mpm.edu.inmpm.edu.in/Hindi/PATHYAKRAM-2017-18.pdf · 1 M.A. Geography Rules and Regulations 1. Only those candidate may offer Geography in M.A. who has offered Geography in B.A./B.Sc

1 M.A. Geography

Rules and Regulations

1. Only those candidate may offer Geography in M.A. who has offered Geography in B.A./B.Sc. Part III.

2. No private candidate shall be allowed to offer Geography in M.A.

3. The candidate has pass in theory and practical separately obtaining at least 36 per cent marks in each.

M.A. (Previous) Geography

Syllabus

Note :

1. These shall be four compulsory theory papers carrying 100 marks each and one practical paper with two sections (a) Cartography and (b) Field work, having 50 marks each.

2. The paper of cartography, carrying 50 marks shall be set and examination shall be conducted with theory examination in the Department of Geography of the University and Colleges.

Papers Maximum Marks

I. Geomorphology 100 II. Man and Biosphere 100

III. Geography of Resources 100

IV. Geographical Thought – Concepts & Issues 100

V. Practical 100

(a) Cartography 50

(b) Field Work 50

Paper – I : Geomorphology : Study of Landscape 100 Marks

Meaning, Scope and Fundamental Concepts of Geomorphology; Development of

Geomorphology – American School, European School; Progress of Geomorphology in India;

Recent Trend of Geomorphology; Earth Movements – Epeirogenesis and Orogenetic,

Isostasy, Plate Tectonics.

Basis of Geomorphic Processes : Geomorphic Cycle and Land Forms in Humid, Arid,

Glacial and Periglacial Environments, Polycyclic Land Forms, Erosion Surface and Climatic

Geomorphology, Models of Land Scape Development – G.K. Gilbert, W.M. Davis, W. Penk,

L.C. King, J.T. Hack, Morisawa, Regional Geomorphology of Kashmir Himalaya,

Chhatonagpur, Thar Deseart and Deccan Trap.

Morphometric Analysis of Relief – Hypsographic Curve, Altimetry Frequency Curve,

Histogram and Climographic Curve, Strahller Method of Drainage Ordering, Frequency and

Density of the Drainage.

Applied Geomorphology – Relevance of Geomorphologic Knowledge to Regional

Planning, Road and Dam construction, Mining, Urbanization and Natural Hazards.

Books Recommended :

1. Tharnbury, W.D. : Principles of Geomorphology.

2. Warcester : A Text Book of Geomorphology

3. Chorly, R.J. : Spatial Analysis in Geomorphology.

4. Sparks, B.W. : Geomorphology

5. King, L.C. : The Morphology of the Earth.

6. Singh, Savindra – Bhooakrity Vigyan.

Paper - II : Man and Biosphere 100 Marks

Biosphere as a Global Eco-system; Unity and Diversity in the Biosphere; Structure

and Function of the Major Ecosystem; Major Biome of the World; Productivity, Stability and

Libility of the Ecosystem, Nature of Environmental Crisis.

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Man in the Biosphere; The Pleistocene Environment; Emergence of Homo Sapiens

and Spread over the Globe; Impact of Technology and Culture on Biosphere; Resource

Extraction Technology; Use of Fire; Domestication of Plants and Animals; Use of Fossils

Fuels and Resource Conservation Technology; The Impact of Industrial Revolution,

Transport, Communication; Space Intensifying Technology (Urbanization); Impact of Green

Revolution on the Biosphere.

Man and Environment System –Environment, Development and Culture; Concept of

Sustainable Development; Alternative Source of Energy; Technological Alternatives with

Special Reference to Bio-technology.

Books Recommended :

1. Agrawal, D.P. : Man and Environment in India Through the Ages.

2. Hoy, J.B. : Man and Earth.

3. Odum, E.P. : Fundamentals of Ecology.

4. Harvey, B. & Hallet, J.D. : Environment and Society.

5. Paul, R. : Man abd Environment : Crisis and Strategy of Coise. 6. Southwick, Carles : Global Ecology.

7. CSE : The State of Indian Environment : A Citizen Report.

8. Joy, T. : Bio-geography

9. Singh, Savindra : Environmental Geography (Hindi & English).

Paper – III : Geography of Resource 100 Marks

Geography of Resource – Definition, Nature and Scope; Concept and Classification of

Resources; Resources and Development – Culture, Economic and Technological; Concept of

Resource Adequacy and Scarcity.

Distribution and Characteristics of Major Natural Resources of the World; Soils,

Forest, Water, Power and Minerals – Iron ore, Bauxite, Copper, Tin; Delimitation and

Characteristics of Major Resource Regions of the World; Distribution and Characteristics of

World Human Resource.

Problem of Resource Utilization; Population Pressure on Resources; Concept of

Limits to Growth; Agricultural and Industrial Regions of the World; Models in Resource

Utilization – Von Thunen, Jonathan, Israd and M.Smith.

Conservation and Management of Resource; Concept, Method and Approaches; Use

and Conservation and Management of Resources at Global, National and Regional Level –

Forest, Soils and Water; National Policy of India on Natural Resources – Forest and Water;

Population Policy and Programmes in India.

Books Recommended :

1. Zimmerman, E.W. : Introduction to World Resources.

2. Stringer, E. & Davis, J.S. : Geography of Resources.

3. Ali, S.A. : Resources or Future Economic Growth.

4. Janaki. V.A. : Economic Geography.

5. Singh, J. : Resource Geography (Hindi).

Paper - IV : Geographical Thought : Concepts and Issues 100 Marks

Main Stages in the Evolution of Geographical Though; Development of Dualism in

Geography – Physical vs Human, Systematic vs Regional; The Fallacy of Dualism;

Positivism in Geography; Quantitative Revolution and its Impact; Systems and Models in

Geography; Radical Geography; Revival of the Ecological School; The Concept of Earth

Surface; Concept of landscape; Concept of Region; Typology of regions; ; Concept of Spatial

Organization; Geography as a Science of Relationships; Geography as a Science of Human

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Welfare; Phenomenology and Geography; Methods Explanation in Geography; Nature of

Geographical Theories and Laws; Geography as a General Spatial System Theory;

Development of Geographical Research in India; Research Methodology in Geography.

Books Recommended :

1. Ackerman, E.A. : Geography as a Fundamental Research Discipline.

2. Chorey, R.J. (ed.) : Direction in Geography.

3. Harvey, D. : Explanation in Geography.

4. Peet, R. : Radical Geography.

5. Johnston : Geography and Geographers. 6. James, P.E. & Jones C.F. : American Geography : Inventory and Prospect.

7. Minsul, R. : The Changing Nature of Geography.

8. Hartshorne, R. : The Nature of Geography & Perspective on Nature of Geography.

9. Dixit, R.D. : Geographical Thought (Hindi & English).

10. Singh, J. : Bhaugolik Chintan Ke Muladhar.

Paper – V : Practical 100 Marks

Part – 1 : Cartography

(a) Statistical Methods : Collection, Processing and Management of Data; Concept

and Methods of Sampling; Correlation – Pearson’s Product Movement(r),

Spearman’s rank (rho) Coefficient of Determination; Regression Analysis Scattered

Diagram, Regression Line and Confidences Limit; Residuals and Residuals

Mapping; Test of Significance; Chi square and Student T test. 20 Marks

(b) Geological Maps : Drawing of Cross Section : Inclined, Folded, Faulted Strata,

Unconformable Series and Intrusion and Interpretation of Geological History;

Nature Relief and Rock Structure. 15 Marks

(c) Aerial Photo Interpretation and Remote Sensing : Elements and Development of

Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing; Determination of Scale of Photographs;

Flight Planning; Calculation of Number of Runs & Photo for a given area;

Preparation of Stereograms and Identification of Terrain from Stereo pairs; Land

Use Analysis and Mapping; Interpretation of Imageries. 15 Marks

Part - 2 : Field Work – 50 Marks

(A) Surveying …………………………………………… 25 Marks

(1) Surveying and Plotting of a given area by Telescopic Alidade 8 Marks

(2) Profile Leveling and Contouring by Dumpy Level 10 Marks

(3) Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Angle by Theodolite 7 Marks

(B) Survey Camp : Survey camp in a given area for atleast three

days and Surveying and Plotting of Leveling and Contouring. 15 Marks

(C) Records and Viva 10 Marks

Books Recommended:

1. Aslam, Mahmood : Statistical Techniques in Geography.

2. Hammod, R. & Mc Cullagh : Quantitative Techniques in Geography.

3. Singh, R.L. & Singh, R.P.B. : Element of Practical Geography.

4. Yadav, H.L. : Fundamentals of Practical Geography (Hindi).

5. Rampal, R. : Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry.

6. Davis : Surveying.

7. Dickinson, G.C. Maps and Air Photos.

8. Monkhouse & Willikinson : Maps and Diagrams.

9. Chauhan, P.R. & Ram Surat : Practical Geography (Hindi).

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M.A. II Geography

There shall be two compulsory theory paper carrying 100 marks each and two

optional papers to be sleeved one from each group of optional papers. The optional papers

have two parts theory of 75 marks and practical of 25 marks. There shall be one compulsory

practical carrying total 100 which shall be divided into two sections – cartography of 50

marks and field work of 50 marks. A paper of cartography (paper V-A) will be set and

examination shall be conducted with the theory examination in the lab of the Geography

department of University and Colleges.

The candidate has to pass the theory and practical separately obtaining at least 36%

marks in each.

COMPULSORY PAPERS

Paper I Climatology & Oceanography 100 Marks

Paper II Advance Geography of India 100 Marks

OPTIONAL PAPER

Paper III (Group A) Paper IV (Group B)

(a) Agricultural Geography (a) Political Geography

(b) Population Geography (b) Transport Geography

(c) Industrial Geography (c) Urban Geography

(d) Marketing Geography (d) Regional Planning

(e) Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry (e) Geographical Information System

(f) Rural Settlement (f) Geography of Health

Practical

(a) Cartography …………………. 50 Marks

(b) Field Study ……………………50 Marks

Paper I : Climatology and Oceanography

(A) Climatology:

Definition, Nature and Scope of Climatology; Heat Balance of the Earth; Air Masses

and Fronts; Origin of Monsoon – Recent Concept; Climatic Classifications Given by Koppen,

Thornthwate and Triwartha with their Critical Appraisal; Applied Climatology; Climate and

(i) Landforms, (ii) Vegetation, (iii) House Types and (iv) Agriculture; Human Impact on

Climate – Green House Effect and Ozone Depletion; Regional and Micro Climatology;

Urban Climatology and Heat Islands; Weather Forecasting.

(B) Oceanography:

Definition, Scope and Evolution of Oceanography; Submarine Morphology with

special reference to Indian Ocean; Temperature and Salinity in the Oceans; Ocean and

Climate Circulation of Oceanic Water – Currents; Marine Deposit; Life in the Ocean –

Vegetation and Animals; Ocean and its Resources – (a) Biotic Resources, (b) Food

Resources, (c) Minerals Resources, (d) Energy; (e) Transportation and Trade; Geopolitics and

Oceans with Special Reference to Indian Ocean; Human Impact on Marine Environment.

Books Recommended: 1. Lal, D.S. - Climatology (Hindi & English), Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.

2. Critchfield, H.J. - General Climatology, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

3. Chorely, R.J. & Berry, R.G. - Atmosphere, Weather & Climate (London) 4. Lydolph, P.E. – The Climate of the Earth.

5. Gerald, S. – General Oceanography : An Introduction (New York)

6. King, C.A. (1986) - Oceanography, C.E. Arnold, London.

7. Thurman, H.B. (1983) - Introductory Oceanography, Longman, London. 8. Davis Richard J.A. – Oceanography : In Introduction to Marine Environment.

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Paper – II : Advance Geography of India

Geological Evolution & Relief Features – Plains, Plateau & Mountains; Origin of

Himalaya; Origin of River Systems Delimitation and Characteristic of Physiographic;

Climatic & Agro-Climatic Regions; Geographical Factors behind Federalism and National

Integration.

Spatial aspects of Growth and Distribution Population Resource Regions; Population

Problems; Agricultural Development : Irrigation, Fertilizer; Green Revolution; Agricultural

Regions & New Trends in Indian Agriculture; Mineral Resource Region; Industrial Policies

& Trends of Industrialization; Industrial Regions & Industrial Complexes; Problems &

Prospects of Industrially Backward Regions.

The Role of Transport Network, Marketing and Banking in Indian Economy;

Regional Development Policies in Five Year Planes; Impact of Globalization and Multination

on Indian Economy; Regional Pattern of Development and Disparities; Geographical

Regionalization of India with special reference to Stamp, Spate & R.L. Singh; Problem and

Prospects of Resource base and Economic Development Pattern in Hill Region, Desert,

Drought Prone Area, Flood Prone Area, Tribal Region.

