MP Sugar Mills vs State of UP

8/17/2019 MP Sugar Mills vs State of UP

1/48

Equivalent Citation: AIR1979SC621, [1979]118ITR326(SC), (1979)2SCC409,

[1979]2SCR641, [1979]44STC42(SC)

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Decided On: 12.12.1978

Appe!n"#:Motilal Padampat Suga Mill! Co" #td"

$!"

Re#p$nden":State o% Utta Pade!& and O!"

Hon'(le )udge!*Coam:

%.&. '!*!"i !nd $.D. T+!p+-!-, //.

Su(+e,t: Sale! Ta-*$AT

Cat,& .od!

Mentioned IN

Relevant Se,tion:""!- %-!de# S!e# T! Ac", 1948 Sec"i$n 4A

A,t!*Rule!*Ode!:

C$n#"i"+"i$n $ Indi! A-"ice 226, C$n#"i"+"i$n $ Indi! A-"ice 299 ""!- %-!de# S!e#

T! Ac", 1948 Sec"i$n 4A

Di!po!ition:

In 5!$+- $ A##e##ee

Aut&oitie! Re%eed:

Ae-ic!n /+-i#p-+dence, $. 28 (2d) !" 783, p!-!-!p 123 !#+-;n!nd (4

d) $+e 16 in p!-!-!p 1472 !" p!e 994 Spence- '$*e- !nd T+-ne-#"$ppe ;

Rep-e#en"!"i$n (2d) p!e 3?8 p!e 6?7 $ $. 19 $ Ae-ic!n /+-i#p-+dence An#$nni# =!* $ C$n"-!c", 22d. 174 See D!i# $n Adini#"-!"ie =!* (3-d d.) p!e# 34434?

@!+i-e !nd ie", $#$n


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Ca!e! Re%eed:

C-!ine v. C$$ni! @+"+! 5i-e In#+-!nce C$. ="d. (1920) 28 C=R 30? C-! v. A-+n

Di#"-ic" C$+nci (197?) 3 A >R 86? +e# v. @e"-$p$i"!n R!i*!; C$. (1877) 2 AC

439 'i-in! B Di#"-ic" =!nd C$. v. =$nd$n &$-" e#"e-n R!i C$. (1888) 40 C D

268, 286 /$-den v. @$ne; (18?4) ? =C 18? >enden v. +id$-d Ci"; A##$ci!"i$n

5$$"! C+ ="d. (197?) 3 A >R 269 C-! v. A-+n Di#"-ic" C$+nci (197?) 3 A >R

86? @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ '$!; v. Sec-e"!-; $ StateI=R(190?) '$ ?80,, 7 '$

=R 27 R$e-"i$n v. @ini#"e- $ %en#i$n# (1949) 1 E' 227 D+-! 5!nc; $$d# ="d. v.

@ic!e /!c#$n (5!nc; $$d#) ="d. (1968) 2 A >R 987, 991 Cen"-! =$nd$n %-$pe-;

T-+#" ="d. v. i T-ee# $+#e ="d. (19?6) 1 A >R 2?6 @!-"ind!e v. 5!ne- (1846) 2 C'

706 >!- $ D!-ne; v. =$nd$n, C!"! B D$e- R!i*!; C$. (1867) =R 2 =

43 >!n# v. '!-"! (1937) AC 473, (1937) 2 A >R 646

Citing Re%een,e:

Reied On

13

Ca!e Note:

Sale! Ta- / do,tine o% pomi!!o0 e!toppel / Se,tion 112 o% Indian Eviden,e A,t3 14563

Se,tion! 63 62 and 78 o% Indian Conta,t A,t3 14563 Ati,le! 667 and 699 o% Con!titution

o% India and Se,tion /A o% Utta Pade!& Sale! Ta- A,t3 194 / e!pondent on (e&al% o%

;ovenment gave a!!uan,e to appellant t&at &e


3/48

to !&o< t&at pomi!e in elian,e on pomi!e alteed &i! po!ition / appellant alteed it!

po!ition (0 (oo


4/48

%!n" $- !n+!c"+-e $ !n!#p!"i !nd #$+" $- c$ni-!"i$n "!" "i# ind+#"-i! +ni", *ic

i" p-$p$#ed "$ #e" up *$+d e en"i"ed "$ #!e# "! $id!; $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$

"e d!"e i" c$enced p-$d+c"i$n. Te Di-ec"$- $ Ind+#"-ie# -epied ; i# e""e- d!"ed 14"

Oc"$e-, 1968 c$ni-in "!" "e-e *i e n$ #!e# "! $- "-ee ;e!-# $n "e ini#ed

p-$d+c" $ ;$+- p-$p$#ed !n!#p!"i !c"$-; -$ "e d!"e i" e"# p$*e- c$nnec"i$n $-

c$encin p-$d+c"i$n. Te !ppe!n" "e-e+p$n #"!-"ed "!in #"ep# "$ c$n"!c" !-i$+#

in!ncie-# $- in!ncin "e p-$Hec" !nd !#$ ini"i!"ed ne$"i!"i$n# *i" !n+!c"+-e-# $-

p+-c!#e $ !cine-; $- #e""in up "e !n!#p!"i !c"$-;. On 12" Decee-, 1968 "e

!ppe!n"


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/!n+!-;, 1969 "$ "e 4" -e#p$nden" p$in"in $+" "!" "e in!nci! in#"i"+"i$n# *e-e $ "e

ie* "!" "e e""e- $ "e 4" -e#p$nden" d!"ed 22nd Decee-, 1968 did n$" p+-p$-" "$

c$i" "e $e-nen" $- "e c$nce##i$n en"i$ned !nd i" *!#, "e-e$-e, nece##!-; "$

$"!in ! $-! $-de- $ eep"i$n in "e-# $ "e !ppic!"i$n #+i""ed ; i". Te 4"

-e#p$nden", $*ee-, #"!"ed c!"e$-ic!; in i# e""e- in -ep; d!"ed 23-d /!n+!-;, 1969 "!"

"e p-$p$#ed !n!#p!"i 5!c"$-; $ "e !ppe!n" *i e en"i"ed "$ eep"i$n -$ .%.

S!e# T! $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $ $in in"$ p-$d+c"i$n !nd "!" "i# *i

!pp; "$ ! !n!#p!"i #$d d+-in "!" pe-i$d in ""!- %-!de# i"#e !nd ep-e##ed i#

#+-p-i#e "!" ! e""e- -$ "e Cie Sec-e"!-; "$ "e State$e-nen" #"!"in "i# !c" in

ce!- !nd +n!i+$+# *$-d# #$+d n$" c!--; c$nic"i$n *i" "e in!nci! in#"i"+"i$n#. In

ie* $ "i# +neF+i$c! !##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden", *$ n$" $n; $cc+pied "e

p$#" $ Cie Sec-e"!-; "$ "e $e-nen" +" *!# !#$ Adi#$- "$ "e $e-n$- +nc"i$nin

+nde- "e %-e#iden"


6/48

!ppe!n" "e-e!"e- p-$ceeded *i" "e *$- $ #e""in up "e !n!#p!"i p!n" $n "e !#i#

"!" in !cc$-d!nce *i" "e !##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden" $n e! $

"e State $e-nen", "e !ppe!n" *$+d e eep" -$ p!;en" $ S!e# T! $- !

pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $ c$enceen" $ p-$d+c"i$n.

3. Te State $e-nen" $*ee- *en" !c +p$n "i# !##+-!nce !nd ! e""e- d!"ed 20"

/!n+!-;, 1970 *!# !dd-e##ed ; "e ?" -e#p$nden" in"i!"in "!" "e $e-nen" !d "!en

! p$ic; deci#i$n "!" ne* !n!#p!"i ni"# in "e State *ic $ in"$ c$e-ci! p-$d+c"i$n

; 30" Sep"ee-, 1970 *$+d e ien p!-"i! c$nce##i$n in S!e# T! !" "e $$*in

-!"e# $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-#:

5i-#" ;e!- $ p-$d+c"i$n 3J12K

Sec$nd ;e!- $ p-$d+c"i$n 3K

Ti-d ;e!- $ p-$d+c"i$n 2J12K

Te !ppe!n" ; i"# e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970 p$in"ed $+" "$ "e Sec-e"!-; "$ "e

$e-nen" "!" "e !ppe!n" p-$p$#ed "$ #"!-" c$e-ci! p-$d+c"i$n $ !n!#p!"i *i"

eec" -$ 1#" /+;, 1970, !nd #"!"ed "!", !# n$"iied in "e e""e- d!"ed 20" /!n+!-;, 1970,

"e !ppe!n" *$+d e !!iin $ "e eep"i$n -!n"ed ; "e State $e-nen" !nd$+d e c!-in #!e# "! !" "e -!"e $ 3J12K in#"e!d $ 7K $n "e #!e# $ !n!#p!"i

!n+!c"+-ed ; i" $- ! pe-i$d $ $ne ;e!- c$encin -$ 1#" /+;, 1970. Te !c"$-; $

"e !ppe!n" "e-e!"e- *en" in"$ p-$d+c"i$n -$ 2nd /+;, 1970 !nd "e !ppe!n" in$-ed

"e Sec-e"!-; "$ "e $e-nen" !$+" "e #!e ; i"# e""e- d!"ed 3-d /+;, 1970.

