Mr. Buttell APUSHWBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I

Mr. Buttell APUSHWBHS KC 8.1 II, 8.2 I & 8.3 I

THE 1950s:

THE 1950s:

““Anxiety, Alienation, and Anxiety, Alienation, and Social UnrestSocial Unrest”” ????

““Conservatism, Conservatism, Complacency, and Complacency, and

ContentmentContentment””OROROROR

1A. Baby Boom1A. Baby BoomIt seems to me that every other It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant.young housewife I see is pregnant.

-- British visitor to America, -- British visitor to America, 19581958

1957 1957 1 baby born every 7 1 baby born every 7 secondsseconds

1B. Baby Boom1B. Baby Boom

Dr. Benjamin Dr. Benjamin SpockSpock

and the Anderson and the Anderson QuintupletsQuintuplets

2A. Suburban Living2A. Suburban Living

$7,990 or $60/month$7,990 or $60/month

FHA Loan 5% down, & VA Loans $1 downFHA Loan 5% down, & VA Loans $1 down

Levittown, L. I.: Levittown, L. I.: ““The American The American DreamDream””

1949 1949 William LevittWilliam Levitt produced produced 150 houses per week. 150 houses per week.

2B. Suburban Living2B. Suburban Living

SHIFTS IN POPULATION SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION,

1940-19701940-1970

19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970Central CitiesCentral Cities 31.6% 32.3% 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0% 32.6% 32.0%SuburbsSuburbs 19.5% 23.8% 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 30.7% 41.6%41.6%Rural Areas/Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4% 36.7% 26.4%Small TownsSmall Towns

U. S. Bureau of the Census.U. S. Bureau of the Census.

2c. Suburban Living:The Typical TV Suburban Families

2c. Suburban Living:The Typical TV Suburban Families

The The Donna Donna Reed Reed ShowShow1958-1958-19661966

Leave It Leave It to Beaverto Beaver1957-19631957-1963

FatherFather Knows Knows BestBest

1954-19581954-1958

The Ozzie & Harriet The Ozzie & Harriet ShowShow

1952-19661952-1966

3. Consumerism3. Consumerism

1950 1950 Introduction of the Diner Introduction of the Diner’’s s CardCard

All babies were potential consumers All babies were potential consumers who spearheaded a brand-new market who spearheaded a brand-new market for food, clothing, and shelter.for food, clothing, and shelter. -- Life -- Life Magazine (May, 1958) Magazine (May, 1958)

4. A Changing Workplace

4. A Changing Workplace

Automation:

1947-1957 factory workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs.

By 1956 more white-collar than blue-collar

jobs in the U. S.

Computers Mark I (1944). First IBM mainframe computer (1951).Corporate Consolidation:

By 1960 600 corporations (1/2% of all U. S. companies) accounted for 53% of total corporate income.

WHY?? Cold War military buildup.

5A. The Culture of the Car

5A. The Culture of the Car

Car registrations: 1945 Car registrations: 1945 25,000,00025,000,000 1960 1960 60,000,000 60,000,000

2-family cars doubles from 1951-19582-family cars doubles from 1951-1958

1956 1956 Interstate Highway ActInterstate Highway Act largest largest public works project in American public works project in American history! (Bigger than any New history! (Bigger than any New Deal Deal program) program)

Å Cost $26 billion over 10 years.Cost $26 billion over 10 years.

Å 42,500 miles of new highways 42,500 miles of new highways built.built.

1959 Chevy 1959 Chevy CorvetteCorvette

1958 Pink 1958 Pink CadillacCadillac

5B. The Culture of the Car

5B. The Culture of the Car

First McDonaldFirst McDonald’’s s (1955)(1955)

America became a more America became a more homogeneous nation because homogeneous nation because of the automobile.of the automobile.

Drive-In Drive-In MoviesMovies

Howard Howard JohnsonJohnson’’ss

5C. The Culture of the Car

5C. The Culture of the Car

The U. S. population was on the move in the The U. S. population was on the move in the 1950s.1950s.

NE & Mid-W NE & Mid-W S & SW S & SW (( ““SunbeltSunbelt”” states) states)

1955 1955 Disneyland opened in Southern Disneyland opened in Southern California.California. (40% of the guests came from (40% of the guests came from outsideoutside California, most by car.) California, most by car.)

Frontier Frontier LandLand

Main StreetMain Street Tomorrow LandTomorrow Land

6A. Television6A. Television 1947 1947 7,000 TV sets in the U. S. 7,000 TV sets in the U. S.