Book Recommended :

1. R.L. Singh and Others – India : A Regioanl Geography

2. R.C. Tiwari, - Geography of India

3. J. Singh – A Comprehensive Geography of India

4. P.R. Chauhan & Mahatam Prasad - Geography of India

5. Spate – India and Pakistan

6. R.P. Mishra – Regional Development Planning in India

7. B.L. Sukhawal – Political Geography in India

8. R. Tirth and Gopal Krishan – Geography of India

Optional Paper – III (Group A)

(a) Agricultural Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Definition and Scope of Agricultural Geography; Approaches to the study of

Agricultural Geography; Origin’ Dispersal, Development of Agriculture; Principles of

Agricultural Location; Land Capability & Land Use Classification with Special Reference to

India; Agricultural Efficient and Productivity Measurement; Crop-Combination Regions –

Method of Delimitation by Weber and Doi; Crop-Combination Regions of India; Agricultural

Intensity and Diversification; Agricultural Typology; Determination and Distribution;

Measurement of Level of Agricultural Development; Impact of Modern Agriculture on

Environment; Green Revolution in India; Concept of Sustainable Agriculture; Planning of the

Agricultural Land Use; Food Security in India.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Techniques of Land Use Survey.

2. Agricultural Efficiency Measurement.

3. Carrying Capacity.

4. Measurement of Agricultural Intensity.

5. Land Use Planning of a given area.

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Books Recommended :

1. Singh, B.B. - Krishi Bhoogol, Gorakhpur.

2. Singh, Jasbir – Agricultural Geography, Tata Mc Graw, New Delhi

3. Pandey, J.N. & Kamlesh, S.R. - Krishi Bhoogol, Gorakhpur.

4. Symons, Lt. - Agricultural Geography.

5. Kumar, P. & Sharma, S.K. - Krishi Bhoogol, Gorakhpur. Bhopal

6. Singh, B.N. - Krishi Bhoogol.

(b) Population Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Population Geography - Definition, Scope and Approaches; Development of

Population Geography; Population Geography vs. Demography; Sources of Population

Data – Their Reliability and Comparability; Population Dynamics; Factors Influencing

Distribution and Density of Population; World Patterns of Population; Growth of

Population – Theories and World Pattern; Population Explosion; Growth and Distribution of

India’s Population; Measurements of Birth and Death Rates; Demographic Transition

Theory; Population Composition – Age and Sex Composition, Occupational Structure,

Literacy, Urbanization etc.; Migration – Types, Laws, Cassese and Consequences; Concept

of Optimum, Over and Under Population; Population Resource Region of the World;

Population and Food Supply; Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries;

Trends of Family Planning; Food Production and Green Revolution in India; India’s

Population Policy; Population Planning with Special Reference to India.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Preparation of Population Distribution Maps – Simple Dot, Multiple Dot, Sphere

method.

2. Density Maps by Choropleths and Isopleths.

3. Exercise on Growth Pattern and Growth Model of World/India.

4. Analysis of Fertility Index.

5. Construction of Compound and Superimposed Pyramids.

6. Population Projection by Graphical, Mathematical and Logarithm Methods.

7. Interpretation of Population Maps of National Atlas of India (NATMO)

8. Analysis Population in Relation of Resource Use.

Book Recommended :

1. Chandna, R.C. - A Geography of Population (Hindi & English) Kalyani, New Delhi.

2. Clarke, J.L. - Population Geography.

3. Demko,G.J. (et.) - Population Geography : A Reader

4. Garnier, B.J. - Geography of Population.

5. Yadav, Hira Lal - Jansankhya Bhoogol, New Delhi.

6. Trewartha, G.T. – A Geography of Population.

7. Zelinsky, W. (ed.) – Geography and a Growing World.

8. Dubey, K.K. & Singh, M.B. – Population Geography (Hindi) Jaipur

9. R. D. Tripathi- Jansankhya Adhyayan

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(c) Industrial Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Definition and Scope of Industrial Geography; Recent Trends in Industrial

Geography; Industrial Location Factors; Linkage in Industries; Industrial Location

Theories – A. Weber, I.M. Hoover, Loschand Isard; Bases of Identification of Industrial

Regions; Industrial Regions of U.S.A., Japan, U.K. and West Europe.

Industrialization in India – Industrial Development and Policies, Industrial Regions

and Complexes; Impact of Globalization and Problems of Industrialization; Environmental

Impact of Industrialization; Tourism as an Industry; Elements of Touris; Tourism in

Uttaranchal and Eastern U.P.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Analysis of Industrial Intensity – Location Quotient, Location Co-officient,

Location Curve.

2. Measurement of Industrial Development in a given region.

3. Study of an Industrial Complex/Estate regarding linkages and environmental

problems.

4. Industrial Planning in a given region based on local resources.

Books Recommended :

1. Alezender, G. – Geography of Manufacturing (1967)

2. Miller, E. – Geography of Manufacturing, Prentice Hall.

3. Fridrich, J. Alfred Webger’s Theory of Location of Industries.

4. Riley, R.C. _ Industrial Geography, London.

5. Smith, D.M. – Industrial Geography.

6. Hooever, E.M. – Location in Space Economy.

7. Kumar, Pramila & Sharma, S.K. – Audhogik Bhoogol, Bhopal.

8. Lora, R.M. – Audhogi Bhoogol

9. Sharma, V.N. – Industrial Development and Planning in India.

(d) Marketing Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Definition and Scope Marketing Geography ; Central Place Theory and its

Modifications; Elements of a Market Place – Sellers and Consumers, Goods and Services,

Business Establishments, Channels of Distribution – Wholesale, Retail and Services;

Skinners Classification of Markets; Market Periodicity and Market Cycle their Spatio-

temporal Synchronization; Rural and Urban Markets; Marketing Structure in Different

Regional Settings; Marketing and Social Structure; Rural Marketing and Development;

Market Studies in India.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Techniques of Study – Cartographic and Statistical Methods, Questionnaire

Method.

2. Analyses of data-consumer and trader frequency graphs, correlation between

number and type of shops, shop openings and shop opening days.

3. Structure of Shops.

4. Measurement of Spatio-temporal Synchronization.

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5. Delimitation of market area region.

6. Identification of Market cycle from a given map of market days.

7. Determination of hierarchy of markets using ‘SODA’ method.

8. Study of a market place through field work under the following heads; origin and

development, temporal and spatial location, Determinates of market size,

Elements of layout, spatial characteristics and functions, Market area region,

Globalization of Relating, WTO Free Market Economy-Human Dimensions.

Books Recommended :

1. Berry, B.J.L. – Geography of Market Centres and Retailing, Prentice Hall.

2. Saxena, H.M. – Marketing Geography, Jaipur.

3. Skinner, G.W. – Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China, Journal of Asian

Studies, Vol. 24.

4. Yadav, H.R. – (ed. Yadav, H.L.) Retailing in Saryupar Plain (Hindi), Radha

Publications, New Delhi.

5. Davies, R.L. - Marketing Geography.

6. Shrivastava, V.K. – (ed) Commercial Activities in South Asia, Concept

Publications, New Delhi.

7. Shrivastava, V.K. & Dixit, R.S., Biparan Bhoogol.

(e) Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

(a) Remote Sensing : Definition, Scope and Development of Remote Sensing;

Techniques in India and abroad; Advantages, Use of Remote Sensing in

Geographical Studies; Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Aerial Photography –

Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation, Range of Electromagnetic Spectrum for

Remote Sensing; Types of Platforms and Sensors; Main Characteristics of Satellites

and their Images – LANDSAT, ERTS, SPOT, IRS, Remote Sensing; Data

Acquisition and Processing; Use of Remote Sensing for Resource Survey.

(b) Aerial Photography : History of Aerial and Space Photography; Aerial

Camera; Typology of Aerial Photographs; Photographic Mossaic; Basic Information

for Aerial Photography; Planning, Operational Procedures, Output of Photography;

Procedure of Procurement of Aerial Photographs in India.

(c) Photogrammetry and Image Interpretation : Geometry of Photographs,

Tilt, Swing, Image Displacement, Stereoscopic View, Mosaicing, Ratification,

Fundamentals of Image Interpretation, Elements; Image Interpretation Keys, Stages

and Procedures of Image Interpretation.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

Photogrammetry – Stereovision, Orientation of Photo under pocket and Mirror Stereoscope,

Point Transfer, Flight line and Matches Line, Construction of Stereogram, Stereo triplet and

mosaic Measurements of Aerial Photographs – Scale, distance, Height and are making of

base Map with the help of Aerial Photographs, Delimitation of Physical and Cultural

Homogeneous region on the Photographs and their Mapping.

Books Recommended :

1. Avery, T. Bugene - Interpretation of Aerial Photograph and Cartography.

2. Yadav, Hiral Lal – Fundamentals of Practical Geography.

3. Monkhouse & Willikinson – Mapa and Diagrams.

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4. Raise – World Cartography.

5. Dickinson, G.C. – Maps and Airphotos.

6. Makel, Savage & Zorn – Slope Measurements & Estimates from Aerial Photographs.

7. I.T.C. Exercise Book of Photogrammetry and Photo Interpretation.

8. Gautam (ed.) Technical Development & Geography.

9. Ram Pal - Photogrametry.

10. Sharma – Remote Sensing for Resources Survey.

(f) Rural Settlement Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Nature, Scope, Significance and Development of Rural Settlement; Approaches to

Settlement Geography; Types and Pattern of Rural Settlement; Histrogenesis, Spatio-

temporal Dimensions and Morphogensis of Rural Settlement; Site, Shape, Size and Spacing

of Rural Settlement; Morphology and Functions; Cause of Rural Urban Nexus; Spatial

Relation of an Indian Rural Settlement; Rural House Type; Rural Service Centres and

Planning of Rural Settlement.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Interpretation, Survey and Mapping of Rural Settlement.

2. Types and Patterns of Rural Settlement.

3. Village Morphology.

4. Planning of Rural Settlement.

Books Recommended :

1. Chisolum M-Rural Settlement and Law Use.

2. Clout - Rural Geography : An Introductory Survey.

3. Hudson, F.S. – Geography of Settlement.

4. Lal, H. – City and Urban Fringe, Concept, New Delhi.

5. Mandal, R.B. – Introduction to Rural Settlement.

6. Singh, R.L., Singh, K.N. – Readings in Rural Settlements Geography.

7. Tiwari, R.C. – Adhewas Bhoogol, Allahabad.

Optional Paper – IV (Group B)

(a) Political Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Nature and Scope, Development of Political Geography; Approaches to the Study of

Political Geography with special reference to German, British and American Schools; The

State and Nation; Anatomy of States : Care Areas and Capitals Frontiers and Boundaries;

Functions and Classifications; Approaches to the study of Political Geography with special

reference to Functional and unified field theory approaches; Global Strategic views with

particular emphasis on ideas of Mahan, Mackinder, Spykman & Deseveresky; Impress of

Politics upon Landscape; Elements of Electoral Geography; Contemporary International

Problems and Problematic Areas; political organization and the ‘Non Align Movement’.

Geopolitical setting of India, Origin and Success of Federalism in India in view of its

Politico Administrative Structure; Geographical Problems of India in Relation to its

Neighbours, SAARC. The pattern of Languages and Religions of India and their Political

significance.

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Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Cartographic Representation of India’s Global and Strategic Position under Land,

Sea and Air Power Setting.

2. Analysis of size and shape of Administrative units and National and Local Level

in View of Administrative Efficiency and Planning.

3. Application of Cartographic & Statistical Technique in Electoral Geography of

given area.

Book Recommended :

1. Glassner, M.I. & Blij H.J.De : Systemic Political Geography, New York.

2. Kasperson, R.E. & Minghi, J.V. : Structure of Political Geography, London.

3. Busteed, N.A. : Developments in Political Geography.

4. Dergman, E.F. - Modern Political Geography, London.

5. Dixit, R.D. : Political Geography : A Contempory Perspective, New Delhi.

6. Shrivastava, R.M. – Rajnitik Bhoogol, Allahabad.

7. Chauhan, P.R. : Rajnitik Bhoogol, Gorakhpur.

8. Dixit, S.K. : Rajnitik Bhoogol, Gorakhpur.

9. Dixit, S.K. – Electoral Geography, Varanasi.

10. Dwivedi, R.L. : Political Geography, Allahabad.

(b) Transport Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Definition and Scope of Transport Geography; Evolution of Transportation – Pre

Industrial Era, Ninetieth Century, Twentieth Century; Characteristic and Relate Significance

of Different Means of Transport; Evolution of Transport Network Model with special

Reference to Taaffee, Morrill and Gould; Structure of Transport Network; Concept of

Accessibility and Locational Utility; Bases of Spatial Interaction – Complementority,

Intervening Opportunity; Transferability; Concept of Gravity Potential Model and Spatial

Interaction. Theories Related to Freight Determination. Transport System in India (i) Rail (ii)

Road (iii) Waterway (iv) Air Transport; Major Transport Routes of the World; Concept of

Accessibility; Transport and Regional Development’ Transport Planning.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Analysis of the structure and spatial variation of Transport Network of Traditional

and Graph theoretic method. (Cyclomatic, Alpha, Beta and Gamma), Accessibility

matrix.

