MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWER MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWER POINT FOR CHAPTER 7POINT FOR CHAPTER 7

March towards RevolutionMarch towards Revolution1763-17751763-1775

Victory in Seven Years’ War means Britain must Victory in Seven Years’ War means Britain must send 10,000 costly troops to keep on the frontiersend 10,000 costly troops to keep on the frontier

Britain tries to get America to help pay for the costs Britain tries to get America to help pay for the costs

Revolution was not inevitable, butRevolution was not inevitable, but colonies and England had grown togethercolonies and England had grown together during the war but Disputes over economic during the war but Disputes over economic

policies would expose irreconcilable policies would expose irreconcilable differences over political principles, leading to differences over political principles, leading to revolutionrevolution

Colonial LifeColonial Life No aristocracyNo aristocracy

Property ownership and political participation Property ownership and political participation accessible to mostaccessible to most

Era of salutary neglect had Americans used Era of salutary neglect had Americans used to running their own affairsto running their own affairs

England looked vulnerable during 7 year warEngland looked vulnerable during 7 year war

Smugglers proved that $ could be made Smugglers proved that $ could be made despite England’s interferencedespite England’s interference

Under mercantilism colonies were supposed to Under mercantilism colonies were supposed to do the following:do the following: Furnish products needed in mother countryFurnish products needed in mother country

Not export certain products that would Not export certain products that would compete with British industrycompete with British industry

Buy imported manufactured goods exclusively Buy imported manufactured goods exclusively from Britain from Britain

Not work towards self-sufficiency or self-Not work towards self-sufficiency or self-governmentgovernment

Colonies issued paper money in response Colonies issued paper money in response to currency shortage to currency shortage Money quickly depreciated and British Money quickly depreciated and British

merchants get Parliament to ban printing of merchants get Parliament to ban printing of moneymoney

Colonists complained their welfare was Colonists complained their welfare was sacrificed for British merchantssacrificed for British merchants

Until 1763 – Navigation Laws were loosely Until 1763 – Navigation Laws were loosely enforced and American shippers smuggled or enforced and American shippers smuggled or ignored some lawsignored some laws

In 1763 the British navy ordered to strictly In 1763 the British navy ordered to strictly enforce Navigation Acts to make up war debts enforce Navigation Acts to make up war debts

1764 - the Sugar Act1764 - the Sugar Act Tax passed by Parliament to raise $ from coloniesTax passed by Parliament to raise $ from colonies Increased duty on imported sugar (molasses) from Increased duty on imported sugar (molasses) from

West Indies West Indies Duties lowered after bitter colonial protestsDuties lowered after bitter colonial protests

1765 – Quartering Act1765 – Quartering Act Required some colonies to provide food and living Required some colonies to provide food and living

quarters for British troopsquarters for British troops

1765 – Stamp Act1765 – Stamp Act

Required stamp on bills of sale and on certain Required stamp on bills of sale and on certain commercial and legal documentscommercial and legal documents• Playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, Playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers,

diplomas, marriage licenses, bills of ladingdiplomas, marriage licenses, bills of lading

British viewed new laws as reasonableBritish viewed new laws as reasonable For example, British citizens had paid a For example, British citizens had paid a

higher stamp tax for 2 generationshigher stamp tax for 2 generations

Tax StampsTax Stamps

Americans saw new laws as a strike Americans saw new laws as a strike against liberties and their basic rights as against liberties and their basic rights as EnglishmenEnglishmen

Americans saw presence of British army in Americans saw presence of British army in America as threat, not a blessingAmerica as threat, not a blessing Now that French were removed and Now that French were removed and

Indians were defeated (at Pontiac’s Indians were defeated (at Pontiac’s Rebellion), they believed the British Rebellion), they believed the British army was no longer neededarmy was no longer needed

British ignored American protestsBritish ignored American protests

The power of Parliament was supremeThe power of Parliament was supreme

Americans were represented in Parliament Americans were represented in Parliament through “through “virtual representationvirtual representation”… every ”… every member of Parliament represented all British member of Parliament represented all British subjects (even Americans who were not subjects (even Americans who were not allowed to vote for members of Parliament) allowed to vote for members of Parliament)