Te State $e-nen" $*ee- $nce !!in c!ned i"# deci#i$n !nd $n 12" A++#", 1970 !

ne*# i"e !ppe!-ed in "e &$-"e-n Indi! %!"-i! #"!"in "!" "e $e-nen" !d decided "$

-e#cind "e e!-ie- deci#i$n i.e. "e deci#i$n #e" $+" in "e e""e- d!"ed 20" /!n+!-;, 1970, "$

!$* c$nce##i$n in "e -!"e# $ S!e# T! "$ ne* !n!#p!"i ni"#. Te !ppe!n" "e-e+p$n

ied ! *-i" pe"i"i$n in "e i C$+-" $ A!!!d !#in $- ! *-i" di-ec"in

"e State $e-nen" "$ eep" "e #!e# $ !n!#p!"i !n+!c"+-ed ; "e !ppe!n" -$

#!e# "! $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# c$encin -$ 2nd /+;, 1970 ; i##+in !

n$"iic!"i$n +nde- Sec"i$n 4A !nd n$" "$ c$ec" $- c!-e #!e# "! -$ "e !ppe!n" $- "e

#!id pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-#. I" !ppe!-# "!" in "e *-i" pe"i"i$n !# $-iin!; ied, "e-e *!# n$

pe! $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe "!en !!in#" "e State $e-nen" !nd "e *-i" pe"i"i$n *!#,

"e-e$-e, !ended ; $"!inin e!e $ "e i C$+-" *i" ! ie* "$ in"-$d+cin "e pe!


7/48

$ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. Te !ppe!n" +-ed in "e !ended *-i" pe"i"i$n "!" "e 4"

-e#p$nden" !c"in $n e! $ "e State $e-nen" !d ien !n +neF+i$c! !##+-!nce "$

"e !ppe!n" "!" "e !ppe!n" *$+d e en"i"ed "$ eep"i$n -$ p!;en" $ #!e# "! $-

! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $ c$enceen" $ "e p-$d+c"i$n !nd "i# !##+-!nce

*!# ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden" in"endin $- n$*in "!" i" *$+d e !c"ed $n ; "e

!ppe!n" !nd in !c" "e !ppe!n", !c"in in -ei!nce $n i", e#"!i#ed "e !n!#p!"i !c"$-;

; ine#"in ! !-e !$+n" !nd "e State $e-nen" *!#, "e-e$-e, $+nd "$ $n$+- "e

!##+-!nce !nd eep" "e !n!#p!"i !n+!c"+-ed !nd #$d ; "e !ppe!n" -$ p!;en" $

#!e# "! $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ 2nd /+;, 1970. Ti# pe! !#ed $n "e d$c"-ine $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!#, $*ee- -eHec"ed ; "e Dii#i$n 'enc $ "e i C$+-"

p-incip!; $n "e -$+nd "!" "e !ppe!n" !d *!ied "e eep"i$n, i !n;, ; !ccep"in

"e c$nce##i$n! -!"e# #e" $+" in "e e""e- $ "e Dep+"; Sec-e"!-; d!"ed 20" /!n+!-;, 1970.

Te !ppe!n" "e-e+p$n p-ee--ed "e p-e#en" !ppe! !"e- $"!inin ! ce-"iic!"e $ i"ne##

-$ "e i C$+-".

4. Te p-incip! !-+en" !d!nced $n e! $ "e !ppe!n" in #+pp$-" $ "e !ppe! *!#

"!" "e 4" -e#p$nden" !d ien ! c!"e$-ic! !##+-!nce $n e! $ "e State $e-nen"

"!" "e !ppe!n" *$+d e eep" -$ p!;en" $ #!e# "! $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$

"e d!"e $ c$enceen" $ p-$d+c"i$n !nd #+c !##+-!nce *!# ien in"endin $- n$*in"!" i" *$+d e !c"ed $n ; "e !ppe!n" !nd in !c" "e !ppe!n", !c"in in -ei!nce $n i",

!"e-ed i"# p$#i"i$n !nd "e State $e-nen" *!#, "e-e$-e, $+nd, $n "e p-incipe $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe, "$ $n$+- "e !##+-!nce !nd eep" "e !ppe!n" -$ #!e# "! $- !

pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ 2nd /+;, 1970, ein "e d!"e $n *ic "e !c"$-; $ "e

!ppe!n" c$enced p-$d+c"i$n. Te !ppe!n" !##!ied "e ie* "!en ; "e i C$+-"

"!" "i# c!i $ "e !ppe!n" $- eep"i$n !#ed $n "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

*!# !--ed ; *!ie-, ec!+#e "e !ppe!n" !d ; i"# e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970 !ccep"ed

"!" i" *$+d !!i $ "e eep"i$n -!n"ed +nde- "e e""e- $ "e ?" -e#p$nden" d!"ed 20"

/!n+!-;, 1970 !nd c!-ed #!e# "! !" "e c$nce##i$n! -!"e $ 3J12K in#"e!d $ 7K d+-in

"e i-#" ;e!- $ i"# p-$d+c"i$n. Te !ppe!n" +-ed "!" *!ie- *!# ! F+e#"i$n $ !c" *ic

*!# -eF+i-ed "$ e pe!ded !nd #ince n$ pe! $ *!ie- *!# -!i#ed in "e !id!i" ied $n

e! $ "e State $e-nen" in $pp$#i"i$n "$ "e *-i" pe"i"i$n, i" *!# n$" c$pe"en" "$

"e State $e-nen" "$ -e; $n "e pe! $ *!ie- $- "e i-#" "ie !" "e e!-in $ "e *-i"

pe"i"i$n. >en i "e pe! $ *!ie- *e-e !$*ed "$ e -!i#ed, n$"*i"#"!ndin "!" i" did n$"

ind p!ce in "e pe!din#, n$ *!ie- *!# !de $+", #!id "e !ppe!n", #ince "e-e *!#


8/48

n$"in "$ #$* "!" *e-e "e ci-c+#"!nce# in *ic "e !ppe!n" !d !dd-e##ed "e e""e-

d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970 #"!"in "!" i" *$+d !!i $ "e eep"i$n -!n"ed +nde- "e e""e-

d!"ed 20" /!n+!-;, 1970 !nd i" *!# n$" p$##ie "$ #!; "!" "e !ppe!n", *i" +

n$*ede $ i"# -i" "$ c!i "$"! eep"i$n -$ p!;en" $ #!e# "!, *!ied "!" -i"

!nd !-eed "$ !ccep" "e c$nce##i$n! -!"e# #e" $+" in "e e""e- d!"ed 20" /!n+!-;, 1970.

Te State $e-nen" $n "e $"e- !nd #"-$n; p-e##ed "e pe! $ *!ie- !nd #+i""ed

"!" "e !ppe!n" !d ce!-; *!ied i"# -i" "$ c$pe"e eep"i$n -$ p!;en" $ S!e#

T! ; !dd-e##in "e e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970. Te State $e-nen" !#$ c$n"ended

"!", in !n; een", een i "e-e *!# n$ *!ie-, "e !ppe!n" *!# n$" en"i"ed "$ en$-ce "e

!##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden", #ince #+c !##+-!nce *!# n$" indin $n

"e State $e-nen" !nd $-e$e-, in "e !#ence $ n$"iic!"i$n +nde- Sec"i$n 4A, "e

S!"e $e-nen" c$+d n$" e p-een"ed -$ en$-cin "e i!ii"; "$ #!e# "! ip$#ed $n

"e !ppe!n" +nde- "e p-$i#i$n# $ "e Ac". I" *!# +-ed $n e! $ "eState $e-nen"

"!" "e-e c$+d e n$ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e State $e-nen" #$ !# "$ inii" i"

-$ $-+!"in !nd ipeen"in i"# p$icie# in p+ic in"e-e#". Te#e *e-e -$!d; "e

-i! c$n"en"i$n# +-ed $n e! $ "e p!-"ie# !nd *e #! n$* p-$ceed "$ c$n#ide- "e.

?. e #! i-#" de! *i" "e F+e#"i$n $ *!ie- #ince "!" c!n e di#p$#ed $ in ! e* *$-d#.

Te i C$+-" ed "!" een i "e-e *!# !n !##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden" $n e! $ "e State $e-nen" !nd #+c !##+-!nce *!# indin $n "e State $e-nen" $n

"e p-incipe $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe, "e !ppe!n" !d *!ied i"# -i" +nde- i" ; !ccep"in

"e c$nce##i$n! -!"e# $ #!e# "! #e" $+" in "e e""e- $ "e ?" -e#p$nden" d!"ed 20"

/!n+!-;, 1970. e d$ n$" "in "i# ie* "!en ; "e i C$+-" c!n e #+#"!ined. In "e

i-#" p!ce, i" i# eeen"!-; "!" *!ie- i# ! F+e#"i$n $ !c" !nd i" +#" e p-$pe-; pe!ded

!nd p-$ed. &$ pe! $ *!ie- c!n e !$*ed "$ e -!i#ed +ne## i" i# pe!ded !nd "e !c"+!

$+nd!"i$n $- i" i# !id in "e pe!din#. e-e i" *!# c$$n -$+nd "!" "e pe! $ *!ie-

*!# n$" "!en ; "e State $e-nen" in "e !id!i" ied $n i"# e! in -ep; "$ "e *-i"

pe"i"i$n, n$- *!# i" indic!"ed een !+e; in #+c !id!i". I" *!# -!i#ed $- "e i-#" "ie !"