2. Application of Gravity Potential Model Showing Transport Interaction.

3. Traffic Flow Analysis on the Bases of given flow data.

4. Connecting and detour incides.

5. Degree of circuits.

6. Transpiration Planning for a given region under specific assumption.

Books Recommended :

1. Hurst, Elliot - Transport Geography : Comments and Readings.

2. Kansky, J. – The Structure of Transport Network.

3. Roluinson, R. – The Geography of Transport.

4. Singh, Jagdish - The Transport Geography of South Bihar.

5. Singh, K.N. - Transport Network Analysis in Geography.

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(c) Urban Geography

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Meaning, Scope and Development of Urban Geography; Factors of Urban Growth –

Ancient, Medieval and Modern Period; City as Centre of Change; Origin and Location of

Modern Urban Settlement; the Models of Urban Growth – Concentric Zone, Sectoral and

Multinucle; Conurbations and Megalopolis; Urban Umland and Urban Fringe; Functional

Classification of Urban Centres; Urban Hierarchy and Rank Size Relationship; Morphology

of Urban Settlement; Indian Urban Scenario – Demographic Structure and Characteristics of

Urban Population, Trend of Urbanization, Occupational Pattern, Urban Amenities, Urban

Land Use Problems, City Problems and Urban Planning; the Role of Geographer in Town

Planning; Special Study of KAVAL Towns of U.P. – Residential Problems, Morphological

Characteristics and Functional Characteristics.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Population Projection and Population Growth Forecasting.

2. Delimitation of Umland and Urban Fringe.

3. Study of Typical Master Plans.

4. Study of Typical Morphology

5. Functional Classification of Towns.

6. Town Planning.

7. Selection of Sites for Town and their Planning.

Books Recommended :

1. Smailes – The Geography of Town.

2. Dichinson – West European Cities.

3. Murphy – The American Cities.

4. Mayers and Kohn – Reading in Urban Geography.

5. Tayler, G. - Urban Geography.

6. Loomfield – Cities and Towns.

7. Singh, H.H. – Kanpur : A Study in Urban Geography.

8. Lal, H. – City and Urban Fringe : A Case of Bareilly.

9. Bansal, S.C. – Nagreey Bhoogol, Varanasi.

10. Singh, O.P. - Nagreey Bhoogol, Lucknow.

11. Singh, U. - Nagreey Bhoogol, Allahabad.

12. Tiwari, R.C. - Adhivas Bhoogol, Allahabad.

13. Rai, S. – Urbanizations in Haryana (Hindi), Delhi.

(d) Regional Planning

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Philosophy, Concept, Scope and Purpose of Regional Planning; Theories of Regional

Development – Economic Base Theory, Inter Regional Trade, Central Place Theory;

Planning Processes – Sectoral & Temporal Approaches to Regional Planning at Micro, Meso

and Macro Levels; The Concept of Growth Centres, Growth Centre Strategy for Regional

Planning; Concept of Rural Economy and Core–Periphery Relationship; Delimitation of

Planning Regions; Planning Regions of India; Regional Planning for Rural Development

with Special Reference to Eastern U.P.; Role of Innovation Diffusion; Significance and Role

of Infrastructural Elements viz. – Irrigation, Power, Transport Communication and Marketing

12

in Regional Planning; Spatial Organization for Regional Development; Metropolitan Regions

and Approaches to their Planning in India; Regional Planning as a Development Strategy

since Independence in India.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Study of river valley project areas and integrated planning exercise.

2. Identification of Growth Centres.

3. Planning of Infrastructural Elements.

4. Preparation of Development Plans to Local Levels.

5. Metropolitan of Regional Planning.

6. Delimitation of Planning Regions.

Books Recommended :

1. Freeman, W. – Geography and Planning.

2. Alonso and Friedman - Regional Development and Planning.

3. Mishra, R.P. - Regional Development Planning.

4. Issard, W. – Methods of Regional Analysis.

5. Singh, J. – Central Places and Spatial Organization in a Backward Economy.

6. Abercremble, P. – Town and Country Planning.

7. Enayat Ahman - Regional Planning with Special Reference to India. 8. Srivastava, V.K., Sharma N. & Chauhan, P.R. (2002) : Pradeshik Niyojan awan Vikas.

9. Ojha, R.: Pradeshik Niyojan, Kanpur.

10. Dubey, K.K. & Singh. M.B. : Pradeshik Niyojan, Varanasi.

11. Pandey, J.N. Sansadhari Sanrachan Awan Upyog – Purvi U.P.

(e) Geographical Information System

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Definitions, Development and Objectives of GIS; Component of GIS; Functional

Clements of GIS-data Equisition; Pre-Processing, Data Management, Product Generation;

Current Issues and Recent Trends in GIS; Computer Fundamentals for GIS - Hardware &

Software; Spatial & Non-Spatial Data; Data Structure – Raster & Vector; Concept of Data

Base; Databace Structures – Hierarchial, Network, Relational, DBMS, RDBMS, Data

Handling in GIS – Data Source, Georeferencing, Data Input-Verification and Editing;

Topology Creations, Normalization & Output; Errors in GIS; Spatial Data Analysis – Raster

– Vector Based; Network Analysis, DEM & its Application; Concept and Application of

Remote Sensing and GPS in GIS, GIS Application in Planning & Disaster Management.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Computer Assisted Cartography Using a GIS Software.

2. GIS Project Design.

3. Database Creation.

4. DEM Generation.

Books Recommended :

1. Burrough, P.A. - Principles of GIS for Land Resource Assessment.

2. Burrough, P.A. & Mc Donnel – Principles of Geographical System. 3. Haywood, I. Correlium, S. Caxer, S. – An Interoduction to Geographical Information System.

4. Lauxim, R. & Thomson, D. – Fundamentals of Spatial Information System.

5. Longley, P.A. Goodchild, M.F. etc. – Geographical Information System and Science.

6. Brice E. D. - GIS : A Visual Approach. 7. Jonson, J.N.R. – Introduction to Digital Image Processing : A Remote Sensing Perspective.

13

(e) Geography of Health

Theory …………………………………………………………….. 75 marks

Meaning, Scope, Significance, Development, Methods and Techniques of Geography

of Health; Geographical Factors Affecting Human Health & Diseases – Physical, Social,

Economic and Environmental; Vital & Health India Ces; Classification of Diseases Genetic,

Communicable & Non-communicable Occupational and Deficiency Diseases; Geography of

Huger and Malnutrition; Pattern of Distribution of Major Diseases in the World; Ecology,

Etiology and Transmission of Major Diseases – Cholera, malaria, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis,

Cancer, AIDS and STDS and their regional study with special reference to India; Disease

Diffusion Models and Health Care; Accessibility Models; Health Care – International Level –

WHO, UNICEF & REDCROSS; National Level – Government and NGO’s, Health Planning

and Policy in India Family Welfare, Immunization, National Disease Eradication & Health

for all.

Practical ……………………………………………………………. 25 marks

1. Models in the Geography of Health.

2. Mapping of Diseases in U.P. – Malaria, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Encephalitis &

Nation Disorder.

3. Comparative Study of Rural & Urban Health.

4. Disease and their Relation with Environment.

5. Mapping of Health Care Facilities.

Books Recommended :

1. Cliff, A. & Hagget, P. – Atlas of Disease Distribution.

2. May, J.M. – Study in Disease Ecology.

3. May, J.M. – Ecology of Human Disease.

4. Forste, D.H. – Health, Disease and Environment.

5. Pyle, G.P. – Applied Medical Geography.

6. Mishra, R.P.L. – Medical Geography of India.

7. Rais, Akhter – Environment and Health.

8. Learmonth, A.T.A. – Disease Ecology.

9. Hunter, J.M. – Geography of Health and Disease.

10. Raise, A. and Learmonth, A.T.A. – Geographical Aspect of Health and Disease.

Paper – V

Practical Geography

A. Cartography …………………………. 50 Marks

(a) Cartograms - Climatic Diagrams Rainfall Dispersion Diagram; Water Budget;

Ergo-graph – Climatic and Circular; Thematic Cartograms – Choropleth,

Isopleth, Chorochromatic Diagram; Multiple Dot, Spherical Diagram, Traffic

Flow, Land Utilization Maps. 20 Marks

(b) Map Projections : Meaning, Classification and Choice of Projections;

Construction and Characterization of Projection – Lambert’s Conical, Polyconic,

Galls, Mercator’s Gnomonic Equatorial Zenithal, Stereographic Equatorial

Zenithal, Orthographic Equatorial Zenithal, Sinusoidal, Mollweide and their

interrupted cases, International U.T.M. 15 Marks

(c) System Analysis : Measurement of Spatial Pattern and Inequality – Z score,

Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient, Location Quotient, Coefficient of

14

Localization & Localization Curve Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Network Analysis,

Graph Techniques and Degree of Connectivity, Shape Analysis, Gravity Models,

Retail Gravitation. 15 Marks

B. Field Work 50 Marks

(a) Field Study tour (Outside of the Ganga Plain) and detailed field observation using

sample survey, sketch, diagrams and photographs and preparation of report of

visited area. 25 Marks

(b) Project Report – Based upon the field survey of a area give by Head/Chairman of

the department. 15 Marks

C. Record and Viva 10 Marks

Books Recommended:

Same as M.A.I

Scanned by CamScanner




MSc BOTANY‐FIRST SEMESTER

BOTANY M.S.c SYLLABUS

SEMESTER SYSTEM

Semester-One

Paper Name of Paper Max Marks

Paper-I : Algae and Bryophytes 50

Paper-II : Fungi and plant viruses 50

Paper-III : Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palacobotany 50

Paper-IV : Microbiology 50

Practicals : Based on the above theory papers. 100

The students will be required to choose any one of the following papers.

a) Plant Pathology b) Advance Plant Physiology c) Forest Ecology d) Advance Plant Taxonomy

e) Advanced Molecular Genetics

f) Environmental Management and Technology

Practical : Their shall be two practical examinations:

Practical‐1 : Based on Ist IInd and IIIrd (General) papers having 75 maximum marks.

Practical‐2 : Based on IVth Elective paper having 25 maximum marks.


BOTANY M.Sc. SYLLABUS

FIRST SEMESTER

SEMESTER-I

Paper-I: ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES

A. ALGAE: 1. Criteria for algal classification, comparative survey of important systems of classification

of algae up to the rank of class. 2. A study of division Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta

with reference to the following. a. General features. b. Range of structure and organization of thallus. c. Reproductive diversity and life cycle patterns. d. Classification up to the level of order.

3. General characteristic of the divisions Prochlorophyta, Charophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cryptophyta.

4. Evolutionary tendencies in algae; parallelism in evolution. 5. Distribution of Algae in soil, freshwater and marine environments. 6. Economic Importance of Algae.

Practical:

1. Study of important genera from the above groups. 2. Local collection of different algae forms and their study.

B. BRYOPHYTES:

1. Criteria and recent trends in the classification of Bryophytes. 2. Origin and evolution of bryophytes. 3. Diversity in Bryophytes: Habit and Habitat; Developmental morphology and organization

of gametophyte and sporophyte bodies. 4. A comparative study of morphology, anatomy, life history, classification and phylogeny

of the following groups (with special reference to Indian forms.): Takakiales, Calobryales, Monocleales, Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andreaeales and Bryales.

5. Fossil history of Bryophytes. 6. Ecological significance and economic importance of Bryophytes.


Practical:

Study and identification of the following genera with suitable preparations: Riccia, Targionia, Cyathodium, Plagiochasma, Dumartiera, Asterella (Fimbriaria), Conocephalum, Lunularia, Marchantia, Riccardia (Anura), Pellia, Porella, Anthoceros, Notothylas, Spahagnum, Pogonatum and Funaria.

SEMESTER-I

Paper- II: FUNGI AND PLANT VIRUS

A: FUNGI

1. The status of fungi. Principles of important systems of classification up to the rank of classes.

2. A study of the classes Myxomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes with reference to:- a. Classification upto the rank of orders. b. Range of structure and organization of vegetative and reproductive bodies. c. Ultra structure. d. Method of reproduction. e. Variation in life-cycle. f. Economic importance.

