’s economy into the global economy by concentrating on economic production that can find a place in international markets

10. What is a RENTIER STATE (JUST LIKE NIGERIA and IRAN) - What? Economy heavily supported by govt expenditures while the country

receives RENT (income / revenue) by oil exports to other countries RENT also comes from leasing oil fields to foreign countries State’s role is in controlling the nation’s revenues and spending the

earnings from rent Rent seeking behavior by people through P/C system

11. Most Nigerians do not have Prebendal connections / P-C connections. As a result, they struggle along in the INFORMAL ECONOMY. The informal economy is where most Nigerians make their living, as street

hawkers, minibus drivers, money changers or market traders. The Nigerian government - which has seen its export dollars hit by the

falling price of oil - is thought to see many more tax dollars slip through the net in the unregulated black economy.

These untaxed and unregulated revenues - by some estimates - account for between 40% and 45% of gross domestic product (GDP).

IT’S DATA RETREAT TIME!OBJECTIVES: The students will be able to:

Identify and Explain important statistical sites relating to development data on the 6 core countries.

Review and analyze data to determine the level of development of countries in the AP Comparative Government and Politics curriculum.

1.) Students must understand the following statistical conceptsSocial Statistics- Population- Population Growth Rate and rank in the world- Age Structure – By 0-14 years, 15-24 years, 25-54

years, 55-64 years, and 65 and over- % of Urban Population- Infant Mortality Rate - Life Expectancy at Birth- Literacy Rate – Total / For Men / For Women

Economic Statistics- GDP and rank in the world- GDP Per Capita and rank in the world- GDP Growth rate- GDP By Sector of Origin – Agriculture, Industry and

Services- Population Below the Poverty Line

For the remaining sites, students need to search for the purpose of this organization / site, what they measure, how they measure or score it, and how each country scored and its rank in this area.

Freedom House - www.freedomhouse.orghttp://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Charts%20and%20Graphs%20for%20Web.pdf

Transparency International / Corruption Perceptions Index -www.transparency.org/cpi

Gini Index - http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

www.undp.org/ http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ - Use Table 1