"e e!-in $ "e *-i" pe"i"i$n. T!" *!# ce!-; ipe-i##ie *i"$+" !n !enden" $ "e

!id!i" in -ep; $- ! #+ppeen"!-; !id!i" -!i#in #+c pe!. I *!ie- *e-e p-$pe-;

pe!ded in "e !id!i" in -ep;, "e !ppe!n" *$+d !e !d !n $pp$-"+ni"; $ p!cin $n

-ec$-d !c"# #$*in *; !nd in *!" ci-c+#"!nce# "e !ppe!n" c!e "$ !dd-e## "e e""e-

d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970 !nd e#"!i#in "!" $n "e#e !c"# "e-e *!# n$ *!ie- ; "e

!ppe!n" $ i"# -i" "$ eep"i$n +nde- "e !##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden". '+" in "e


9/48

!#ence $ #+c pe!din in "e !id!i" in -ep;, "i# $pp$-"+ni"; *!# denied "$ "e

!ppe!n". I" *!#, "e-e$-e, n$" -i" $- "e i C$+-" "$ !e !$*ed "e pe! $ *!ie- "$

e -!i#ed !!in#" "e !ppe!n" !nd "!" pe! #$+d !e een -eHec"ed in iine.

6. Sec$nd;, i" i# diic+" "$ #ee $*, $n "e !c"#, "e pe! $ *!ie- c$+d e #!id "$ !e

een !de $+" ; "e State $e-nen". !ie- e!n# !!nd$nen" $ ! -i" !nd i" !; e

ei"e- ep-e## $- ipied -$ c$nd+c", +" i"# !#ic -eF+i-een" i# "!" i" +#" e !n

in"en"i$n! !c" *i" n$*ede. %e- =$-d Ce#$-d, =.C. in >!- $ D!-ne; v. =$nd$n,

C!"! !nd D$e- R;. C$. [1867] =.R. 2 .=. 43 Te-e c!n e n$ *!ie- +ne## "e pe-#$n

*$ i# #!id "$ !e *!ied i# +; in$-ed !# "$ i# -i" !nd *i" + n$*ede $ #+c

-i", e in"en"i$n!; !!nd$n# i". I" i# p$in"ed $+" in !#+-;n!nd (4 d)

$+e 16 in p!-!-!p 1472 !" p!e 994 "!" $- ! *!ie- "$ e eec"+! i" i# e##en"i! "!"

"e pe-#$n -!n"in i" #$+d e +; in$-ed !# "$ i# -i"# !nd I#!!c#, /, deie-in "e

H+den" $ "e i C$+-" $ A+#"-!i! in C-!ine v. C$$ni! @+"+! 5i-e In#+-!nce C$.

="d. 28 C.=.R. 30? !# !#$ ep!#i#ed "!" *!ie- +#" e *i" n$*ede, !n e##en"i!

#+pp$-"ed ; !n; !+"$-i"ie#. &$* in "e p-e#en" c!#e "e-e i# n$"in "$ #$* "!" !" "e

d!"e *en "e !ppe!n" !dd-e##ed "e e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970, i" !d + n$*ede $

i"# -i" "$ eep"i$n +nde- "e !##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden" !nd "!" i"

in"en"i$n!; !!nd$ned #+c -i". I" i# diic+" "$ #pec+!"e *!" *!# "e -e!#$n *; "e!ppe!n" !dd-e##ed "e e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970 #"!"in "!" i" *$+d !!i $ "e

c$nce##i$n! -!"e# $ #!e# "! -!n"ed +nde- "e e""e- d!"ed 20" /!n+!-;, 1970. I" i# p$##ie

"!" "e !ppe!n" i" !e "$+" "!" #ince n$ n$"iic!"i$n eep"in "e !ppe!n" -$

#!e# "! !d een i##+ed ; "e State $e-nen" +nde- Sec"i$n 4A, "e !ppe!n" *!#

e!; n$" en"i"ed "$ eep"i$n !nd "!" i# *; "e !ppe!n" i" !e c$#en "$ !ccep"

*!"ee- c$nce##i$n *!# ein -!n"ed ; "e State $e-nen". Te c!i $ "e !ppe!n"

"$ eep"i$n c$+d e #+#"!ined $n; $n "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !nd "i# d$c"-ine

c$+d n$" e #!id "$ e #$ *e deined in i"# #c$pe !nd !i" !nd #$ -ee -$ +nce-"!in"; in

i"# !ppic!"i$n "!" *e #$+d e c$peed "$ $d "!" "e !ppe!n" +#" !e !d

n$*ede $ i"# -i" "$ eep"i$n $n "e !#i# $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !" "e "ie *en i"

!dd-e##ed "e e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970. In !c", in "e pe"i"i$n !# $-iin!; ied, "e -i"

"$ c!i "$"! eep"i$n -$ #!e# "! *!# n$" !#ed $n "e pe! $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

*ic *!# in"-$d+ced $n; ; *!; $ !enden". @$-e$e-, i" +#" e -eee-ed "!"

"e-e i# n$ p-e#+p"i$n "!" ee-; pe-#$n n$*# "e !*. I" i# $"en #!id "!" ee-; $ne i#

p-e#+ed "$ n$* "e !*, +" "!" i# n$" ! c$--ec" #"!"een": "e-e i# n$ #+c !i n$*n


10/48

"$ "e !*. Oe- ! +nd-ed !nd "i-"; ;e!-# !$, @!+e, /., p$in"ed $+" in @!-"ind!! v.

5!+ne- [1846] 2 L.'. 786: Te-e i# n$ p-e#+p"i$n in "i# c$+n"-; "!" ee-; pe-#$n

n$*# "e !*: i" *$+d e c$n"-!-; "$ c$$n #en#e !nd -e!#$n i i" *e-e #$. Sc-+""$n, !#$

$nce #!id: I" i# ip$##ie "$ n$* ! "e #"!"+"$-; !*, !nd n$" e-; p$##ie "$ n$* !

"e c$$n !*. '+" i" *!# =$-d A"in *$, !# in #$ !n; $"e- #pe-e#, p+" "e p$in" in i"#

p-$pe- c$n"e" *en e #!id in >!n# v. '!-"e [1937] A.C. 473 "e !c" i# "!" "e-e i#

n$" !nd nee- !# een ! p-e#+p"i$n "!" ee-; $ne n$*# "e !*. Te-e i# "e -+e "!"

in$-!nce $ "e !* d$e# n$" ec+#e, ! !i $ e-; die-en" #c$pe !nd !ppic!"i$n. I" i#,

"e-e$-e, n$" p$##ie "$ p-e#+e, in "e !#ence $ !n; !"e-i! p!ced e$-e "e C$+-",

"!" "e !ppe!n" !d + n$*ede $ i"# -i" "$ eep"i$n #$ !# "$ *!--!n" !n ine-ence

"!" "e !ppe!n" *!ied #+c -i" ; !dd-e##in "e e""e- d!"ed 2?" /+ne, 1970. e

!cc$-din; -eHec" "e pe! $ *!ie- -!i#ed $n e! $ "e State $e-nen".

7. T!" "!e# +# "$ "e F+e#"i$n *e"e- "e !##+-!nce ien ; "e 4" -e#p$nden" $n e!

$ "e State $e-nen" "!" "e !ppe!n" *$+d e eep" -$ #!e# "! $- ! pe-i$d $

"-ee ;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $ c$enceen" $ p-$d+c"i$n c$+d e en$-ced !!in#"

"e State $e-nen" ; in$in "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. T$+ "e $-iin $

"e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !; e $+nd in +e# v. @e"-$p$i"!n R!i*!;

C$. [1877] 2 A.C. 439 !nd 'i-in! B Di#"-ic" =!nd C$. v. =$nd$n B &$-"e#"e-nR!i C$. [1888] 40 C. D. 268 !+"$-i"ie# $ $d #"!ndin decided !$+" ! cen"+-; !$ ; "e

$+#e $ =$-d#, i" *!# $n; -ecen"; in 1947 "!" i" *!# -edi#c$e-ed ; @-. /+#"ice Dennin,

!# e "en *!#, in i# cee-!"ed H+den" in Cen"-! =$nd$n %-$pe-"; T-+#" ="d. v. i

T-ee# $+#e ="d. [19?6] 1 A. >.R. 2?6: 1947 ES. 130. Ti# d$c"-ine !# een !-i$+#;

c!ed


11/48

I" i# "e i-#" p-incipe +p$n *ic ! C$+-"# $ >F+i"; p-$ceed, "!" i p!-"ie# *$ !e

en"e-ed in"$ deini"e !nd di#"inc" "e-# in$in ce-"!in e! -e#+"#...!"e-*!-d# ; "ei-

$*n !c" $- *i" "en $*n c$n#en" en"e- +p$n ! c$+-#e $ ne$"i!"i$n *ic !# "e eec" $

e!din $ne $ "e p!-"ie# "$ #+pp$#e "!" "e #"-ic" -i"# !-i#in +nde- "e c$n"-!c" *i n$" e

en$-ced, $- *i e ep" in #+#pen#e, $- ed in !e;!nce, "e pe-#$n *$ $"e-*i#e i"

!e en$-ced "$#e -i"# *i n$" e !$*ed "$ en$-ce "e *e-e i" *$+d e ineF+i"!e

!in -e!-d "$ "e de!in# *ic !e "+# "!en p!ce e"*een "e p!-"ie#.