3. Nutritional and physical requirement for growth and reproduction. 4. Heterokaryosis, Parasexuality, Heterothallism, Hormonal control of sexual reproduction.

5. Fungal associations:

i. Lichens: general account of lichens with special reference to:- a) Habitat, Structure and organization of lichens. b) Method of reproduction. c) Physiological relationship of mycobiont and phycobiont. d) Economic importance of lichens.

ii. Mycorrhizae: a) Types of mycorrhizae.

B: PLANT VIRUS

1. Brief history of plant virus and their origin. 2. Nomenclature and classification of plant virus and their strains. 3. Variation in morphology and ultra structure of plant viruses.


4. Mode of infection and replication of plant viruses. 5. Translocation of viruses in the hort. 6. Basic control measures and production of virus-free plants. 7. Modern concept of organic viruses, viroids virusoides, satellite viruses and Prions

Practical :

1. Collection of virus diseased plant samples and their study. 2. Study of particle morphology of different plant virus (by photograph only)

SEMESTER-I

Paper- III: PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY

A: PTERIDOPHYTES

1. Classification and origin of Pteridophytes. 2. The vegetative sporophyte; Microphyll and megaphylls; Stelar theory; Telome

theory. 3. The fertile sporophyte: sporangia: position, ontogeny types, structure. 4. Heterospory: Occurrence, causes and significance. 5. The gametophytes: Germination of fern spore, Development of fern prothallus. 6. Comparative study of Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.

Practicals: Monographic study of the sporophyte body of the following:

Osmunda, Ophioglossum, Lygodium, Gleichenia, Cyathea, Pteris, Dryopteris, Adiantum and Polypodium.

B: GYMNOSPERMS

1. Classification of gymnosperms upto the rank of orders. 2. A general account of the following groups with special reference to the genera indicated in brackets. Pteridospermales (Calymmatotheca, Hoeninghausi), Glosopteridales, Caytoniales (Caytonia), Cycadales, Bennettitales( Williamsonia sp.), Pentoxylales, Corditales (Cordaites sp.), Ginkgoales (Ginkgo biloba) Coniferales (general anatomy, cone organization, life history and distribution), Ephedrales (Ephedra sp.) Gnetales (Gnetum sp.) and Welwitschiales (Welwitschia sp.)


C: PALEOBOTANY

1. Principles of Paleobotany and geological time scale. 2. Process of fossilization and types of fossils. 3. Methods of study of fossils and carbon dating technique.

Practical: A comparative study of vegetative and reproductive parts of the representatives from the above groups.

SEMESTER-I

Paper- IV: MICROBIOLOGY

1. Details study of bacteria with reference to their ultra structure, reproduction and classification (Ref. Bergy’s manual of systematic bacteriology).

2. Soil Microbiology- Decomposition of organic matter and geo bicycles of elements; Bio-fertilizers.

3. Basic concepts of food microbiology. 4. Water microbiology, potable water and sewage disposal. 5. Industrial base of microbes, production of ethanol, antibiotics, etc. 6. Basic principles of immunology, vaccines and immunoglobulins.

BOTANY M.S.c SYLLABUS

SEMESTER SYSTEM

Semester-Two


Paper-I : Angiosperms-I (Taxonomy and Biosystematics) 50

Paper-II : Angiosperms-II (Morphology, Embryology and Anatomy) 50

Paper-III : Genetics and Cytogenetics 50

Paper-IV : Soil Science and Phytogeography 50

Practicals : Based on the above theory papers. 100








BOTANY M.Sc SYLLABUS SECOND SEMESTER

SEMESTER-II

Paper-I : ANGIOSPERMS(TAXONOMY AND BIOSYSTEMATICS)

1. Contribution of Ancient India in taxonomy and classification of Plants. 2. Brief comparative study of the following systems of classification:

a) Engler and Prantle b) Hutchinson c) Takhtajan

3. Basic of the Bentham and Hooker’s System of Classification. 4. Recent trends in taxonomy 5. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) 6. Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. 7. Field and Herbarium techniques. 8. Biosystematics: Role of the following disciplines in Taxonomy:

a) Anatomy b) Embryology c) Cytology d) Phytochemistry e) Palynology f) Numerical Analysis

9. General Knowledge and distinguinsing features of the following families: a) Dicotyledons: Magnoliaceae, Nymphyacaceae, Annonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Tamariaceae,

Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Linaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, Lythraceae, Combreteaceae, Onagraceae, Passifloraceae, Sapotaceae, Oleaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariceae, Bignoniaceae, Pediliaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbaenaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae.

b) Monocotyledons: Hydrocharitaceae, Orchidaceae, Musaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Commelinaceaee, Zingneraceae, Alismaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae.

Practical :-

1. Description of local plants in semi-technical language. 2. Identification of taxa upto the level of family. 3. Identification of taxa upto the level of genus and species with the help of flora.

N.B.: Students are required to collect and submit at least 100 plants properly pressed and mounted on herbarium sheets.

M.Sc BOTANY – SECOND SEMESTER

SEMESTER-II

Paper-II : ( MARPHOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY)

MARPHOLOGY :

1. Phylogeny of Angiosperms. 2. Marphology of flower with special reference to the morphology of carpel and inferior Ovary.

EMBRYOLOGY:

1. History and present status of embryology. 2. Male and female gametophyte. 3. Fertilization and its control. 4. Endosperm. 5. Embryo and its culture. 6. Apomixis. 7. Polyembryony and its induction. 8. Induced Parthenocarpy.

ANATOMY:

1. Primery meristem organization of shoot and root apices of angiosperms. 2. The cambium and its derivative tissues, differentiation of secondary xylem and secondary

phloem. 3. Structure of wood in relation to its weight, strength and durability. 4. Cork cambium and its derivatives, function of cork and abscission layers. 5. Anatomy of floral organs. 6. General structure of plants; cell wall, stomata and secretory structure.

SEMESTER-II Paper-III : ( GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS)

1. Genes in evolution of species. 2. Gene environmental interaction. 3. Population Genetics, Genetic Counseling. 4. Karyotype: Analysis and evolution ( Banding techniques, in-situ Hybridization, FISH,

GISH, authoradiography ) , Genome analysis. 5. Inversion: Cytology and genetic inversions, Role in evolution uses. 6. Chromosomal translocations: Oreintation of multiples, uses of interchanges,

Robertsoman Translocations, BA translocations, multiples translocations, Renners complex, Pseudoisochromosomes. M.Sc BOTANY – SECOND SEMESTER

7. Numerical changes: Haploidy-production of haploids, Importance in crop improvement, triploids and tetraploids, cytology and genetics, aneuploids-monosomics and trisomics.

8. Chromosome engineering and crop improvement. 9. Inbreeding depression and Heterosis.

Practical :

1. Preparation of Karyotypes. 2. Study of the effect of chemicals on mitosis. 3. Study of meiosis: Chiasmata frequency in Phlox, Pea and Wheat. 4. Study of the effect of radiation/Chemicals on meiosis.

SEMESTER-II

Paper-IV : SOIL SCIENCE AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

A. SOIL SCIENCE

1. The nature of parent material and development of soil. 2. Major processor of soil formation: Calcification, Podzofication and Laterization. 3. Physical properties: Partical system, structure of soul, soil moisture constants, soil

aeration, Pf scale. 4. Chemical properties: Soil solution and nutrients, soil Ph, Cation exchange phenomenon,

redox potential, acidity, alkanity and salinity of soil. 5. Decomposition and Release of Nutrients: Soil organism, organic matter, over view of

decomposition, Process of humification and mineralization, Recycle index, Biogeochemical cycle of N.S and P.

B. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

1. Plant geography: Distribution patterns, Basics, Endemics, Age Area hyphothesis. 2. Vegetation and floristics regions of India.

M.Sc BOTANY – SECOND SEMESTER

MSc BOTANY‐ THIRD SEMESTER

BOTANY M.Sc SYLLABUS

SEMESTER SYSTEM

Semester-Three


Paper-I : Plant Biochemistry 50

Paper-II : Plant Physiology 50

Paper-III : Plant Ecology 50

Paper-IV : Elective 50










THIRD SEMESTER

PAPER- I: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY:

1. Enzymes: General aspects, regulatory and active sites, Energy of activation, isozymes, allosteric enzymes, riboenzymes. Abzymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michaelis-Menten equation, its derivation and significance.

2. Co-enzymes: Structure and classification of Co-enzymes, Prosthetic group and co-factors; Mechanism of action of ATP, NADH and Co-A.

3. Carbohydrates: Inter conversion of carbohydrates. 4. Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics and its application in biological systems,

concept of entropy and enthalpy, concept of free energy, energy rich bonds and energy rich compounds, energetic coupling. Redox systems and standard redox potential in living systems.

5. Nucleic acids: Biosynthetic and degradation of purines and pyrimidines, denaturation, renaturation and degradation of nucleic acids.

6. Biochemical techniques: 1. Different types of chromatographic techniques, based on ion exchange and affinity. 2. Centrifugation, ultracentrifugation and Density gradient centrifugation. 3. Spectrophotometry. 4. Tracer techniques.

Practical:

1. To separate the major plant pigments by paper chromatography and to calculate the Rf values.

2. To separate the major plant pigments by thin-layer chromatography and to calculate the Rf values of the pigments.

3. To the separate the amino acids from the given mixture by one-dimensional paper chromatography.

4. To extract free amino acid from seedlings of mung bean/ black gram and to separate soluble amino acid by one-D paper chromatography and to calculate the Rf values.

5. To extract free amino acid from germinating seedlings of mung bean/ black gram and to separate soluble amino acids by two- dimensional (Paper TLC) chromatography.

6. To determine the Rf values of some given reducing sugars using TLC/Paper chromatography. 7. To extract reducing sugar from plant material (onion bulb) and to separate it by one-d

(paper/TLC) chromatography. 8. To measure amylase activity in germination barley seedlings and to study the effect of: (I)

substrate concentration. (II) Enzyme concentration (III) pH (IV) Temperature on enzyme activity.

9. To measure the activity of enzyme catalase and to study the effect of: (I) Substrate concentration (II) Enzyme concentration (III) pH ,(IV) Temperature on enzyme activity.


SEMESTER-III

PAPER: II- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:

1. Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, mechanism of electron and proton transport, carbon assimilation, the carbon cycle, photorespiration and its significance, the C4 cycle, the pathway.

2. Respiration: Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport and ATP synthesis, Pentose- Phosphate, Glyoxylate cycle.

3. Lipid Metabolism: Structure and synthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids;

synthesis of fats and lipids; (�,, -oxidation). 4. Plant Growth Regulators: Structure, metabolism and physiology effect of auxins,

gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid. 5. Physiology of Floral Induction: Photoperiodism and its significance, role of

Vernalization. 6. Sensory Photobiology: History and discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes and

their photochemical and biochemical properties, Photophysiology of light induced responses.

Practical : The following experiments are prescribed:

1. To determine the osmotic pressure of vascular sap of Rhoeo-discolor/ Tradescantia leaves by plasmolytic method.

2. To determine the Diffusion Pressure Deficit (water potential) of potato tuber by weighing method/Density method.

3. To extract plant proteins from germinating seeds of mung bean/ black gram and to determine their isoelectric point.

4. To measure the rate of photosynthesis in leaves by the stream method. 5. To study the effect of light quality on rate of photosynthesis in leaves of land plants. 6. To extract the major plant pigments from a green leaf by differential solubility

method. 7. To estimate the percentage of total reducing sugar in a plant tissue by titration method

using Fehling’s or Benedict’s regent. 8. To measure the rate of respiration in germinating seedling by air-steam method.


SEMESTER-III

PAPER: III- ECOLOGY:

1. Introduction: Brief history and modern concept and scope; Organization hierarchy and emergent property principle; Ecological interfacing; Ecological model.

2. Population Ecology: habitat and niche, niche specialization and separation; natality,

mortality and survivorship; growth rate and growth curves; biotic potential, carrying, capacity and environmental resistance; population interaction, competition and coexistence; Ecads and ecotypes.

3. Community Ecology: Concept of community; community development, mechanism of

succession; climax theories and continuum concept; Phytosociological methods, analytical and synthetic characters; Indices of diversity.

4. Ecosystem Ecology: Concept of ecosystem; trophic structure, food chains and energy

flow; overview of production and decomposition ; biogeochemical cycles of sulfur and phosphorous; Global pattern of carbon cycle; Energy subsidy, energy based classification of ecosystems.