Americans and representation Americans and representation Didn’t accept theory of Virtual Representation Didn’t accept theory of Virtual Representation

Did not want direct representation Did not want direct representation

If they had representation, Parliament could If they had representation, Parliament could pass large taxes on the colonies and small pass large taxes on the colonies and small American representation could not stop it American representation could not stop it

Americans wanted a return to the policy of Americans wanted a return to the policy of salutary neglectsalutary neglect

1765 – Stamp Act Congress1765 – Stamp Act Congress Delegates from 9 colonies meet in NYC and Delegates from 9 colonies meet in NYC and

draw up statement of grievances seeking draw up statement of grievances seeking repeal of the Stamp Actrepeal of the Stamp Act

Colonists agree to boycott British goodsColonists agree to boycott British goods(economic pressure) (economic pressure)

Homespun (homemade) garments became Homespun (homemade) garments became fashionable to avoid imported British wool fashionable to avoid imported British wool

• Mobilized commoners participation by Mobilized commoners participation by signing petitions and boycottssigning petitions and boycotts

Violent colonial protests against the Violent colonial protests against the Stamp ActStamp Act

Sons of Liberty groups formed to enforce Sons of Liberty groups formed to enforce non-importation, using tar and feathers on non-importation, using tar and feathers on violatorsviolators

Mobs ransacked houses of British officials Mobs ransacked houses of British officials and hanged effigies of stamp agents and hanged effigies of stamp agents

Tar and Feathers and the Threat of Hanging Tar and Feathers and the Threat of Hanging

During a Stamp Act ProtestDuring a Stamp Act Protest

Paying Paying the the

Excise Excise (Tax) (Tax) ManMan

1765 – on day the Stamp Act was to go into 1765 – on day the Stamp Act was to go into effect, all the stamp agents resigned & no one effect, all the stamp agents resigned & no one left to collect the taxleft to collect the tax

English were hard-hit by boycottsEnglish were hard-hit by boycotts Merchants, manufacturers, shippers, and Merchants, manufacturers, shippers, and

laborers all suffered and demanded that laborers all suffered and demanded that Parliament repeal the Stamp ActParliament repeal the Stamp Act

PARLIMENT REPEALS STAMP TAX ACT IN PARLIMENT REPEALS STAMP TAX ACT IN 1766 passes the 1766 passes the Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act

1767 – Townshend Acts passed 1767 – Townshend Acts passed

Light import duties on many itemsLight import duties on many items

Colonists had objected to Stamp Act because it was Colonists had objected to Stamp Act because it was an an internal (direct) taxinternal (direct) tax (collected inside the (collected inside the colonies, paid directly by the colonists themselves) colonies, paid directly by the colonists themselves)

In contrast, the Townshend duties were In contrast, the Townshend duties were external external (indirect) taxes(indirect) taxes (paid by the shippers of the (paid by the shippers of the goods, not by the consumers)goods, not by the consumers)

Charles Charles TownshendTownshend

March 5, 1770: the Boston Massacre March 5, 1770: the Boston Massacre 60 townspeople taunted and threw snowballs at 10 60 townspeople taunted and threw snowballs at 10

British redcoats British redcoats • crowd angry over killing of boy 10 days earlier during protestcrowd angry over killing of boy 10 days earlier during protest • Also angry that part time work being done by British soldiers Also angry that part time work being done by British soldiers

Troops fired and killed 5 and wounded 6 Troops fired and killed 5 and wounded 6 • Acted without orders but were provokedActed without orders but were provoked

• Crispus Attucks was first to die, a “mulatto”Crispus Attucks was first to die, a “mulatto”

After trial, only 2 soldiers were found guilty of After trial, only 2 soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter; they were branded on the hand and manslaughter; they were branded on the hand and released (Adams was their attorney)released (Adams was their attorney)

Parliament finally repealed Townshend Acts Parliament finally repealed Townshend Acts as a failureas a failure

However, a tax on tea left to keep the However, a tax on tea left to keep the principle of parliamentary taxation aliveprinciple of parliamentary taxation alive