8. Ti# p-incipe $ eF+i"; !id d$*n ; =$-d C!i-n# !de #p$-!dic !ppe!-!nce# in #"-!;

c!#e# n$* !nd "en +" i" *!# $n; in 1947 "!" i" *!# di#in"e--ed !nd -e#"!"ed !# ! -ec$ni#ed

d$c"-ine ; @-. /+#"ice Dennin, !# e "en *!#, in "e i T-ee# c!#e (#+p-!). Te !c"# in

"!" c!#e *e-e !# $$*#: Te p!in"i# e!#ed "$ "e deend!n"# , ! #+#idi!-; $ "e

p!in"i#, in 1937 ! $c $ !"# $- 99 ;e!-# !" ! -en" $ M. 2?00J ! ;e!-. >!-; in 1940 !nd

ec!+#e $ "e *!-, "e deend!n"# *e-e +n!e "$ ind #+"en!n"# $- "e !"# !nd +n!e in

c$n#eF+ence "$ p!; "e -en". Te p!in"i# !-eed !" "e -eF+e#" $ "e deend!n"# "$ -ed+ce

"e -en" "$ M. 12?0J -$ "e einnin $ "e "e-. '; "e einnin $ 194? "e c$ndi"i$n#

!d ip-$ed !nd "en!n"# !d een $+nd $- ! "e !"# !nd "e p!in"i#, "e-e$-e, c!ied

"e + -en" $ "e p-ei#e# -$ "e idde $ "!" ;e!-. Te c!i *!# !$*ed ec!+#e "e

c$+-" "$$ "e ie* "!" "e pe-i$d $- *ic "e + -en" *!# c!ied e $+" #ide "e-ep-e#en"!"i$n, +" @-. /+#"ice Dennin, !# e "en *!#, c$n#ide-ed Oi"e- *e"e- "e

p!in"i# c$+d !e -ec$e-ed "e c$en!n"ed -en" $- "e *$e pe-i$d $ "e e!#e !nd

$#e-ed "!" in eF+i"; "e p!in"i# c$+d n$" !e een !$*ed "$ !c" inc$n#i#"en"; *i"

"ei- p-$i#e $n *ic "e deend!n"# !d !c"ed. I" *!# p-e##ed +p$n "e C$+-" "!"

!cc$-din "$ "e *e #e""ed !* !# !id d$*n in /$-den v. @$ne; [18?4] ? .=. 18?, n$

e#"$ppe c$+d e -!i#ed !!in#" p!in"i# #ince "e d$c"-ine $ e#"$ppe ; -ep-e#en"!"i$n i#

!ppic!e $n; "$ -ep-e#en"!"i$n# !# "$ #$e !tate $ !c"


12/48

e !c"ed $n ; "e pe-#$n "$ *$ i" *!# !de, !nd *ic *!# in !c" #$ !c"ed $n. In #+c

c!#e# "e c$+-"# !e #!id "!" "e p-$i#e +#" e $n$+-ed.

9. Te p-incipe $-+!"ed ; @-. /+#"ice Dennin *!#, "$ F+$"e i# $*n *$-d#, "!" !

p-$i#e in"ended "$ e indin, in"ended "$ e !c"ed $n !nd in !c" !c"ed, $n, i# indin #$ !-

!# i"# "e-# p-$pe-; !pp;. &$* +e# v. @e"-$p$i"!n R!i*!; C$. (#+p-!) !nd

'i-in! !nd Di#"-ic" =!nd C$. v. =$nd$n B &$-" e#"e-n R!i C$. (#+p-!), "e "*$

deci#i$n# -$ *ic @-. /+#"ice Dennin d-e* in#pi-!"i$n $- e$in "i# ne* eF+i"!e

p-incipe, *e-e ce!-; c!#e# *e-e "e p-incipe *!# !ppied !# e"*een p!-"ie# *$ *e-e

!-e!d; $+nd c$n"-!c"+!; $ne "$ "e $"e-. In +e# v. @e"-$p$i"!n R!i*!; C$. (#+p-!)

"e p!in"i !nd "e deend!n" *e-e !-e!d; $+nd in c$n"-!c" !nd "e ene-! p-incipe #"!"ed

; =$-d C!i-n#, =.C. *!#:

I p!-"ie# *$ !e en"e-ed in"$ deini"e !nd di#"inc" "e-# in$in ce-"!in e! -e#+"#

!"e-*!-d#en"e- +p$n ! c$+-#e $ ne$"i!"i$n#.

10. Ten ;e!-# !"e- '$*en, =./. !#$ +#ed "e #!e "e-in$$; in 'i-in! !nd Di#"-ic"

=!nd C$. v. =$nd$n !nd &$-" e#"e-n R!i C$. (#+p-!) "!":

I pe-#$n# *$ !e c$n"-!c"+! -i"# !!in#" $"e-# ind+ce ; "ei- c$nd+c" "$#e !!in#"

*$ "e; !e #+c -i"# "$ eiee.

11. Te#e "*$ deci#i$n# i", "e-e$-e, #ee "$ #+e#" "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe i# ii"ed in i"# $pe-!"i$n "$ c!#e# *e-e "e p!-"ie# !-e !-e!d; c$n"-!c"+!; $+nd

!nd $ne $ "e p!-"ie# ind+ce# "e $"e- "$ eiee "!" "e #"-ic" -i"# +nde- "e c$n"-!c"

*$+d n$" e en$-ced. '+" *e d$ n$" "in !n; #+c ii"!"i$n c!n H+#"ii!; e in"-$d+ced

"$ c+-"!i "e *id" !nd !pi"+de $ "i# d$c"-ine. e !i "$ #ee *; i" #$+d e nece##!-;

"$ "e !ppic!ii"; $ "i# d$c"-ine "!" "e-e #$+d e #$e c$n"-!c"+! -e!"i$n#ip e"*een

"e p!-"ie#. In !c" D$n!d#$n, /. p$in"ed $+" in D+-! 5!nc; $$d# ="d. v. @ic!e

/!c#$n (5!nc; $$d#) ="d. [1968] 2 A. 987 ':

=$-d C!i-n# in i# en+nci!"i$n $ "e p-incipe !##+ed ! p-eei#"in c$n"-!c"+! -e!"i$n#ip

e"*een "e p!-"ie#, +" "i# d$e


13/48

12. '+" een "i# ii"!"i$n #+e#"ed ; D$n!d#$n, /. "!" "e-e #$+d e! p-eei#"in

e! -e!"i$n#ip *ic c$+d in ce-"!in ci-c+#"!nce# ie -i#e "$ i!ii"ie# !nd pen!"ie# i#

n$" *!--!n"ed !nd i" i# #iniic!n" "!" "e #"!"een" $ "e d$c"-ine ; @-. /+#"ice Dennin in

"e i T-ee#< c!#e d$e# n$" c$n"!in !n; #+c ii"!"i$n. Te e!-ned /+de !# c$n#i#"en";

-e+#ed "$ in"-$d+ce !n; #+c ii"!"i$n in "e d$c"-ine !nd *ie #i""in in "e C$+-" $

Appe!, e #!id in #$ !n; "e-#, in >enden v. +id$-d Ci"; A##$ci!"i$n 5$$"! C+

="d. [1978] 3 A >.R. 269

C$+n#e $- "e !ppe!n" -ee--ed +#, $*ee-, "$ "e #ec$nd edi"i$n $ Spence- '$*e-#"$ppe ; Rep-e#en"!"i$n[(1966) pp. 340342] ; Si- Ae!nde- T+-ne-, ! H+de $

"e &e* e!!nd C$+-" $ Appe!. e #+e#"# "e p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i# ii"ed "$ c!#e#

*e-e p!-"ie# !-e !-e!d; $+nd c$n"-!c"+!; $ne "$ "e $"e-. I d$ n$" "in i" i# #$ ii"ed:

#ee D+-! 5!nc; $$d# ="d. v. @ic!e /!c#$n (5!nc; $$d#) ="d. I" !ppie# *enee- !

-ep-e#en"!"i$n i# !de, *e"e- $ !c" $- !*, p-e#en" $- +"+-e, *ic i# in"ended "$ e

indin, in"ended "$ ind+ce ! pe-#$n "$ !c" $n i" !nd e d$e# !c" $n i".

13. Ti# $#e-!"i$n $ =$-d Dennin ce!-; #+e#" "!" "e p!-"ie# need n$" e in !n; ind

$ e! -e!"i$n#ip e$-e "e "-!n#!c"i$n -$ *ic "e p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe "!e# i"#

$-iin. Te d$c"-ine *$+d #ee "$ !pp; een *e-e "e-e i# n$ p-eei#"in e!

-e!"i$n#ip e"*een "e p!-"ie#, +" "e p-$i#e i# in"ended "$ c-e!"e e! -e!"i$n# $- !ec"

! e! -e!"i$n#ip *ic *i !-i#e in +"+-e. ide !#+-;n!nd, 4" ed. $.