5. Evolutionary Ecology: bioenergetics of succession; P/R ratio; and r- & K- selection; speciation, co-evolution and group selection; diversity and stability of ecosystem, control mechanisms, homeostasis and homeorhesis.

6. Ecological Applications: Global environment concerns; restoration ecology and

ecosystem conservation; Idea of input management and ecological economics.

Practical:

1. Preparation of ecological herbarium and chart. 2. Determination of requisite size of quadrat for adequate sampling of given vegetation by species

area curve method and testing of Frequency Law. 3. Estimation of frequency, density and abundance by square- quadrat method. 4. Estimation of vegetal cover and relative vegetal cover by line transect method. 5. Estimation of vegetal cover and relative vegetal cover by point frame method. 6. Estimation of total density and absolute density by point -centered quarter method. 7. Determination of similarity index (community coefficient) between two given communities. 8. Estimation of indices of species diversity and dominance of given community. 9. Study of biological spectrum of local vegetation and its comparison with Raunkiaer’s Normal

Biological Spectrum. 10. Characterization of plastic/ ecotypic differences among population of a single species occupying

contrasting habitats.


Semester-III

PAPER- IVA: PLANT PATHOLOGY

SECTION A: Plant Pathology (General Principles)

1. The concept of disease in plants. Importance of plant disease. 2. Mechanism of attack by plant pathogens: Microbial enzyme, toxins and growth

regulators. 3. Variability in plant pathogens: Types of variation; mechanism of variability. 4. Effect of environmental on development of infectious disease of plants:

Epidemiology. Plant disease forecasting. 5. Transmission of plant diseases caused by viral pathogens.. 6. Methods of study of infectious diseases of plants: isolation of pathogens and tests of

pathogenicity. 7. Principles and methods of plant disease control.

i. Control through regulatory methods: Plant quarantine. ii. Cultural and biological methods of control.

iii. Control through physical means. iv. Chemical method for plant disease control: Fungicides, chemotherapy. v. Use of resistant varieties.

SECTION B: Plant Pathology (Diseases)

Study of importance, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and control of following diseases of crop plants in Uttar Pradesh caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, Phytoplasma and nematodes. a. Fungal diseases:

i. Rots diseases with special reference to fruit and stem end rot of papaya. ii. Damping off of seedlings of crop plants.

iii. Downy mildews of cucurbits. iv. Rust of wheat and Barley. v. Powdery mildew of pea.

vi. Smuts and Bunts: covered smut of Barley; loose smut of wheat and Bunt of rice.

vii. Wilt of sugarcane


viii. Leaf spots: leaf spot of turmeric; Leaf blight of wheat. Blast disease of rice and mango anthracnose.

ix. Galls and other abnormalities: stem gall of coriander, , leaf curl of Peach b. Bacterial diseases: Citrus canker and Tundu disease of wheat

c.Viral diseases: Mosaics of tobacco, papaya, potatoand tungro of rice

c. Phytoplasmal diseases: Grassy shoot of sugarcane

d.Nematode diseases: Ear cockle of wheat

Practicals: i. A study of symptomatology, histopathology and identification of pathogen of

various fungal diseases mentioned in syllabus. ii. A study of symptomatology in bacteria, viral and phytoplasmal diseases.

iii. Preparation of culture media and sterilization. iv. Isolation of fungi and bacteria from diseased plants. v. Inoculation experiments with bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.

vi. Measurement of fungal spores. vii. Transmission (mechanical and insect) experiments with plants virus.

viii. Use of fungicides and plant protection appliances. ix. Field collection of 50 diseased plant specimens.

Semester-III

PAPER- IV B: ADVANCE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Nitrogen Metabolism: nitrate assimilation, synthesis of essential amino acids, amides and ureides. Biological nitrogen fixation and the various organisms..

2. Secondary metabolites: structure, and biosynthesis of non nutrients viz., alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, phenols, flavinoids and quinines and their biofunctional role.

3. Seed physiology: Seed development, germination dormancy, growth and its measurement.

4. Stress Physiology: stress due to, salinity, alkalinity, temperature, radiation and the physiology of adaptation.


Semester-III

PAPER- IV C: FOREST ECOLOGY

1. Human evolutionary dependence on forests: scope and relevance.; forest types of India; Ecological morphology of rain forest flora.

2. Structure of forest ecosystem: Photosynthetic efficiency; leaf area and growth;; Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems.

3. Reproductive strategy of tropical trees; Natural and artificial regeneration; 4. Factors destructive to forest ecosystems; causes and effects of deforestation; systems;

Role of trees in combating air pollution. 5. Physico- chemical properties of forest soil; ecological significance of soil texture; soil

biology and soil fertility; Comparison of forest and grassland. 6. Accumulation and decomposition of forest litter; forest humus; the geochemical,

biogeochemical cycling of nutrients

PRACTICAL:

1. Ecological herbarium collection of plant throughout the study period with notes on the habitat and phenology of plant. Preparation of chart.

2. Determination of frequency, density, relative frequency and relative density of component species of a forest vegetation.

3. Determination of importance value index of tree species if the forest vegetation by point centered quarter method.

4. Gradient analysis of forest vegetation by belt transects method. 5. Study of life forms and biological spectrum of the forest community. 6. Preparation of profile diagram and study of stratification. 7. Determination of leaf area index of the given species. 8. Identification of shade tolerant and shade- intolerant species and a comparison of their adaptive

features. 9. Estimation of reproductive effort of a ground layer species. 10. Determination of pH, organic matter and nitrate content of the soil. 11. Determination of total soluble salts of soil samples. 12. Measurement of soil respiration. 13. Estimation of nitrate nitrogen of given samples. 14. Estimation of total nitrogen to given samples. 15. Study of soil profile under forest cover. 16. Measurement of temperature and light intensity along vertical and horizontal gradient within the

forest community.


Semester-III

PAPER- IV D: ADVANCE PLANT TAXONOMY

1. History and outline of various system of classification.

2. Principals of classification and concept of Taxa.

3. Botanical Nomenclature and type concepts. 4. History of Botanical exploration in India. 5. Herbarium and herbarium methods. 6. Botanical Garden. 7. Botanical Collection. 8. Botanical keys, their uses and construction. 9. Floristics and monographs. 10. Taxonomic literature. 11. Centres of taxonomic work in India. 12. Flora of Eastern U.P. 13. Evolution theory and experimental study of variation. 14. The plasticity of phenotypes. 15. Internal variability of population. 16. Ecological differentiation and population. 17. Geographical variation and reproductive isolation. 18. Chemotaxonomy. 19. Numerical taxonomy. 20. Anatomy in taxonomy. 21. Palynology in taxonomy. 22. Cytotaxonomy. 23. Embryology in taxonomy. 24. Physiology in taxonomy.

Practical

1. Botanical collection technique (exploration of assigned area). 2. Herbarium method (preparation of 150 herbarium specimens). 3. Identification and construction of keys. 4. Determination of relationship of some given plants on the basis of essential oils, pigments

and amino acids. 5. Determination of relationship on the basis of anatomical characters (trichome, stomata,

internal deposition and floral anatomy). 6. Determination of relationship on the basis of pollen morphology. 7. Determination of relationship on the basis some embryological characters. 8. Determination of relationship on the basis of cytological characters.


Semester-III

PAPER- IVE: ADVANCED MOLECULAR GENETICS

1. History concept and scope of molecular genetics.

2. Evidence for the mechanism of DNA Replication; RNA genome replication.

3. Regulation of transcription (Enhancers and silencers), Transcription factors;

transcriptional and post transcriptional control; HeLa cells.

4. Genomes: split genes, overlapping genes, Pseudogenes, selfish genes, cryptic genes,

Repetitive DNA, Promiscuous DNA, Core DNA, Linker DNA, C-DNA Zyg- DNA;

Transposons and Retrotransposons

5. Molecular analysis of genes: ( Southern Blot and northern Blot), molecular Probes,

molecular markers and molecular genetic maps.

6. PCR walking, electronic PCR (e- PCR), DNA sequencing using PCR (LMPCR).

7. Types of DNA chips and their production, microarrays and their application on DNA

chips.

8. Viruses and Cancer (Tumor virus molecular genetics, Viral Oncogenes).

9. Application of gene cloning in production of pharmaceutical protein, vaccines and

genetically engineered crops.

Semester-III

PAPER- IV F: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND

TECHNOLOGY

1. Basics of Environmental Science: Origin of Earth, Biotic-abiotic interaction, Decline in

Biodiversity and the consequences.

2. Environmental Phenomenon and Episodes: Ozone layer depletion, Green House Effect,

Climatic change, Bhopal gas tragedy and Chernobyl episode.

3. Occupational Health Hazards: Silicosis, Asbestosis, Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens

and Toxicity of Heavy Metals.

4. Non-conventional Energy: Hydrogen, Alcohol, Bio-diesel, Wind and Solar energy.


5. International Agreements on Environment: Treaties and Protocols of United Nations

Conference on Human Environment-UNCHE (Stockholm, 1972), United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development- UNCED (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), World

Summit on Sustainable Development- WSSD (Johannesburg, 2002).

6. Computer Application in Environmental Management: Basic concepts of Windows,

software, search engine, use of software in Environmental Studies.

7. Water Management Technologies: Hydrological cycle, Water quality standards, Major

sources of water pollution, basics of ground and surface water, Analysis of selected

physico-chemical properties of water (DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Phosphate, Chloride, pH,

Acidity, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature), Eutrophication and

Aquaculture.

8. Air Quality Monitoring and Management: Composition of air, Major sources of air

pollution, in-door air pollution, Monitoring of SOx, NOx and O3.

9. Solid Waste Management Technologies: Sources of solid waste, Solid waste disposal,

Vermicomposting, R3 Principle.

10. Noise Pollution and Abatement: Sources of noise pollution, Noise standards, Biological

and behavioural effects of noise pollution.

11. Environmental Legislation: Powers and functions of Central and State Pollution Control

Boards, Wildlife Protection Act 1972, The Water (Prevention and control of pollution)

Act 1974, Prevention and Control of Air Pollution Act 1981.

12. Environmental Biotechnology: Use of Micro-organisms in waste treatment,

Biodegradation of petroleum pollutants, Production of microbial enzymes (Cellulases and

Proteases)

13. Environmental Economics: Valuation of natural resources, cost benefit analysis and

integrated economic modeling.

M.Sc. Botany – Fourth Semester

BOTANY M.Sc SYLLABUS

SEMESTER SYSTEM

Semester-Four


Paper-I : Molecular Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 50

Paper-II : Plant resource Utilization and Conservation 50

Paper-III : Biostatistics, Cytology and Plant Breeding 50

Paper-IV : Dissertation based on Elective papers of IIIrd semester 50

Note : The allotment of the topic of dissertation shall be done at the beginning of semester- Three when the student opts for electives.

Practicals : Their shall be two practical examinations-

Practical- 1 : Based on Ist , IInd and IIIrd (General) papers having 75 maximum marks.

Practical- 2 : This will consist of viva-voce on dissertation having 25 maximum marks.

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FOURTH SEMESTER

SEMESTER-IV

PAPER-I: MOLECULAR, GENETICS, GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:

1. Nucleic acids: Structure and form of DNA, Circular DNA in bacteria and chloroplast, packaging of DNA, DNA melting (Tm), DNA annealing, cot curves, repetitive, unique and satellite DNA, C- value paradox.

2. Gene Replication: DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (initiation, elongation and termination).

3. Gene Mutation: Mutagenic agents, mechanisms of mutagenesis, DNA damage and repair mechanism, uses of mutation.

4. Gene Recombination: Mechanism of recombination in viruses, bacteria and fungi. 5. Genetic Code: Codon assignment, code in mitochondria, second genetic code, initiation

and termination codons. 6. Gene Expression: Mechanism of transcription and translation in eukaryotes (initiation,

elongation and termination). 7. Regulation of Gene Expression: Concept of operon, Tryptophan and Arabinose

operons, eukoryotic operon (Britten and Davidson model). 8. Genetic Engineering: Enzymes (Endonucleases, Ligasas) and vector viz., plasmids

phages, cosmids and Agrobacterium spp., recombinant DNA technology (gene cloning), gene isolation and sequencing, PCR.

9. Tissue and Organ Culture: Micropropagation somaclonal variation, haploid production, protoplast culture and somatic hybridization.

10. Application of biotechnology in agriculture.

Practical

1. Isolation of plasmid DNA. 2. Preparation of genomic DNA from bacteria. 3. Preparation of agarose gel. 4. DNA detection of gel electrophoresis. 5. Preparation of standard curve for RNA. 6. Colorimetric estimation of RNA content in given RNA solution. 7. Preparation of standard curve for DNA. 8. Nitrous acid mutagenesis in Aspergillus nidulans. 9. Isolation of milk protein. 10. Isolation of protoplasts from plant tissue and demonstration of somatic fusion. 11. Preparation of spawn and substrate for mushroom cultivation.