1960 1960 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S.S.

Mass Audience Mass Audience TV celebrated TV celebrated traditionaltraditional

American values. American values.

Television is a vast wasteland.Television is a vast wasteland. Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, Federal Communications Commission, 19611961

Truth, Justice, and the American way!Truth, Justice, and the American way!

6B. Television - Family Shows

6B. Television - Family Shows

I Love I Love LucyLucy

The The HoneymoonersHoneymooners

Glossy view of mostly Glossy view of mostly middle-class suburban life.middle-class suburban life.

But...But...

Social Winners?... AND… Social Winners?... AND… Loosers?Loosers?

7A. Teen Culture

7A. Teen CultureIn the 1950s In the 1950s the word the word ““teenagerteenager”” entered entered

the American language. the American language.

By 1956 By 1956 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend a year. a year.

1951 1951 ““race musicrace music”” ““ROCK ROCK ‘‘N ROLLN ROLL””

Elvis PresleyElvis Presley ““The KingThe King””

7B. Teen Culture

7B. Teen Culture““Juvenile Juvenile

DelinquencyDelinquency”” ??????

Marlon BrandoMarlon Brando inin

The Wild OneThe Wild One (1953)(1953)

James DeanJames Dean in inRRebel Without a ebel Without a

CauseCause (1955) (1955)

1951 1951 J. D. SalingerJ. D. Salinger’’ss The Catcher in the RyeThe Catcher in the Rye

7C. Teen Culture

7C. Teen Culture

Behavioral Rules of the Behavioral Rules of the 1950s:1950s:U Obey Authority.Obey Authority.

U Control Your Emotions.Control Your Emotions.

U DonDon’’t Make Waves t Make Waves Fit Fit in in with the Group.with the Group.

U DonDon’’t Even Think About t Even Think About Sex!!!Sex!!!

8A. Religious Revival

8A. Religious Revival

Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in the center of things.the center of things. -- -- TimeTime magazine, 1954 magazine, 1954

Church membershipChurch membership: : 1940 1940 64,000,000 64,000,000 1960 1960 114,000,000 114,000,000

Television PreachersTelevision Preachers: :

1. Catholic 1. Catholic Bishop Fulton J. SheenBishop Fulton J. Sheen ““Life is Life is Worth Living Worth Living””

2. Methodist Minister 2. Methodist Minister Norman Vincent PealeNorman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive ThinkingThe Power of Positive Thinking

3. 3. Reverend Billy GrahamReverend Billy Graham ecumenical ecumenical message;message; warned against the evils of Communism. warned against the evils of Communism.

8B. Religious Revival

8B. Religious RevivalHollywoodHollywood: apex of the biblical : apex of the biblical

epics.epics.

ItIt’’s un-American to be un-religious!s un-American to be un-religious! -- -- The Christian CenturyThe Christian Century, 1954, 1954

The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben HurHur 1953 1956 19591953 1956 1959

9A. Well-Defined Gender Roles

9A. Well-Defined Gender Roles

The The ideal modern womanideal modern woman married, cooked married, cooked and and cared for her family, and kept herself cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her familyentertained guests in her family’’s s suburban house and worked out on the suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure.trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- -- LifeLife magazine, 1956 magazine, 1956

MarilynMarilynMonroeMonroe

The The ideal 1950s manideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -and the boss of the house. -- - LifeLife magazine, 1955 magazine, 1955

1956 1956 William H. Whyte, Jr. William H. Whyte, Jr. The The Organization Man Organization Man

A a middle-class, white a middle-class, white suburban suburban male is the ideal.male is the ideal.

9B. Well-Defined Gender Roles

9B. Well-Defined Gender Roles

Changing Sexual BehaviorChanging Sexual Behavior:: Alfred Kinsey:Alfred Kinsey: 1948 1948 Sexual Behavior in the Sexual Behavior in the HumanHuman Male Male 1953 1953 Sexual Behavior in the Sexual Behavior in the Human Human Female Female

v Premarital sex was common.Premarital sex was common.

v Extramarital affairs were Extramarital affairs were frequent frequent among married couples.among married couples.