16 p. 1018, &$"e 2 p!-! 1?14. O c$+-#e i" +#" e p$in"ed $+" in !i-ne## "$ =$-d Dennin

"!" e !de i" ce!- in "e i T-ee#< c!#e "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$"

$+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n in i"#e, #ince i" c!n nee- d$ !*!; *i" "e nece##i"; $

c$n#ide-!"i$n in "e $-!"i$n $ ! c$n"-!c", +" e "$"!; -ep+di!"ed in >enden


14/48

de!in# *ic !e "!en p!ce e"*een "e p!-"ie#, !nd "i# *$+d e #$ i--e#pec"ie

*e"e- "e-e i# !n; p-eei#"in -e!"i$n#ip e"*een "e p!-"ie# $- n$".

14. I" !; e p$in"ed $+" "!" in >n!nd "e !* !# een *e#e""ed $- ! $n "ie,

"$+ "e-e i# #$e indic!"i$n $ ! c$n"-!-; "-end "$ e $+nd in -ecen" H+-i#"ic "inin in

"!" c$+n"-;, "!" p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$" i"#e e "e !#i# $ !n !c"i$n. I" c!nn$" $+nd !

c!+#e $ !c"i$n: i" c!n $n; e ! #ied !nd n$" ! #*$-d. Ti# n!--$* !pp-$!c "$ ! d$c"-ine

*ic i# $"e-*i#e + $ -e!" p$"en"i!i"ie# i# !-e; "e -e#+" $ !n !##+p"i$n,

enc$+-!ed ; i" -!"e- i#e!din n$enc!"+-e, "!" "e d$c"-ine i# ! -!nc $ "e !* $

e#"$ppe. Since e#"$ppe !# !*!;# een "-!di"i$n!; ! p-incipe in$ed ; *!; $ deence,

"e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !# !#$ c$e "$ e iden"iied !# ! e!#+-e $ deence.

Te $#" $ "-!di"i$n! e#"$ppe c$n"in+e# "$ !+n" "i# ne* d$c"-ine !nd "!" i# *; *e ind

"!" *ie $d; $-+!"in !nd !pp;in "i# ne* eF+i"; in "e i T-ee#< c!#e, =$-d

Dennin !dded ! F+!iic!"i$n "!" "$+ in "e ci-c+#"!nce# #e" $+", "e p-$i#e *$+d

+nd$+"ed; e ed ; "e c$+-"# "$ e indin $n "e p!-"; !in i", n$"*i"#"!ndin "!"

+nde- "e $d c$$n !* i" i" e diic+" "$ ind !n; c$n#ide-!"i$n $- i", "e c$+-"#

!e n$" $ne #$ !- !# "$ ie ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n in d!!e# $- "e -e!c $ #+c ! p-$i#e,

+" "e; !e -e+#ed "$ !$* "e p!-"; !in i" "$ !c" inc$n#i#"en"; *i" i". =$-d Dennin

!#$ p$in"ed $+" in C$e v. C$e [19?1] 2 E.'. 21? "!" @+c !# I ! incined "$ !$+- "e p-incipe #"!"ed in "e i T-ee#< c!#e, i" i# ip$-"!n" "!" i" #$+d n$" e #"-e"ced "$$

!-, e#" i" #$+d e end!ne-ed. T!" p-incipe d$e# n$" c-e!"e ne* c!+#e# $ !c"i$n *e-e

n$ne ei#"ed e$-e. I" $n; p-een"# ! p!-"; -$ in#i#"in +p$n i# #"-ic" e! -i"#, *en i"

*$+d e +nH+#" "$ !$* i "$ en$-ce "e, !in -e!-d "$ "e de!in# *ic !e "!en

p!ce e"*een "e p!-"ie#.... S$ !#$ #!id '+ce;, /., in "e $-e -ecen" c!#e $ 'ee#; v.

!*$$d >#"!"e# ="d. [1960] 2 A. >.R. 314 Te d$c"-ine !; !$-d ! deence !!in#" "e

en$-ceen" $- $"e-*i#e $ en$-ce!e -i"#: i" c!nn$" c-e!"e ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n. I" i#,

$*ee-, nece##!-; "$ !e i" ce!- "!" "$+ "i# d$c"-ine !# een c!ed in !-i$+#

H+den"# !nd "e" $$# !# p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !nd i" !# een !-i$+#; de#c-ied !#


15/48

i *e-en$" c!#e# $ e#"$ppe in "e #"-ic" #en#e. Te; !-e -e!; p-$i#e#, p-$i#e#

in"ended "$ e indin, in"ended "$ e !c"ed +p$n !nd in !c" !c"ed +p$n. /enin#, C./. !#$

p$in"ed $+" in @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ '$!; v. Sec-e"!-; $ State 29 '$!; ?80 !" 607

"!" "e d$c"-ine i# $"en "-e!"ed !# $ne $ e#"$ppe, +" I d$+" *e"e- "i# i# c$--ec",

"$+ i" !; e ! c$nenien" n!e "$ !pp;. Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe need n$",

"e-e$-e, e inii"ed ; "e #!e ii"!"i$n !# e#"$ppe in "e #"-ic" #en#e $ "e "e-. I" i#

!n eF+i"!e p-incipe e$ed ; "e c$+-"# $- d$in H+#"ice !nd "e-e i# n$ -e!#$n *; i"

#$+d e ien $n; ! ii"ed !ppic!"i$n ; *!; $ deence.

p. I" !; e n$"ed "!" een =$-d Dennin -ec$ni#ed in C-! v. A-+n Di#"-ic" C$+nci

(#+p-!) "!" "e-e !-e e#"$ppe# !nd e#"$ppe#. S$e d$ ie -i#e "$ ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n. S$e

d$n#"$ppe ; Rep-e#en"!"i$n !e

ep!ined "i# deci#i$n $n "e !#i# "!" i" i# !n in#"!nce $ "e !ppic!"i$n $ "e d$c"-ine $

e#"$ppe ; enc$+-!een" $- !cF+ie#cence $- *!" !# n$* c$e "$ e n$*n !#

p-$p-ie"!-; e#"$ppe *ic, !cc$-din "$ "e e!-ned !+"$-#, $-# !n ecep"i$n "$ "e -+e

"!" e#"$ppe c!nn$" $+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n. '+" i *e $$ !" "e H+den"# $ =$-d Dennin

!nd Sc!-!n, =./., i" i# !pp!-en" "!" "e; did n$" !#e "ei- deci#i$n $n !n; di#"inc"ie

e!"+-e $ p-$p-ie"!-; e#"$ppe +" p-$ceeded $n "e !##+p"i$n "!" "e-e *!# n$ di#"inc"i$n

e"*een p-$i##$-; !nd p-$p-ie"!-; e#"$ppe #$ !- !# "e p-$e e$-e "e *!#

c$nce-ned. '$" "e e!-ned =!* =$-d !nd "e e!-ned =$-d /+#"ice !ppied "e p-incipe $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe in iin -eie "$ C-!. =$-d Dennin, -ee--in "$ *!" =$-d C!i-n#


16/48

!d #!id in +e# v. @e"-$p$i"!n R!i*!; C$., [1877] 2 App.C!# 439 ! deci#i$n -$

*ic in#pi-!"i$n *!# d-!*n ; i $- e$in "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe in "e

i T-ee


17/48

i, !;# $+" $ne; +p$n "e !nd,, ! C$+-" $ eF+i"; *i c$pe "e !nd$-d "$ ie eec"

"$ #+c p-$i#e $- epec"!"i$n.

!nd Spence- '$*e- !nd T+-ne- !; e -i" in $#e-in "!" "!" *!# pe-!p# "e -e!#$n

*; i" *!# ed "!" "e p-$i#e !de ; A-+n Di#"-ic" C$+nci !e -i#e "$ ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n

in !$+- $ C-!. '+", $n *!" p-incipe, $ne !; !#, i# "e di#"inc"i$n "$ e #+#"!ined

e"*een p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !nd p-$p-ie"!-; e#"$ppe in "e !""e- $ en$-ceen" ; !c"i$n.

I p-$p-ie"!-; e#"$ppe c!n +-ni# ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n, *; #$+d p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe n$" G

Te-e i# n$ F+!i"!"ie die-ence e"*een "e "*$. '$" !-e "e $#p-in# $ eF+i"; !nd i

eF+i"; i# eie en$+ "$ pe-i" p-$p-ie"!-; e#"$ppe "$ e +#ed !# ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n, "e-e

i# n$ -e!#$n in $ic $- p-incipe *; p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe #$+d !#$ n$" e !!i!e !# !

c!+#e $ !c"i$n, i nece##!-; "$ #!"i#; "e eF+i";.

16. '+" pe-!p# "e !in -e!#$n *; "e >ni# C$+-"# !e een -e+c"!n" "$ !$*

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe "$ $+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n #ee# "$ e "e !pp-een#i$n "!" "e d$c"-ine

$ c$n#ide-!"i$n *$+d $"e-*i#e e c$pe"e; di#p!ced. Te-e c!n e n$ d$+" "!" "e

deci#i$n $ =$-d Dennin in "e i T-ee#< c!#e -ep-e#en"ed ! $d !""ep" "$ e#c!pe -$

"e ii"!"i$n ip$#ed ; "e $+#e $ =$-d# in /$-den v. @$ne; (#+p-!) !nd i" -edi#c$e-ed

!n eF+i"; *ic *!# $n eedded ene!" "e c-+#" $ "e $d deci#i$n# in +e# v.