SEMESTER-IV


PAPER- II: PLANT RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION

A. PLANT RESOURCE UTILIZATION:

1. Plant biodiversity for Man and their importance. 2. Botanical names, families, morphology of the past used, mode of extraction, nature and

economic importance with reference to the following: a. Cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize. b. Legumes and Pulses. c. Forage crops. d. Fiber plants and their products. e. Medicinal plants. f. Beverage yielding plants. g. Important wood and timber yielding plants. h. Sugar and sugar yielding plants. i. Tropical and subtropical fruits. j. Spices and flavoring materials. k. Vegetables. l. Drugs and narcotics. m. Gum and dye yielding plants. n. Latex yielding plants. o. Fumitories and mastigatories. p. Insecticide yielding plants.

3. Origin of cultivated plants: Center of origin, criteria and Vavilov’s center of origin. 4. Botanical, origin and cultivation of wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, mustard and potato. 5. History, Botany, cultivation and processing of tea/ coffee, tobacco and rubber.

B. CONSERVATION:

1. Principles of conservation. 2. In situ conservation: Sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere resaves, wet lands, mangroves

and coral reef. 3. Ex- situ conservation: principles and practices, National seed corporation (NSC), Botanic

gardens, role and impact of NSC, botanical survey of India (BSI), NBPGR (National Bureau of plant Genetics Resource), ICAR ( Indian Council of Agriculture Research), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Germplasm conservation.

Practical: Based on the Above.

SEMESTER-IV


PAPER- III: BIOSTATISTICS, CYTOLOGY AND PLANT BREEDING

A. BIOSTATISTICS: 1. Relevance of biostatistics to biological interpretative, elementary idea of probability,

combination and permutations, continues and discontinous variables. 2. Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median and Mode. 3. Measures of dispersion: Standard deviation, Standard error, Mean deviation. 4. Test of significance:

a. Chi- square test b. t- test

5. Analysis of variance 6. Correlation and regression

B. CYTOLOGY:

1. Cell membrane: Structure and Function. 2. Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, Microfilaments, basal bodies and cilia. 3. Interphase nucleus and nucleolus. 4. Chromosome structure, types. 5. Chromatin fibers, nucleolus, solenoid model, heterochromatin and euchromatin. 6. Centromere and telomere structure. 7. Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis; Control of cell division, spindle

organization and chromosomal movement, Synapsis and Synaptonemal complex, crossing over, mechanism and cytological proof.

C. PLANT BREEDING: 1. Introduction to plant breeding. 2. Domestication, plant introduction and acclimatization. 3. Method of selection and hybridization. 4. Techniques of selfing and crossing. 5. Cytoplasmic male sterility. 6. Heterosis and hybrid seed production. 7. Mutant breeding. 8. Polyploidy in plant breeding. 9. Breeding for nutritional quality.

SEMESTER IV PAPER IV: DISSERTATION BASED ON OPTIONAL PAPERS (SEMESTER III- PAPER IV)

Page 1 of 22

Department of Zoology

DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur Postgraduate Syllabus

M.Sc. (Previous) Semester –I

The examination shall comprise four theory papers and a practical test

Theory

Paper -I Non-Chordata 50 Marks

Paper-II Techniques and Tools in Biology 50 Marks

Paper-III Biological Chemistry 50 Marks

Paper-IV Cytogenetics : Classical and Molecular 50 Marks

Practical 100 Marks

Total : 300 Marks

Candidate must obtain minimum pass marks in theory and practical examination separately.

Paper I: Non-Chordata

Nutrition in Protozoa; Reproduction in Protozoa; Origin of Metazoa; Organization and

affinities of Porifera; Polymorphism in Coelenterata; Colony formation in Coelenterata; Coral

reefs; Salient features of parasitism in helminthes; Life cycle patterns in helminthes parasites;

Outlines of the ecology of soil nematodes; Adaptive radiation in Polychaeta; Segmental

organs in Annelida.

Paper II: Techniques and Tools in Biology

Principles and uses of analytical instruments:- Balances, Flame Photometry,

Spectrophotometer, Spectroflurophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.

Microbial techniques:-Media preparation and Sterilization, Inoculation and growth

monitoring, use of fermentations, Microbial assays.

Separation and identification of biomolecules by Chromatography:- Paper and thin layer

chromatography (TLC), Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC), Colum chromatography, Ion

exchange chromatography, Gel exclusion chromatography, High Performance Liquid

Chromatography (HPLC), Affinity chromatography.

Separation of biomolecules by electrophoresis.

Principles of differential and density centrifugation.

Paper III: Biological Chemistry

Chemical equilibrium- Law of Mass action; Elementary thermodynamic system; calculation

of free energy change during biological redox reactions, acid, base, amphoteric, Zwitter ions;

Kinetics of enzyme reaction- Kinetics of enzyme- catalyzed reactions, order of enzyme

reactions, rate equations, two substrate reactions; Temperature Coefficient, Activation

energy; Enzyme inhibition- Competitive and non- Competitive inhibitors; Application of

enzyme inhibition techniques in pest control, Allosteric enzymes; Structure and function of

Vitamins and coenzymes; Aerobic and anaerobic energy production from carbohydrates

lipids and amino acids (Glycolysis, HMP shunt, -oxidation of fatty acids, deamination &

transamination of amino acids Phenylalanine, tryptophan, aspartate, proline and threonine,

Page 2 of 22

Biosynthesis of amino acids (Phenylalanine, tryptophan, aspartate, proline and threonine),

nucleotides, glycogen and urea; Immoblized enzymes and their applications.

Paper IV- Cytogentics: Classical and Molecular

Current status of Mendalism, Interaction of genes; Cytoplasmic inheritance; Environment and

heredity; Lethal genes; Sex-linked inheritance; chromosome mapping; Sex chromosome, Sex

determination; Multiple allelism; Numerical and structural chromosome aberrations and their

significance; DNA replication, Transponsable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Role

of transposable elements in genetic regulation; Microbial genetics: Bacterial transformation,

transduction, conjugation, Bacterial chromosome, Bacteriophages; Molecular cytogenetic

techniques (FISH, GISH, DNA finger printing, Flow cytometry and chromosome painting),

Elements of Eugenics, Imprinting of genes, chromosomes and genes, Gene theraphy.

Page 3 of 22



M.Sc. (Previous) Semester –I

Practical Syllabus

General survey and classification of the lower non-chordate phyla (Protozoa to Annelida)

with the help of museum specimens and slides.

Protozoa : Vital staining and iodine preparation of Euglena, Paramecium and Vorticella-

Study of cyclosis and trichocysts in Paramecium; differential counts of the

various stages of Monosystis; Permanent preparation of Ceratium, Noctiluca,

Paramecium, Vorticella, Rectal ciliates of frog and Monocystis.

Porifera : Permanent preparation of gemmules, spongin fibers and different kinds of

spicules.

Coelenterata: Dissection (General anatomy) of Sea Anemone, study of Nematocysts of

Hydra, Permanent preparation of Hydra, Obelia and other hydrozoan colonies

and Obelia Medusa.

Helminths : Study of feeding mechanism and regeneration in Planaria, Permanent

preparation of selected soil and plant Nematodes, Planaria, selected Helminths

parasites of cattle and poultry and different larval stages of liver fluke.

Annelida: Dissection (General Anatomy) of Nereis, dissection of circulatory system and

reproductive system of earthworm, Dissection of general anatomy , digestive

system, excretory system, hemoceolomic system, reproductive system and

nervous system of Leech, Permanent preparation of Head reason, Jaws and

Parapodia of Nereis, Ovaries, Nephridia, Blood glands and spermathecae of

earthworm and Jaws, salivary and Nephradia of Leech.

Techniques and Tools: Basic principles and functioning of Microtomy, Spectrophotometry,

Flame Photometry, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Paper and thin layer

chromatography, Centrifugation.

Biochemistry: Isolation and colorimetric determination of the glycogen content of rat liver.

Demonstration of the effect of epinephrine on the glycogen yield from the liver.

Estimation of nucleic acids in testis of rat.

Comparative estimation of protein content of the fat body of cockroach and the

liver of fish, frog and rat.

Quantitative estimation of the total free amino acids in the tissues of cockroach

and paper chromatographic separation of these amino acids.

Page 4 of 22

Kinetic assay of the salivary amylase, and study of the effects of time,

temperature and pH.

Study of the effect of substrate concentration on urease activity.

Inhibition of cholinesterase activity in rat brain by organophosphate.

Estimation of total lipid in fat body of cockroach and liver of fish, frog and rat.

Cytogenetics : Study of mitosis and meiosis in onion root tip, Sarcophaga and testis of

grasshopper or any other insect with the acetocarmine squash method.

Study of the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila and Chironomus.

Study of the life cycle of Drosophila.

Statistics: Simple experiments on probability. Sampling of data for the frequency diagram

and calculation of mean, median, mode variance and standard deviation.

Sampling of data to demonstrate the application of tests of significance.

Distribution of Marks: Time : 6 Hours

Exercise Marks

Dissection 15

Preparation 08

Technique/Instrumentation 10

Biochemistry exercise 20

Cytogenetics exercise 05

Spotting (12 Spots) 24

Viva-voce 10

Class Records 08

Total Marks- 100

Page 5 of 22



M.Sc. (Previous) Semester -II


Theory

Paper -I Higher Non-Chordata 50 Marks

Paper-II Ecology and Environmental Biology 50 Marks

Paper-III Comparative Animal Physiology 50 Marks

Paper-IV Animal Behaviour 50 Marks

Practical 100 Marks

Total : 300 Marks


Paper 1- Higher Non-Chordata

Organisation and affinities of Onychophora; Parasitism in Crustacea; Larval forms in

Crustacea; Mouth parts of insects; Basic concept of insect pest management; Biology and

control of Lepisma; Pediculus, Cimex; Adaptive radiation in Mollusca; Torsion in

gastropods; Larval forms in Echinodermata; Affinities of Echinodermata; Brief outlines of

the structure and affinities of minor phyla with special reference to Ctenophora, Rotifera,

Acanthocephala, Sipunculoidea and Echiuroidea

Paper II: Ecology and Environmental Biology

Ecology

Concept of Ecosystem and their types; Marine shores and estuaries; Freshwater; terrestrial;

Grassland; Forest, desert and parasitic habitat; Ecological adaptations, levels, mechanism and

significance of body size; Concepts of homeostasis, Environmental stress and strain,

acclimation and acclimatization; Conservation of natural resources; wetlands.

Demography, life tables, generation time, net reproductive rate and reproductive volume; Life

history strategies, evolutions of sex and mating systems, optimal size r and k selection

population, dynamics and its regulation;

Environmental Biology

Pollution monitoring schemes with special reference to bio-indicators and prediction of

ecological effects; Environmental diseases with special reference to carcinogenesis and

radiation injuries; Management of Industrial and Biomedical Waste, Socio-economic aspects

of environmental policies and practices; Ozone depletion, Global warming, Summits for

control of green house gases (Earth summit, Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC), Copenhagen

summit), Challenges of climate change, Nuclear winter, Environmental laws with special

reference to air, water and sound.

Page 6 of 22

Paper III: Comparative Animal Physiology

Mechanism of conduction and transmission of nerve impulse: Nernst equation, ionic basis of

resting and spike potential, synaptic transmission and neurotransmitters; Patterns of nutrition

and digestion: origin of nutritive types, digestion and absorption of food; Osmotic conformity

and regulation : Stenohaline, Euryhaline animals, Hypo and hyper environment and terrestrial

life; General characteristics of stimulus and response reaction: Chemoreceptors,

photoreceptors, phonoreceptors, mechnoreceptors, equilibrium reception; Respiration:

Respiratory pigments, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, Respiratory adaptation to low

oxygen tension, Poikilothermy; Circulation: Types of circulation, physiological categories of

heart; Pattern of nitrogen excretion in different animals: Excretory products, Biosynthesis of

urea and uric acid; Comparative study of endocrines organs and their secretion in non

chordates and chordates.

Paper IV: Animal Behaviour

Evolutionary and neurological basis of behaviour, Innate behavior, Stereotyped and acquired

behaviour, Neural and hormonal control of behaviour, Orientation with special reference to

insects, birds & bats; Instinct, Biological rhythms (Circadian & circanual rythms), Learning

& memory (conditioning, habituation, insight learning, association learning reasoning

cognitive skill), Patterns of communication (Chemical, visual, light, audio, Species

specificity of songs, evolution of language with respect to primates), Social behaviour with

reference to insects and primates; Sexual behaviour: Courtship, sexual selection, mating

patterns, parental care, migratory behaviour of fishes and birds; Territorial behaviour,

Behavioural genetics;

Page 7 of 22



M.Sc. (Previous) Semester –II

Practical Syllabus

Higher Non-Chordata: (Arthropoda- Echinodermata) General survey and classification of

structural organization of the higher non-chordate phyla and dissections and

preparations of the principle animal types of these phyla.