Committees of Correspondence between the Committees of Correspondence between the colonies established to discuss ways to resist colonies established to discuss ways to resist taxes. These would evolve into the meeting taxes. These would evolve into the meeting of the First Continental Congressof the First Continental Congress

1773 – the British East India Company 1773 – the British East India Company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea and had 17 million pounds of unsold tea and was facing bankruptcy was facing bankruptcy If company failed, Britain would lose tax $ If company failed, Britain would lose tax $

Britain awarded company a monopoly to sell Britain awarded company a monopoly to sell tea in America which meant cheaper tea for tea in America which meant cheaper tea for America (even with the tax) America (even with the tax)

Americans believed government was trying to Americans believed government was trying to tax them by trick, made them angriertax them by trick, made them angrier

Because of protests, not a single chest of tea Because of protests, not a single chest of tea shipped ever reached buyers in Americashipped ever reached buyers in America

New York and Philadelphia – mass New York and Philadelphia – mass demonstrations forced ships to return to demonstrations forced ships to return to EnglandEngland

Maryland – ship and cargo burned Maryland – ship and cargo burned

Massachusetts Governor Hutchinson orders Massachusetts Governor Hutchinson orders tea, which had already arrived in Boston Port, tea, which had already arrived in Boston Port, not to leave without it being unloaded.not to leave without it being unloaded.

December 16, 1773 – Bostonians, disguised as December 16, 1773 – Bostonians, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into riverIndians, dumped 342 chests of tea into river

Reactions to the Boston Tea PartyReactions to the Boston Tea Party

Radical colonists supported actionRadical colonists supported action Conservatives complained of the destruction Conservatives complained of the destruction

of private property and anarchyof private property and anarchy Gov. Hutchinson returned to England Gov. Hutchinson returned to England

disgusteddisgusted British chose to punish the colonistsBritish chose to punish the colonists

1774“Intolerable Acts” passed in response to 1774“Intolerable Acts” passed in response to “tea party”“tea party”

Passed to punish Massachusetts - especially Passed to punish Massachusetts - especially BostonBoston Known as the Coercive Acts in BritainKnown as the Coercive Acts in Britain

Boston Port Act closed Harbor until tea was Boston Port Act closed Harbor until tea was paid for and order restoredpaid for and order restored

New expanded Quartering Act New expanded Quartering Act

Restrictions on town meetings Restrictions on town meetings

Royal officials who killed colonist in line of duty Royal officials who killed colonist in line of duty would be tried in Britain, not Americawould be tried in Britain, not America

Boston Boston After the After the Coercive Coercive

ActsActs

1774 – Quebec Act passed same time as 1774 – Quebec Act passed same time as Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts Incorrectly seen by Americans as part of the Incorrectly seen by Americans as part of the

British reaction to Boston Tea PartyBritish reaction to Boston Tea Party

Dealt with problem of 60,000 French in Dealt with problem of 60,000 French in CanadaCanada

French in Quebec guaranteed the Catholic French in Quebec guaranteed the Catholic religion, to keep old customs, and the religion, to keep old customs, and the boundaries of Quebec were extended to the boundaries of Quebec were extended to the Ohio River Ohio River

Quebec Quebec Before Before

and After and After 17741774

September 1774 – First Continental September 1774 – First Continental Congress Congress meets in Philadelphia as a meets in Philadelphia as a response to the Intolerable Acts response to the Intolerable Acts

12 of 13 colonies (Georgia absent) 12 of 13 colonies (Georgia absent)

John Adams and Patrick Henry, among John Adams and Patrick Henry, among others, begin to argue that independence others, begin to argue that independence mightmight be the only recourse be the only recourse

First First Continental Continental

Congress 1774Congress 1774

Agree to meet Agree to meet again in May, again in May,

1775, if 1775, if demands not demands not

metmet

Bloodshed in MassachusettsBloodshed in Massachusetts

April 1775 – first shots of the Revolution were April 1775 – first shots of the Revolution were firedfired

British troops in Boston were sent to British troops in Boston were sent to Lexington and Concord to seize colonist Lexington and Concord to seize colonist weapons stores and capture rebel leaders weapons stores and capture rebel leaders and colonial militiamen refuse to disperseand colonial militiamen refuse to disperse