@e"-$p$i"!n R!i*!; C$. (#+p-!) !nd 'i-in! !nd Di#"-ic" =!nd C$. v. =$nd$n !nd

&$-" e#"e-n R!i C$. (#+p-!), !nd -$+" !$+" ! -e!-!e dee$pen" in "e !* *i"

! ie* "$ en#+-in i"# !pp-$i!"i$n *i" H+#"ice, !n ide! $- *ic "e !* !# een

c$n#"!n"; #"-iin. '+" i" i# in"e-e#"in "$ n$"e "e =$-d Dennin *!# n$" p-ep!-ed "$ $

+-"e-, !# e "$+" "!" !in -e!-d "$ "e d$c"-ine $ c$n#ide-!"i$n *ic *!# #$ deep;

en"-enced in "e H+-i#p-+dence $ "e c$+n"-;, i" i" e +n*i#e "$ e"end p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe #$ !# "$ $+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n !nd "!" i# *; e +""e-ed ! *$-d $ c!+"i$n in

C$e v. C$e (#+p-!) "!" "e p-incipe $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe #$+d n$" e #"-e"ced

"$$ !-, e#" i" #$+d e end!ne-ed. Te e!-ned =!* =$-d p-$ceeded "$ !dd #eein "!"

"e p-incipe nee- #"!nd# !$ne !# iin ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n in i"#e, i" c!n nee- d$ !*!; *i"

"e nece##i"; $ c$n#ide-!"i$n *en "!" i# !n e##en"i! p!-" $ "e c!+#e $ !c"i$n. Te

d$c"-ine $ c$n#ide-!"i$n i# "$$ i-; ied "$ e $e-"-$*n ; ! #ide *ind. Spence-

'$*e- !nd T+-ne- !#$ p$in" $+" !" p!e 384 $ "ei- T-e!"i#e (3-d ed.) "!" i" i# diic+" "$ #ee

$* in ! c!#e $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe ! p-$i#e c!n e +#ed "$ $+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n

*i"$+" !cc$-din "$ i" $pe-!"ie c$n"-!c"+! $-ce !nd i" i# $- "i# -e!#$n "!" ! c$n"en"i$n

"!" ! p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !; e +#ed "$ $+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n +#" e -e!-ded !# !n


18/48

!""!c $n "e d$c"-ine $ c$n#ide-!"i$n. Te e!-ned !+"$-# !e !#$ $#e-ed !" p!e 387

"!" "$ ie ! p!in"i ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n $n ! p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe +#" e i""e e## "!n "$

!$* !n !c"i$n in c$n"-!c" *e-e c$n#ide-!"i$n i# n$" #$*n !nd "!" c!nn$" e d$ne

ec!+#e c$n#ide-!"i$n #"i -e!in


19/48

!# ! #$ci! !nd ec$n$ic in#"i"+"i$n ec$e# $ "e i-#" ip$-"!nce in ! c$e-ci! !nd

ind+#"-i! #$cie"; !nd i" i# !n ep-e##i$n $ "e $-! #en"ien" $ ! ciii#ed #$cie"; "!" !

!n$ne eF+!; *i" "e $"e-. T!" i# *; "e =!* Rei#i$n C$i""ee in >n!nd in i"# Si"

Rep$-" !de !# !- !c !# 1937 !ccep"ed %-$. $d#*$-"enden v. +id$-d Ci"; A##$ci!"i$n 5$$"! C+

="d. [197?] 3 A. >.R. 269 Te >ni# c$+-"# !e "+# $ne ! #"ep $-*!-d -$ "e

$-iin! p$#i"i$n *en p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!# -e!-ded e-e; !# ! p!##ie eF+i"; !nd

!$*ed i" "$ e +#ed !# ! *e!p$n $ $ence "$ ! ii"ed e"en" !# ! p!-" $ "e c!+#e $

!c"i$n, +" #"i "e d$c"-ine $ c$n#ide-!"i$n c$n"in+e# "$ inii" "e H+dici! ind !nd "!"

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20/48

!# "*!-"ed "e + dee$pen" $ "i# ne* eF+i"!e p-incipe !nd "e -e!i#!"i$n $ i"#

!#" p$"en"i! !# ! H+-i#"ic "ecniF+e $- d$in H+#"ice. I" i# "-+e "!" "$ !$* p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe "$ $+nd ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n *$+d #e-i$+#; di+"e "e p-incipe *ic -eF+i-e#

c$n#ide-!"i$n "$ #+pp$-" ! c$n"-!c"+! $i!"i$n, +" "!" i# n$ -e!#$n *; "i# ne* p-incipe,

*ic i# ! cid $ eF+i"; -$+" in"$ "e *$-d *i" ! ie* "$ p-$$"in $ne#"; !nd $$d

!i" !nd -inin !* c$#e- "$ H+#"ice #$+d e ed in e""e-# !nd n$" !$*ed "$ $pe-!"e in

! "e !c"ii#" !ni"+de, #$ "!" i" !; +i "e p+-p$#e $- *ic i" *!# c$nceied !nd

$-n. I" +#" e -eee-ed "!" !* i# n$" ! !+#$e+. I" i# n$" !n !n"iF+e "$ e "!en

d$*n, d+#"ed, !di-ed !nd p+" !c $n "e #e. I" i# -!"e- ie !n $d i$-$+# "-ee, !in

i"# -$$"# in i#"$-;, ;e" c$n"in+$+#; "!in ne* -!"# !nd p+""in $+" ne* #p-$+"# !nd

$cc!#i$n!; d-$ppin de!d *$$d. I" i# e##en"i!; ! #$ci! p-$ce##, "e end p-$d+c" $ *ic

i# H+#"ice !nd ence i" +#" eep $n -$*in !nd dee$pin *i" c!nin #$ci! c$ncep"#

!nd !+e#. O"e-*i#e, "e-e *i e e#"-!neen" e"*een !* !nd H+#"ice !nd !* *i ce!#e

"$ !e ei"i!c;. I" i# "-+e !# p$in"ed $+" ; @-. /+#"ice $e#, "!" c$n"in+i"; *i" "e

p!#" i# ! i#"$-ic! nece##i"; +" i" +#" !#$ e -eee-ed !" "e #!e "ie, !# p$in"ed $+"

; @-. /+#"ice C!-d$$ "!" c$n$-i"; i# n$" "$ e "+-ned in"$ ! e"i#. e *$+d d$ *e

"$ -ec! "e !$+# *$-d# +""e-ed ; @-. /+#"ice C!-d$$ *ie c$#in i# i-#" ec"+-e $n

%!-!d$e# $ =e! Science

Te di#p!-i"; e"*een p-eceden" !nd e"$# !; #$ en"en *i" "e ;e!-# "!" $n; c$in

!nd cicene-; *$+d e di#!pp$in"ed i "e #ep!-!"i$n *e-e "$ end. Te-e !-e !n;

in"e-edi!"e #"!e#, $-e#, i in!deF+!"e "$ $i"e-!"e "e p!#", !; i di-ec"i$n $- "e

+"+-e. Te ei p-eceden" !; ie, +" #$ #"e-iied !nd "-+nc!"ed !# "$ !e #! c!p!ci";

$- !-. I" *i e p-+den"; in$-ed *en in$ed !# !n !pp$#i"e !n!$; in n$e

#i"+!"i$n#, "$+ "e n$e eeen" e #!. Te-e *i e -$+" $-*!-d $"e- !n!$ie#,

e## p-eci#e, i" !; e, +" $-e !pp$#i"e "$ "e need# $ $-!#. Te *ei"# !-e c$n#"!n";

#i"ed "$ -e#"$-e "e eF+ii-i+ e"*een p-eceden" !nd H+#"ice.

19. !# i" n$" =$-d Dennin *$ e$-"ed H+de# n$" "$ e "i$-$+# #$+-# +" "$ e $d

#pi-i"#, -e!d; "$ !$* ! ne* c!+#e $ !c"i$n i H+#"ice #$ -eF+i-ed. (C!nde- v. C-!ne

C-i#"!# !nd C$. [19?1] 2 E.'. 164

20. e !; p-$i"!; c$n#ide- !" "i# #"!e *!" "e Ae-ic!n !* $n "e #+Hec" i# ec!+#e

in "e ni"ed State! "e !* !# !*!;#


21/48

i"!i"; in "e !nd# $ Ae-ic!n /+de# !nd i" i# #"i -!pid; dee$pin !nd ep!ndin in

"e ni"ed State!. I" !; e p$in"ed $+" "!" "i# dee$pen" d$eni# !nd C$$n*e!" H+-i#p-+dence. O c$+-#e "e !#ic -eF+i-een" $-

in$in "i# p-incipe +#" e p-e#en" n!e;, "!" "e !c" #i"+!"i$n #$+d e #+c "!"

inH+#"ice c!n e !$ided $n; ; en$-ceen" $ "e p-$i#e. Te-e !-e n+e-$+# e!pe#

$ "e !ppic!"i$n $ "i# p-incipe "$ e $+nd in -ecen" Ae-ic!n deci#i$n#. Te-e i#, $-

in#"!nce, "e $n ine $ c!#e# in *ic ! p-$i#e "$ ie ! c!-i"!e #+#c-ip"i$n !# een

c$n#i#"en"; ed "$ e en$-ce!e !" "e #+i" $ "e c!-i";. T$+ !""ep"# !e een !de

"$ H+#"i; "e#e deci#i$n# ; -e!#$nin "!" "e c!-i"; ; c$encin $- c$n"in+in i"#

c!-i"!e *$- !"e- -eceiin p-$i#e !# ien $$d c$n#ide-!"i$n $- i", *e d$ n$" "in

"!", $n c$#e- #c-+"in;, "e en$-ce!ii"; $ "e p-$i#e in "e#e c!#e# c!n e #+pp$-"ed ;