Behaviour: Study of Taxis; Kinesis; Habituation; Trial and error learning; Visual

discrimination; Feeding behavior; Pheromonal communication with reference to

sexual/special behaviour.

Physiology: Comparative study of total count of the erythrocytes and leucocytes of fish, frog,

bird and rat.Comparative study of the differential leucocyte counts of fish, frog,

bird and rat.

Colorimetric estimation of the haemoglobin content of blood, colour-index and

mean corpuscular hemoglobin in fish, frog, bird and rat.

Determination of haemetocrit in fish, frog. bird and rat.

Determination of respiratory rate of rat in relation to size and sex; Fish at

different temperatures; Cockroach as a function of temperature.

Study of the functional properties of the cardiac muscles of frog by

pharmacological methods, using acetylcholine and adrenaline.

Studies on skeletal muscles of frog: Simple twitch; Threshold strength; Curation;

to tetanus. Determination of the passage of food with the help of marker.

Ecology: Study of different structural adaptations to ecological conditions.

Study of the micro and macro fauna of soil by froth floatation method.

Comparative estimate of physico-chemical ecofactor in different localities:

Temperature, pH, carbonate, sulphate, nitrate and turbidity in freshwater sample

on; Moisture content in soil sample.

Study of seasonal variation in plankton population. Toxicology: Estimation of threshold and/or LC50 and/or other mortality measurement of selected

toxicant for selected organisms. Study of TDS, COD, BOD caused by the effects of

pollutants in water bodies.


Exercise Marks

Dissection 15

Preparation 08

Physiology exercise 15

Ecology exercise 10

Behaviour exercise 10


Viva-voce 10

Class Records 08

Total Marks- 100

Page 8 of 22



M.Sc. (Final) Semester - III


Theory

Paper -I Chordata 50 Marks

Paper-II Animal Development and Morphogenesis 50 Marks

Paper-III Biostatistics, Principles of Taxonomy & Evolution 50 Marks

Paper-IV (a) Fishery Biology- Morphology, Physiology and 50 Marks

Development of Fishes

(b): Entomology - Insect morphology, physiology & 50 Marks

development

(c): Cell Biology- Cytological Techniques 50 Marks

Practical 100 Marks

Total : 300 Marks


Paper I: Chordata

Origin of Chordates; Interrelationship of Ostracoderms, Placoderms; General organization

and affinities of Holocephali, Crossopterygii and Dipnoi; Origin of paired fins in teleosts;

Rhynchocephalia, Origin of tetrapoda; Neoteny in Amphibia; Origin and evolution of

Reptiles, Birds, Mammals; Aerodynamics in birds; Birds are glorified reptiles, Adaptive

radiation in Eutheria, Origin and evolution of Man.

Paper II: Animal Development and Morphogenesis

Section ‘A’

Gametes, structure and formation; Fertilization (pre- and post-fertilization events,

Biochemistry of fertilization); Nature of eggs and their cleavage; Gastrulation; Organogenesis

of vertebrate brain, eye and heart; Evolution of viviparity in mammals; Cellular and

biochemical events in metamorphosis of insects and amphibians; Causes of fetal deformities.

Section ‘B’

Determination of polarity and symmetry; Pattern regulation in insect imaginal discs;

Induction and organizer concept; Differentiation at the level of chromosomes; Regeneration

and gradients in developing systems; Ageing and cellular death; Transgenic animals and

knock outs (production, application, embryonic stem cell).

Paper III: Biostatistics, Principles of Taxonomy & Evolution

Biostatistics

Measures of central tendencies and variations in data, Tests of significance: t-test, analysis of

variance, f-test ; Null hypothesis and Chi-square test; Distribution: Normal; Binomial and

poison, correlation, regression and probability;

Page 9 of 22

Principles of Taxonomy

Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics & Taxonomy: Historical resume of

systematics and its importance and application in biology; Trends in Biosystematics :

Concepts of different conventional and newer aspects – chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy,

ethotaxonomy, molecular taxonomy and numerical taxonomy; Dimensions of speciation and

Taxonomic characters : Types of lineage changes, production of additional lineage, species

concepts – species category, different species concepts, subspecies and infra-specific

categories, theories of biological classification hierarchy of categories, taxonomic and non-

taxonomic characters; Procedure in Taxonomy: Collection, preservation, identification,

taxonomic keys – different kinds of taxonomic keys, their merits and demerits, systematic

publications, different kinds of publications, type of concept– different zoological types,

international code of zoological nomenclature (ICZN)– its operative principles, interpretation

and application of important rules, zoological nomenclature, formation of scientific names of

various taxa.

Evolution

Neo-Lamarckism, Neo-Darwinism and Synthetic theory of evolution, Isolation and

speciation; Genes in population: Hardy Weinberg Law and Sewell Wright effect, Micro

evolution, Macro evolution and Mega evolution, Evolution in action;

Paper IV: (a) Fishery Biology- Morphology, Physiology and Development of Fishes

Morphology

Structure and Functions of – Ear-Air Bladder connection and Weberian Apparatus; Different

types of caudal fins; Specialized organs in fishes; (Electric organs, Sound producing organs;

Light producing organs, Poison glands, Nervous system and sense organs); Endocrine glands:

(Hypophysis, Thyroid, Adrenal, Ultimobranchial body, Corpuscles of Stannius and

urophysis);

Physiology

Physiology of digestion, Respiration, Osmoregulation, Excretion and Reproduction

Development

Gastrulation, Neurilation, Organ formation, Larval development, Metamorphosis

Paper IV (b): Entomolgy - Insect morphology, physiology & development

Section ‘A’

The integumentary system: histology of the integument, physical property and chemical

composition of cuticle, sclerotization, colouration and moulting, Morphology of the head :

tentorium, antenna and mouth parts and their modification; Thorax : tergites, legs and their

modifications, wing structure and venation, their modifications coupling mechanism and

abdomen, pre-genital abdominal appendages, external genitalia, Nervous system : the

neurons, central visceral and peripheral nervous system; Sensory mechanisms :

mechanoreceptors (tango reception, proprioception, sound perception), chemoreception,

thermoreception, hygroreception and photoreception (compound eyes, image formation,

stemmata, ocelli); Bioluminescence and sound production.

Page 10 of 22

Section ‘B’

Alimentary system : nutrition, feeding behaviour, morphology of the gut and physiology of

digestion and absorption; Circulatory system : dorsal vessel, accessory pulsating structures,

sinuses and diaphragms, mechanism of circulation, composition and function of

haemolymph; Respiratory system : structure of tracheae, tracheoles, air-sacs, spiracles,

physiology of respiration, respiratory adaptations of aquatic and parasitic insects; Excretory

system : Malpighian tubules and its arrangements, physiology of excretion (nitrogenous

excretion, salt and water balance); Reproductive system : male and female reproductive

system; Development: post-embryonic development, metamorphosis, types of larvae and

pupae, Exocrine Glands : structure and function, pheromones; Endocrine glands : structure

and function of non-neural, neural and peptide hormones, regulation of general body function

and metabolic activities, moulting, polymorphism and diapause.

Paper IV (c): Cell Biology- Cytological Techniques

Elementary principles of phase, interference, polarization, fluorescence and electron

microscope (transmission electron microscope, scanning electron and atomic force

microscopy); Theory and application of freeze-drying, x-ray diffraction, radioautographs,

Methods of cell tissue culture; Chemical basis of fixation and cytochemical localization of

proteins, lipids, glycogen, RNA, DNA, phosphatase, esterases and oxidases; Purification and

fractionation of nucleic acids, Nucleic acid hybridization, Enzymatic application of DNA by

PCR.

Page 11 of 22



M.Sc. (Final) Semester –III

Practical Syllabus

General classification and survey of the structure or organization of the Chordate phyla.

Dissections and Preparations of the principal Chordate type.

Experiments on artificial ovulation insemination in study of the life history stages of frog and

insects.

Mounting of egg’s an embryos of snail .

Study of hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis.

Incubation and mounting of chick embryo.

Study of prepared slides of the embryology of frog, chick and mammals and mammalian

placentation.

Microtomy of embryonic stages.

Application of window techniques insitu study of chick embryo with special reference to

morphogenetic moments.

Determination of the effect of temperature on the embryonic development of chick.

Study of the development of selective organs through preserved specimen and prepared

slides.

Experiment on regeneration in Planaria; regeneration of tail and limb in amphibian larva and

lizards


Exercise Marks

Dissection 25

Preparation 15

Microtomy 10

Embryology exercise 15

Spotting (10 spots) 25

Class Records 10

Total Marks- 100

Page 12 of 22



M.Sc. (Final) Semester –IV


Theory

Paper -I Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates 50 Marks

Paper-II Economic Zoology & Wildlife 50 Marks

Paper-III (a): Fishery Biology- Taxonomy and ecology of Pisces 50 Marks

(b): Entomology- Ecology, Evolution and Taxonomy 50 Marks

(c): Cell Biology– Cellular organization and 50 Marks

fundamental processes: Cell structure

Paper-IV (a): Fishery biology- Applied Ichthyology 50 Marks

(b): Economic Entomology- Beneficial and Harmful 50 Marks

Insects, Insect Pest Management

(c) Cell Regulations- Cell communication and 50 Marks

differentiation

Practical 100 Marks

Total : 300 Marks


Paper I: Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

Comparative anatomy of the following systems of vertebrates:

Integumentary system; Digestive system; Respiratory system; Skeletal system; Circulatory

system; Excretory system; Reproductive system.

Paper II : Economic Zoology & Wildlife

Economic Zoology

Prawn culture; Fish Culture, Pearl culture; Apiculture, Sericulture, Poultry and Lac-culture;

Leather industry; Pharmaceuticals from animals, white revolution.

Wildlife

General study of wildlife; Endangered wild animal species; Wildlife conservation

programmes, conservation of the Asiatic lion, ‘Project Tiger; Project Crocodile, Project

Hangul, Project Elephant, Wildlife Sanctuaries; National parks and biosphere reserves; Major

organizations concerned with wildlife conservation and their activities and programmes, Wild

life ecotourism management.

Page 13 of 22

Paper III (a): Fishery Biology- Taxonomy and ecology of Pisces

Taxonomy of fishes up to orders; Detailed taxonomic study of fishes of Uttar Pradesh and

Bihar; Adaptations to different modes of life with special reference to Hill stream and deep

sea fishes; Relationship between fishes and their abiotic and biotic environment; Abiotic

factors: density and pressure, temperature, salt contents in water, light, sound, electric

currents, bottom deposits and particles suspended in water; Biotic factors- Inter specific,

interrelationship among fishes with other organism; Intraspecific interrelationship among

fishes and with outer organisms; Pollutants affecting fishery waters with special reference to

oil spills, domestic pollutants, industrial water, Radio-active wastes, Sewage fed fisheries;

Planktons in relation to fish production.

Paper III(b): Entomology- Ecology, Evolution and Taxonomy:

Section ‘A’

Insect origin and evolution: Ancestry of insects, origin and evolution of insects, relationships

between entognathous and ectognathous apterygotes; Insects and the abiotic Environment:

Effect of temperature, moisture and light on insect population; Insect Plant interactions:

Plant and insect herbivore relationship, Primary and Secondary metabolic plant products,

Host selection by insects, Chemical defence in plants, Allocation of protective chemicals,

primary role of toxic chemicals, response of insects to chemical defence, temporal avoidance

of chemical, semiochemicals.

Section ‘B’

Outline classification of insects; characters, classification and examples of following taxa:

Thysanura: Machilidae, Lepismatidae.