KinseyKinsey’’s results are an assault on the s results are an assault on the family family as a basic unit of society, a negation of as a basic unit of society, a negation of moral law, and a celebration of moral law, and a celebration of licentiousness.licentiousness. -- -- LifeLife magazine, early 1950s magazine, early 1950s

10A. Progress Through Science10A. Progress Through Science

1951 -- 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe First IBM Mainframe ComputerComputer

1952 -- 1952 -- Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb Test Test

1953 -- 1953 -- DNADNA Structure Discovered Structure Discovered

1954 -- 1954 -- Salk VaccineSalk Vaccine Tested for Tested for PolioPolio

1957 -- First Commercial 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. U. S. NuclearNuclear Power Plant Power Plant

1958 -- 1958 -- NASANASA Created Created

1959 -- Press Conference of the 1959 -- Press Conference of the First 7First 7 American Astronauts American Astronauts

10B. Progress Through Science10B. Progress Through Science

1957 1957 Russians launch Russians launch SPUTNIK SPUTNIK II

1958 1958 National National Defense Defense Education Act Education Act

10C. Progress Through Science10C. Progress Through Science

Atomic AnxietiesAtomic Anxieties::

““Duck-and-Cover Duck-and-Cover GenerationGeneration””

Atomic TestingAtomic Testing::

1946-1962 1946-1962 U. S. exploded 217 U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over nuclear weapons over thethe Pacific and in Nevada. Pacific and in Nevada.

Civil Rights in the 1950’s & Early 1960’s

“Biggest Damn Fool Mistake”

Chief Justice Earl Warren

NAACP Legal Defense Fund, INC Chief Counsel

• Argued successfully that white primaries unconstitutional

• Defends Brown v. Board of Education

• Johnson appoints to S.C. in late 60s, 1st A.A. to high court

Brown v. Board of Education(1954)

• Linda Brown denied equal protection of laws under 14th amendment

• May 17, 1954, case overturns Plessy

• 1955, proceed “with all deliberate speed”

Emmett Till Lynching, summer of 1955 in MS

Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• 381 day boycott• Nov. 1956 bus

segregation declared illegal

Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)

• Boycott elevates King to prominence

• SCLC and NAACP team up to tackle racial injustice

Massive Resistance• KKK membership

increases• White Citizen Councils

form• “Southern Manifesto”

signed by 101 members of Congress

• Pres. Eisenhower says nothing

Little Rock, 1957

Little Rock Nine

Blocked by Arkansas National Guard

101st Airborne

Greensboro, N.C.February 1, 1960

Nashville Sit-Ins

A Long Wait?

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• Ella Baker starts grassroots organization of students

• 50,000 participate, 3,600 jailed

• Promotes “Participatory Democracy”

Non-Violent Resistance

1950s Eisenhower Foreign Policy

Truman v. Eisenhower

• Containment (G. Kennan)– Marshall Plan– Truman Doctrine– Berlin Airlift– NATO– NSC #68– Korean War

• Brinkmanship (J. Foster Dulles)– Mutual Security

Agreements– Massive Retaliation– M.A.D. (Mutual

Assured Destruction)– “Domino Theory”– CIA & Covert

Operations– Eisenhower Doctrine

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

1. 1955 Warsaw Pact created.

2. 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

3. 1958 Berlin Crisis.

4. 1959 Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.”

5. 1960 U-2 Spy Incident

1. 1955 Warsaw Pact created.

2. 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

3. 1958 Berlin Crisis.

4. 1959 Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.”

5. 1960 U-2 Spy Incident

EUROPE:

Francis Gary Powers &The U-2 Incident

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

1. 1953 CIA sponsored coup in Iran P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh

nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Shah Pahlevi re-installed

2. 1956 Suez Crisis/OPEC 1960

3. 1958 Civil War in Lebanon

1. 1953 CIA sponsored coup in Iran P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh

nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Shah Pahlevi re-installed

2. 1956 Suez Crisis/OPEC 1960

3. 1958 Civil War in Lebanon

Middle East:

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

1. 1948 O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration.

2. 1954 CIA covert ops. in Guatemala.

3. 1950s Puerto Rican independence movement.

4. 1959 Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.

1. 1948 O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration.

2. 1954 CIA covert ops. in Guatemala.

3. 1950s Puerto Rican independence movement.

4. 1959 Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.

Latin America:

Nikita Khrushchev and Pal (Guess who???)

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”

1. 1953 end of the Korean War.

2. 1954 French depart Indo-China. Geneva Accords

3. 1964 China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].

1. 1953 end of the Korean War.

2. 1954 French depart Indo-China. Geneva Accords

3. 1964 China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].

Far East:

The 50s Come to a CloseThe 50s Come to a Close

1959 1959 Nixon- Nixon-Khrushchev Khrushchev ““Kitchen DebateKitchen Debate””

Cold War Cold War ----->-----> TensionsTensions

<----- Technology <----- Technology

& Affluence & Affluence

It’s All Yours.