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22/48

#pein $+" "e p-e#ence $ #$e $- $ c$n#ide-!"i$n !nd "e "-+e p-incipe $n *ic "e;

!-e -e!; !#ed i# "e p-incipe $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. Ti# i# !#$ "e ie* ep-e##ed in "e

$$*in #"!"een" !" p!e 6?7 $ $. 19 $ Ae-ic!n /+-i#p-+dence:

A n+e- $ c$+-"# !e +ped "e !idi"; $ c!-i"!e #+#c-ip"i$n# $n "e "e$-; $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe $din "!" *ie ! e-e p-$i#e "$ c$n"-i+"e i# +nen$-ce!e $-

*!n" $ c$n#ide-!"i$n, i $ne; !# een epended $- i!ii"ie# !e een inc+--ed in

-ei!nce $n "e p-$i#e #$ "!" n$n+ien" *i c!+#e inH+-; "$ "e p!;ee, "e d$n$- i#

e#"$pped "$ !##e-" "e !c $ c$n#ide-!"i$n, !nd "e p-$i#e *i e en$-ced.

Cie /+#"ice C!-d$$, p-e#idin $e- "e C$+-" $ Appe!# $ "e State $ &e* N$-,

ep!ined "e -!"i$ $ "e#e deci#i$n# in "e #!e "e-# in Ae!n; C$eev. &!"i$n!

C!+"e+F+e C$+n"; '!n ?7 A.=.R. 980:

Te !"-+"# $ $ne ene-!"i$n "end !" "ie# "$ pe-pe"+!"e "e#ee# in "e !* !# "e

*$e "-+"# $ !n$"e-, *en c$n#"!n" -epe"i"i$n -in# i" !$+" "!" F+!iic!"i$n#, "!en

$nce $- -!n"ed, !-e di#-e!-ded $- $-$""en. Te d$c"-ine $ c$n#ide-!"i$n !# n$" e#c!ped

"e c$$n $". A# !- !c !# 1881, /+de $e# in i# ec"+-e# $n "e C$$n =!* (p.

292) #ep!-!"ed "e de"-ien" *ic i# e-e; ! c$n#eF+ence $ "e p-$i#e -$ "e

de"-ien", *ic i# in "-+" "e $"ie $- ind+ceen", !nd ;e" !dded "!" "e c$+-"#


23/48

ipied "!" "e c+-c d$ !n;"in $n "e !i" $ i". =!"e-, "e c+-c did inc+- epen#e "$

"e n$*ede $ "e p-$i#$-, !nd in "e -e!#$n!e eie "!" "e p-$i#e *$+d e ep".

e ed "e p-$i#e indin, "$+ c$n#ide-!"i$n "e-e *!# n$ne ecep" +p$n "e "e$-; $

! p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. In 74 &.N. 72 ! #i"+!"i$n #+#"!n"i!; "e #!e ec!e "e !#i# $- !

ie -+in. S$ in 103 &.N. 600 !nd 96 "e (1901) 167 &.N. $+d# $ c$n#ide-!"i$n !# ied

; "e $d d$c"-ine *e-e #+Hec" "$ ! ie ep!n#i$n. e-; ie;, c$ncep"i$n# $ p+ic p$ic;

!e #!ped, $-e $- e## #+c$n#ci$+#;, "e -+in# "+# !de. /+de# !e een !ec"ed

; "e "$+" "!" ni# =!*, 7 e".

#eF). Te c$ncep" #+-ie# !# $ne $ "e di#"inc"ie e!"+-e# $ $+- e! #;#"e. e !e n$

"$+" "$ #+e#" "!" i" i# $#$e"e $- $n "e *!; "$ e !!nd$ned. A# in "e c!#e $ $"e-

c$ncep"#, $*ee-, "e p-e##+-e $ ecep"i$n# !# ed "$ i--e+!-i"ie# $ $-.

I" i# !#$ in"e-e#"in "$ n$"e "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !# een *ide; +#ed in

"e ni"ed State! in die-#e $"e- #i"+!"i$n# !# $+ndin ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n. Te $#" n$"!e

in#"!nce# !-e "$ e $+nd in *!" !; e c!ed "e #+c$n"-!c"$- id c!#e# in *ic !

c$n"-!c"$- !$+" "$ "ende- $- ! c$n"-!c", ini"e# ! #+c$n"-!c"$- "$ #+i" ! id $- ! #+

c$n"-!c" !nd !"e- -eceiin i# id "e c$n"-!c"$- #+i"# ! "ende-. In #+c c!#e#, "e #+

c$n"-!c"$- !# een ed +n!e "$ -e"-!c" i# id !nd e i!e in d!!e# i e d$e# #$. I" i#

n$" p$##ie "$ #!; "!" !n; de"-ien" *ic "e c$n"-!c"$- !; e !e "$ #$* in "e#e c!#e#

*$+d !$+n" "$ c$n#ide-!"i$n in i"# #"-ic" #en#e !nd "e#e deci#i$n# !e p!in; een

-e!ced $n !n !ppic!"i$n, $ "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. One $ #+c c!#e# *!#

D-enn!n v. S"!- %!in C$p!n; [19?8] 31 C!. 2d. 409 *e-e T-!;n$-, /. epici"; !d$p"ed

!# $$d !* "e "e" $ A-"ice 90 $ "e Re#"!"een" $ "e !* $ C$n"-!c"# F+$"ed !$e

!nd #"!"ed in #$ !n; *$-d# "!" "e !#ence $ c$n#ide-!"i$n i# n$" !"! "$ "e en$-ceen"

$ #+c ! p-$i#e. Te-e !-e !#$ n+e-$+# c!#e# *e-e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

!# een !ppied !!in#" "e $e-nen" *e-e "e in"e-e#" $ H+#"ice, $-!i"; !nd c$$n

!i-ne## ce!-; dic"!"ed #+c ! c$+-#e. e #! -ee- "$ "e#e c!#e# *en *e di#c+## "e

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24/48

!ppic!ii"; $ "e d$c"-ine $ eF+i"!e e#"$ppe !!in#" "e $e-nen". S+ice i"

"$ !tate $- "e p-e#en" "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !# een "!en +c +-"e-

in "e ni"ed State! "!n in >ni# !nd C$$n*e!" H+-i#dic"i$n# !nd in #$e State! !"

e!#", i" !# een +#ed "$ -ed+ce, i n$" "$ de#"-$;, "e p-e#"ie $ c$n#ide-!"i$n !# !n e##en"i!

$ !id c$n"-!c". ide Spence- '$*e- !nd T+-ne-#"$ppe ; Rep-e#en"!"i$n (2d) p!e

3?8.

24. e n$* $ $n "$ c$n#ide- *e"e- !nd i #$ "$ *!" e"en" i# "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe !ppic!e !!in#" "e $e-nen". S$ !- !# "e !* in >ni# i# c$nce-ned, "e

p$#i"i$n c!nn$" e #!id "$ e e-; ce!-. R$*e"" /., in !n e!-; deci#i$n in Rede-i!"ie$!e"

Api"-i"e v. Te Ein [1921] 3 E.'. ?00ed "!" !n +nde-"!in ien ; "e '-i"i#

$e-nen" "$ ce-"!in ne+"-! #ip $*ne-# d+-in "e 5i-#" $-d !- "!" i "e #ip$*ne-#

#en" ! p!-"ic+!- #ip "$ "e ni"ed Eind$ *i" ! #peciied c!-$, #e #! n$" e de"!ined,

*!# n$" en$-ce!e !!in#" "e '-i"i# $e-nen" in ! c$+-" $ !* !nd $#e-ed "!" i#

!in -e!#$n $- "!in "i# ie* *!# "!":

i" i# n$" c$pe"en" $- "e $e-nen" "$ e""e- i"# +"+-e eec+"ie !c"i$n, *ic +#"

nece##!-i; e de"e-ined ; "e need# $ "e c$+ni"; *en "e F+e#"i$n !-i#e#. I" c!nn$"

; c$n"-!c" !pe- i"# -eed$ $ !c"i$n in !""e-# *ic c$nce-n "e *e!-e $ "eState.