Collembola: Sminthuridae, Entomodryidae

Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae

Odonata: Zygoptera, Anisoptera, Anisozygoptera

Orthoptera: Schizodactylidae, Tettigoniidae, Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae, Acrididae

Phasmida: Phasmidae, Phyllidae

Dermoptera: Forficulidae

Dictyoptera: Blattaria (Blattidae), Mantodea (Mantidae)

Isoptera: Mastotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Termitidae

Pscocoptera: Psocidae

Mallophaga: Philopteridae, Trichodactidae

Siphunculata: Haematopinidae, Pediculidae

Page 14 of 22

Hemiptera: Homoptera, Coleorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha (Fulgoridae, Lophopidae,

Cicadidae, Membracidae, Cicadellidae), Stenorrhyncha (Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae,

Margarodidae, Lacciferidae, Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae)

Heteroptera: Rediviidae, Cimicidae, Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrocoridae, Coreidae,

Scutelleridae, Pentatomidae, Gerridae, Notonectidae, Belostomatidae, Nepidae

Thysanoptera: Terebrantia (Thritidae), Tubulifera

Neuroptera: Megaloptera, Planipennia (Chrysopidae)

Coleoptera: Adaphaga (Carabidae,Cicindellidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae), Polyphaga

(Hydrophilidae, Lucanidae, Scaribaeidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Lampyridae, Dermestidae,

Coccinelidae, Tenebrionidae, Meloidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Bruchidae,

Curculionidae)

Siphonoptera: Pulicidae, Ceratophyllidae

Diptera: Nematocera (Tipulidae, Psychodidae, Culicidae, Simulidae, Chironomidae,

Bibionidae, Myctophillidae, Cecidomyidae), Brachycera (Tabanidae, Asilidae, Bombyliidae,

Cyclorrhyncha

Lepidoptera: Monotrysia (Neplialidae), Ditrysia (Tineidae, Psychidae, Plutellidae,

Gelechiidae, Torticidae, Cossidae, Pyrlalidae, Hyblacidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae,

Papilionidae, Geometridae, Bombycidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Arctiidae, Nocxtuidae,

Lymantriidae)

Hymenoptera: Symphyta (Siricidae, Cephidae, Tenthredinidae), Apocrita (Ichneumonidae,

Draconidae, Evaniidae, Cynipidae, Chalacidae, Aganonidae, Pteronalidae, Eulophidae,

Trichogrammitidae, Scoliidae, Formicidae, Pompilidae,, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Negachilidae,

Xylocopidae, Apidae)

Collection and preservation of insects

Paper III (c): Cell Biology– Cellular organization and fundamental processes: Cell

structure

The Nucleus (The nuclear envelop and traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm), Internal

organization of the nucleus, the nucleolus.

Plasma membrane structure and chemical composition; movement of substances across the

membrane.

Protein shortening and transport: endoplasmic reticulum (the endoplasmic reticulum and

protein secretion, the smooth ER and lipid synthesis, export of protein and lipids from the

ER).

The Golgi apparatus (organization of the Golgi, protein glycosylation within the Golgi, lipid

and polysaccharide metabolism in the Golgi, protein sortening and export from the Golgi

apparatus).

Lysosomes (ultrastructure, lysosomal acid hydrolases, endocytosis and lysosome formation,

phagocytosis and autophagy).

Page 15 of 22

Bioenergetics and metabolism (mitochondria– organization and function, mechanism of

oxidative phosphorylation, proxisomes –functions of peroxisomes).

Ultrastructure and functions of ribosomes.

Chromosome morphodynamics and achromatic apparatus in cell division.

Physiology of a dividing cell.

Apoptosis and natural cell death.

Paper IV(a): Fishery Biology- Applied Ichthyology

Marine, freshwater, estuarine reservoirs and coldwater fisheries of India.

Fish culture-Nutritional requirements of Carps, Siluroids and Murrels, Carp cultivation in

India-

Spawning, collection, hatcheries, rearing, stocking, transport and mortality of fish fry.

Fertilization and management of Fishery pond.

Composite fish culture, cage culture and culture of exotic fishes, induced breeding.

Methods of fishing in India with particular reference to U. P.

Preservation, processing, transport and marketing of fish, food value and flavour of different

fishes.

Larvivorous fishes and public health.

Common enemies and symptoms, etiology and treatment of diseases of food fishes.

Development of fisheries in India.

Fish-based industry and their byproducts.

Paper IV(b): Economic Entomology- Beneficial and Harmful Insects, Insect Pest

Management

Section ‘A’

Beneficial insects: Biology of beneficial insects (Apis, Bombyx, Kerria), insect products, use

of insects in medicines, insects in biological research, pollination by insects, insects as

consumers, scavengers and as food, forensic entomology.

Harmful insects: Life history, mode of damage and control measures of following insects:

Pests of sugarcane: Aleurolobus barodensis, Pyrilla perpusilla, Tryporyza nivella,

Chilotraea infuscatellus, Emmalocera depresella, Odontotermes spp.

Page 16 of 22

Pests of cereal crops: Hispa armigera, Leptocorisa varicornis, Hieroglyphus spp.,

Nephotettix bipunctatus, Chilo zonellus, Pachydiplosis oryzae

Pests of fruits and fruit trees: Quadraspidiotus pernicious, Eriosoma lanigerum, Idiocerus

atkinsoni, Oryctes rhinoceros, Papilio demoleus

Pests of vegetables: Rhaphidopalpa foveicollis, Epilachna spp., Leucinodes orbanalis,

Phthorimoea operculella, Pieris brassiccae, Bactrocera cucurvitae, Earias vittella

Pests of oilseeds: Athalia proxima, Lipaphis erysimi, Bagrada picta.

Pests of Fibre Crops : Helicoverpa armigera, Pectinophora gossypiella, Bemisia tabaci,

Dysdercus koenigi, Diacrisia oblique.

Pests of stored commodities: Sitophilus oryzae, Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium spp.,

Callosobruchus chinensis, Corcyra cephalonica, Sitotroga cerealella.

Pests of live stock: Phlebotomus spp., Tabanus striatus, Hippobosca maculata, Xynopsylla

cheopis.

Ticks and Mites of Economic Importance.

Section ‘B’

Components of Insect Pest Management; Physical and mechanical control, handpicking and

crushing, use of sticky barriers, electrical grid, low and high temperature, radiation,

destruction of crop residues, weeds and trash; Cultural control : Crop rotation, tilling the soil,

destruction of places of breeding or over wintering refuge, destruction or provision of

alternate hosts, time of planting and harvesting, trap crops, nutrient management; Chemical

control: Insecticides– classification, properties, synergists, formulations, application

(including appliances), Mode of action, repellents, attractants, development of insect

resistance against insecticides; Herbal insecticides. Biological control: Inoculation,

augmentation and conservation of natural enemies (Pathogens, predators and parasitoids),

selection criteria of a promising natural enemy; Genetical control: Sterile-male technique,

breeding, insect-resistant host plants; Legal (Regulatory) control: Enactment and enforcement

of quarantines; Concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agro-ecosystem.

Paper IV (c): Cell Regulations - Cell communication and differentiation

Cell signaling: General principles of cell signaling, Forms of signaling. Classes of cell

surface receptors protein, Signaling of steroid and thyroid hormones through intracellular

receptors, Signaling via-G-Protein linked cell surface receptors; Interferon.

The cell division cycle : The general strategy of the cell cycle, Regulation of the cell cycle

by cell growth and extracellular signals, Cell cycle check points, Regulation of cell cycle

progression;

Page 17 of 22

Cellular mechanisms of development : Mechanism of cell diversification in the early

animal embryo, Cell memory, cell determination and the concept of positional values;

Differentiated cells and their maintenance: Maintenance of the differentiated state, Tissues

with permanent cells, Renewal by simple duplication, Renewal by stem cells, epidermis,

Renewal by pluripotent stem cells;

The immune system : The cellular basis of immunity, Antigen & Antibody interactions, The

functional properties of antibodies, The fine structure of antibodies, Production & Synthesis

of polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies, T-cell receptors and subclasses, AIDS, MHC (Major

Histocomptability Cells), Molecular and antigen presentation on to T cells, Cytotoxic T Cells,

Helper T Cells and T Cell activation, Selection of the T cells repertoire;

Cancer : Cancer as a micro-evolutionary process, causes and types of cancer, Properties of

cancer cells, Molecular diagnosis, prevention and treatment , Molecular genetics of cancer;

Controlling gene expression: An overview of gene control, promoter and operator genes,

Hormone regulation or gene control, DNA binding motifs in gene regulatory proteins,

Working of Genetic switches, Post transcriptional controls.

Page 18 of 22




Practical Syllabus

Cell- Biology:

Handling and use of phase contrast microscope.

Quantitative estimation of DNA, RNA, alkaline phospahate.

Cytochemical localization of phosphatases, RNA, DNA, proteins, lipids and glycogen.

Study of chromosomal behaviour during cell division, using squash preparations of animal

(testes of rat and grasshopper; bone marrow of rat) tissues and plants (onion root tip) tissues.

Prepared slides of chromosomal behaviour during cell division.

Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila and/or Chironomous larvae.

Identification and study of mutant forms of Drosophila.

Drosophila culture technique.

Cytochemical localization of golgi complex, mitochondria, acids and alkaline phosphatases

and glycogen.

Supravital staining of Nissl bodies, mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuoles.

Study of prepared slides of various cytoplasmic organelles and inclusion.

Study of prepared slides of various stages during mitotic and meitotic cell divisions.

Bacterial culture techniques.

Isolation of nuclic acids.


Exercise Marks

Cytochemical localization 20

Vital staining 05

Microtomy 05

Isolation of nuclic acids 05

Spotting (15 spots) 20

Dissertation + Seminar (25+10) 35

Class records 10

Total Marks- 100

Page 19 of 22




Practical Syllabus

Entomology:

Detailed study of the external features of grasshopper.

Dissections of different systems of; Grylotalpa; Dysdercus; Housefly/Calliphora; Moth/

Butterfly/ Larvae; Wasp/ Honey bee: Dung; Beetle/Water beetle.

Permanent preparation of: Testis of cockroach; Salivary gland of Dysdercus; Ovary,

spermatheca and accessory gland of housefly; Sting apparatus of wasp/ honey bee; Spiracles

of a caterpillar and wing scales of a lepidopteran insect; Legs of terrestrial and aquatic insects

showing special adaptations concerning locomotion.

Study of prepared slides of: T.S./L.S. of integument and the various regions of gut, ovary,

testis and brain; Whole mounts of thoracic/ abdominal spiracles, different types of antennae,

legs, mouth parts, wings and sting apparatus of honeybee/wasp.

Determination of pH of insect guts and haomolymph.

Qualitative assay of free amino acids from haemolymph and fat body.

Quantitative estimation of glycogen, protein and lipid.

Qualitative determination of uric acid from fat body/malpighian tubules.

Determination of the rate of passage of food through gut.

Collection of different kinds of larvae and pupae of insects.

Collection, preservation and identification of locally available insects.

Permanent preparation of mouth parts, antennae, wings, legs, spiracles and external genitalia

of insects from different groups.

Identification of various insect pests, their life-histories and materials damaged by them.

Study of various groups of insecticides and equipments used for insecticides application.

To study histology demonstrate the presence of lipid and glycogen in microtomy sections of

suitable material.

Study of life- histories of beneficial insects and their products.

Page 20 of 22


Exercise Marks

Major dissection 15

Minor dissection 05

Preparation 05

Taxonomy (Identification of two insects) 08

Physiology 08


Dissertation 25

Viva-voce 07

Class records 07

Total Marks- 100

Page 21 of 22




Practical Syllabus

Fish Biology:

Study of organ system of Scoliodon, Labeo and Wallago.

Study of accessory respiratory organs and their blood supply in Heteropneustis, Clarias,

Channa and Amphipnous.

Study of air bladder and ear connection in Notopterus and Gudusia or Hilsa.

Morphology of olfactory organs and their inervation in teleosts.

Preparation of a skelton and an alizarine mount of fish.

Study of prepared microslides.

Osteolosy of Wallago.

Quantitative estimation of liver glycogen and blood glucose.

Demonstration of colour change.

Systematics of marine and freshwater fishes, with special reference to identification of local

forms.

Structural adaptations in fishes.

Qualitative and quantitative study of freshwater plankton.

Estimation of dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide and alkalinity in a local fish-pond.

Oxygen consumption in local fishes of different habitats.

Study of food and structural modifications due to feeding habits, gills and gill-rackers, mouth,

eye, alimentary canal, olfactory organs etc.

Study of age and growth in fishes.

Study of amphibious, exotic, poisonous, venomous larvivorous and sound producing fishes.

Study of common aquatic vegetation and aquatic insects.

Study of fishing gears, with particular reference to Uttar-Pradesh.

Soil factors.

Page 22 of 22


Exercise Marks Major dissection 10

Minor dissection 05

Preparation 05

Taxonomy (Identification of two fishes) 08

Physiology Exercise 06


Dissertation 25

Ecology Exercise 07

Viva-voce 07

Class records 07

Total Marks : 100

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Documents

mpm.edu.inmpm.edu.in/Hindi/PATHYAKRAM-2017-18.pdf · 1 M.A. Geography Rules and Regulations 1. Only those candidate may offer Geography in M.A. who has offered Geography in B.A./B.Sc