Lexington and Concord, April 1775Lexington and Concord, April 1775

British Empire Strong but it had WeaknessesBritish Empire Strong but it had Weaknesses

British army difficulties in America British army difficulties in America Second-rate generals, soldiers brutally treated, and Second-rate generals, soldiers brutally treated, and

poorly provided forpoorly provided for

British had to conquer AmericansBritish had to conquer Americans Restoring situation to pre-1763 (without Restoring situation to pre-1763 (without

Parliamentary taxes) would be victory for AmericansParliamentary taxes) would be victory for Americans

British fought 3,000 miles away from homeBritish fought 3,000 miles away from home Problems in supplying and running warProblems in supplying and running war America’s geography was enormous America’s geography was enormous

Advantages of the AmericansAdvantages of the Americans

Great leaders Great leaders Washington, Franklin, AdamsWashington, Franklin, Adams

Aid – eventually from FranceAid – eventually from France Foreign fightersForeign fighters

Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von SteubenMarquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben Fighting defensively Fighting defensively

Agriculturally self-sustainingAgriculturally self-sustaining Advantage of believing in a just causeAdvantage of believing in a just cause

American DisadvantagesAmerican Disadvantages

Badly organized and disunited Badly organized and disunited

Weak leadership from Continental Weak leadership from Continental CongressCongress

No written constitution (Articles of No written constitution (Articles of Confederation) until almost the end of the Confederation) until almost the end of the war (1781)war (1781)

Jealousy between statesJealousy between states

American Economic difficulties included:American Economic difficulties included: Metallic money drained by England (mercantilism) Metallic money drained by England (mercantilism)

Congress was not willing to pass taxes, instead they Congress was not willing to pass taxes, instead they printed paper money (“Continentals”) that quickly printed paper money (“Continentals”) that quickly depreciated (“not worth a Continental”)depreciated (“not worth a Continental”)

States issued worthless paper moneyStates issued worthless paper money

Inflation of currency led to higher prices, causing Inflation of currency led to higher prices, causing problems in the economy because it is hard to fight a problems in the economy because it is hard to fight a war without moneywar without money

1777 Continental, Front and Back1777 Continental, Front and Back

Depreciation of Continental Currency

OTHER AMERICAN PROBLEMSOTHER AMERICAN PROBLEMS Lack of food for soldiers led to starvationLack of food for soldiers led to starvation Goods, clothing, shoes all in short supplyGoods, clothing, shoes all in short supply

• American farmers who were poorly trained soildersAmerican farmers who were poorly trained soilders

• Only a minority of Americans actually fought on Only a minority of Americans actually fought on behalf of the colonistsbehalf of the colonists

• Baron Van Steuben from Germany and Marquis de Baron Van Steuben from Germany and Marquis de Lafayette from France would eventually arrive to Lafayette from France would eventually arrive to help train the menhelp train the men

Blacks fighting for the BritishBlacks fighting for the British Royal governor of Virginia promised freedom Royal governor of Virginia promised freedom

to enslaved blacks who fought for the Britishto enslaved blacks who fought for the British

Thousands of blacks fled to British side for Thousands of blacks fled to British side for emancipation emancipation

At the end of the war the British evacuated At the end of the war the British evacuated 14,000 blacks to Nova Scotia, Jamaica and 14,000 blacks to Nova Scotia, Jamaica and EnglandEngland

KEYS TO REMEMBERKEYS TO REMEMBER

11. No taxation without representation (the issue . No taxation without representation (the issue of money is always important)of money is always important)

2. Smarter course for England would have been 2. Smarter course for England would have been to allow representation in Parliament and then to allow representation in Parliament and then just outvote the colonists on monetary issuesjust outvote the colonists on monetary issues

3. Shots fired 1775 but war delayed until 3. Shots fired 1775 but war delayed until 1776 so opportunity existed to avoid war but 1776 so opportunity existed to avoid war but egos and distance prevented opportunity egos and distance prevented opportunity from being exercised.from being exercised.