Ti# $#e-!"i$n !# $*ee- n$" een -e!-ded ; H+-i#"# !# !;in d$*n "e c$--ec" !* $n

"e #+Hec" #ince i" i# e-; *ide !nd i" i# diic+" "$ de"e-ine i"# p-$pe- #c$pe. An#$nni# =!* $ C$n"-!c", 22d. 174. Te d$c"-ine $ eec+"ie nece##i"; p-$p$+nded ;

R$*!"", /., *!# in !c" di#!pp-$ed ; Dennin, /., !# e "en *!#, in R$e-#"$n v. @ini#"e-

$ %en#i$n# (#+p-!) *e-e "e e!-ned /+de #!id:

Te C-$*n c!nn$" e#c!pe ; #!;in "!" e#"$ppe# d$ n$" ind "e C-$*n $- "!" d$c"-ine

!# $n een ep$ded. &$- c!n "e C-$*n e#c!pe ; p-!;in in !id "e d$c"-ine $

eec+"ie nece##i";, "!" i#, "e d$c"-ine "!" "e C-$*n c!nn$" ind i"#e #$ !# "$ e""e- i"#

+"+-e eec+"ie !c"i$n. T!" d$c"-ine *!# p-$p$+nded ; R$*!"", /., in Rede-i!"ie$!e"

Api"-i"e v. Te Ein +" i" *!# +nnece##!-; $- "e deci#i$n ec!+#e "e #"!"een" "e-e

*!# n$" ! p-$i#e *ic *!# in"ended "$ e indin +" $n; !n ep-e##i$n $ in"en"i$n.

R$*!"", /., #ee# "$ !e een in+enced ; "e c!#e# $n "e -i" $ "e C-$*n "$ di#i##

i"# #e-!n"# !" pe!#+-e, +" "$#e c!#e# +#" n$* ! e -e!d in "e i" $ "e H+den" $

=$-d A"in in Rei; v. Te Ein(19?4) A.C. 176, 179).In ; $pini$n "e deence $


25/48

eec+"ie nece##i"; i# $ ii"ed #c$pe. I" $n; !!i# "e C-$*n *e-e "e-e i# !n ipied

"e- "$ "!" eec" $- "!" i# "e "-+e e!nin $ "e c$n"-!c".

I" i# "-+e "!" "e deci#i$n $ Dennin /., in "i# c!#e *!# $e--+ed ; "e $+#e $ =$-d# in

$*e v. 5!$+" '$!" C$n#"-+c"i$n C$. ="d. [19?1] A.C. 837 +" "!" *!# $n "e -$+nd

"!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$" e in$ed "$ !- "e C-$*n -$ en$-cin

! #"!"+"$-; p-$ii"i$n $- en"i"e "e #+Hec" "$ !in"!in "!" "e-e !# een n$ -e!c $ i".

Te deci#i$n $ "e $+#e $ =$-d# did n$" ep-e## !n; di#!pp-$! $ "e !ppic!ii"; $ "e

d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e C-$*n n$- did i" $e--+e "e ie* "!en ;

Dennin /., "!" "e C-$*n c!nn$" e#c!pe i"# $i!"i$n +nde- "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe ; p-!;in in !id "e d$c"-ine $ eec+"ie nece##i";. Te #"!"een" $ "e !* ;

Dennin, /., !;, "e-e$-e, #"i e -e!-ded !# $din "e ied !nd i" !; e "!en "$ e !

H+dici!; !$+-ed ie* "!" "e C-$*n i# n$" i+ne -$ i!ii"; +nde- "e d$c"-ine $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe.

2?. Te c$+-"# in Ae-ic! $- ! $n "ie "$$ "e ie* "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe d$e# n$" !pp; "$ "e $e-nen" +" $-e -ecen"; "e c$+-"# !e #"!-"ed

-e"-e!"in -$ "!" p$#i"i$n "$ ! #$+nde- $ne, n!e;, "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe !; !pp; "$ "e $e-nen" *en H+#"ice #$ -eF+i-e#. Te #ec$nd edi"i$n $

Ae-ic!n /+-i#p-+dence -$+" $+" in 1966 in p!-!-!p 123 p$in"# $+" "!" eF+i"!e

e#"$ppe *i e in$ed !!in#" "e State*en H+#"iied ; "e !c"#, "$+ i" d$e# *!-n

"!" "i# d$c"-ine #$+d n$" e i"; in$ed !!in#" "e State. =!"e- in "e #!e

p!-!-!p i" i# #"!"ed "!" !# ! ene-! -+e, "e d$c"-ine $ e#"$ppe *i n$" e !ppied

!!in#" "e State in i"# $e-nen"!, p+ic $- #$e-ein c!p!ci";, +" ! F+!iic!"i$n i#

in"-$d+ced "!" p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !; e !ppied !!in#" "e State een in i"#

$e-nen"!, p+ic $- #$e-ein c!p!ci"; i i"# !ppic!"i$n i# nece##!-; "$ p-een" -!+d $-

!nie#" inH+#"ice. Since 1966 "e-e i# !n inc-e!#in "-end "$*!-d# !pp;in "e d$c"-ine $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e State !nd "e $d !* "!" p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe d$e# n$" !pp;

!!in#" "e $e-nen" i# deini"e; decinin. Te-e !e een n+e-$+# c!#e# in

"e State c$+-"# *e-e i" !# een ed "!" p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !; e !ppied een !!in#"

"e $e-nen" in i"# $e-nen"! c!p!ci"; *e-e "e !cc$$d!"i$n $ "e need# $

H+#"ice "$ "e need# $ eec"ie $e-nen" #$ -eF+i-e#.

p. Te p-$"!$ni#"# $ "e ie* "!" p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$" !pp; !!in#" "e

$e-nen" $- ! p+ic !+"$-i"; #ee "$ d-!* in#pi-!"i$n -$ "e !H$-i"; deci#i$n $ "e


26/48

ni"ed State! S+p-ee C$+-" in 5ede-! C-$p In#+-!nce C$-p$-!"i$n v. @e--i. 332 .S.

380: 92 =.ed. 10. '+" *e d$ n$" "in "!" deci#i$n c!n e -e!d !# !;in d$*n "e

p-$p$#i"i$n "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!n nee- e in$ed !!in#" "e

$e-nen". Te-e "e C$+n"; C$i""ee !c"in !# "e !en" $ "e 5ede-! C-$p In#+-!nce

C$-p$-!"i$n *ic *!# ! *$; $e-nen"$*ned c$-p$-!"i$n c$n#"i"+"ed +nde- "e

5ede-! C-$p In#+-!nce Ac", !di#ed "e -e#p$nden"# "!" "ei- en"i-e 460 !c-e# $ #p-in

*e!" c-$p *ic inc+ded #p-in *e!" -e#eeded $n *in"e- *e!" !c-e!e *!# in#+-!e !nd

!c"in +p$n i", "e -e#p$nden"# !de !n !ppic!"i$n $- in#+-!nce *ic *!# $-*!-ded ;

"e C$+n"; C$i""ee "$ "e Dene- $ice $ "e C$-p$-!"i$n *i" ! -ec$end!"i$n $-

!ccep"!nce. Te !ppic!"i$n did n$" en"i$n "!" !n; p!-" $ "e in#+-ed c-$p *!# -e#eeded

!nd i" *!# !ccep"ed ; "e Dene- $ice $ "e C$-p$-!"i$n. Te-e *e-e !" "i# "ie *e!"

c-$p in#+-!nce -e+!"i$n# -!ed ; "e C$-p$-!"i$n !nd p+i#ed in "e 5ede-! Rei#"e-

*ic p-$ii"ed in#+-!nce $ #p-in *e!" -e#eeded $n *in"e- *e!" !c-e!e +" nei"e- "e

-e#p$nden"# n$- "e C$+n"; C$i""ee# *ic *!# !c"in !# "e !en" $ "e C$-p$-!"i$n

*!# !*!-e $ "e. A e* $n"# !"e-, $#" $ "e -e#p$nden"


27/48

$n "e C$-p$-!"i$n. I" *!# n$" *i"in "e !+"$-i"; $ "e C$+n"; C$i""ee "$ ie #+c

!##+-!nce c$n"-!-; "$ "e *e!" c-$p in#+-!nce -e+!"i$n# !nd ence n$ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

!!in#" "e C$-p$-!"i$n c$+d e $+nded +p$n i". Ti# deci#i$n did n$" #!; "!" een i !n

!##+-!nce ien ; !n !en" i# *i"in "e #c$pe $ i# !+"$-i"; !nd i# n$" p-$ii"ed ; !*,

i" c$+d #"i n$" c-e!"e p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e $e-nen". '+", i" !; e p$in"ed

$+", een "i# ii"ed $din !# c$e in $- c$n#ide-!e c-i"ici# !" "e !nd# $ H+-i#"# in

"e ni"ed State!. See D!i# $n Adini#"-!"ie =!* (3-d d.) p!e# 34434?. Ree--in "$ "e

$#e-!"i$n $ "e !H$-i"; "!" @en +#" "+-n #F+!-e c$-ne-# *en "e; de! *i" "e

$e-nen", @!+i-e !nd ie" !e p$e"ic!; -e#p$nded ; #!;in: I" i# !-d "$ #ee *;

"e $e-nen" #$+d n$" e ed "$ ! ie #"!nd!-d $ -ec"!n+!- -ec"i"+de *en de!in

*i" i"# ci"ien#. (@!+i-e !nd ie", $#$n


28/48

28. '+" i "e !c"# $- $i##i$n# $ "e $ice-# $ "e $e-nen" !-e *i"in "e #c$pe $ "ei-

!+"$-i"; !nd !-e n$" $"e-*i#e ipe-i##ie +nde- "e !*, "e; *i *$- e#"$ppe !!in#"

"e $e-nen".

29. en *e "+-n "$ "e Indi!n !* $n "e #+Hec" i" i# e!-"enin "$ ind "!" in Indi! n$"

$n; !# "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe een !d$p"ed in i"# +ne## +" i" !# een

-ec$nied !# !$-din ! c!+#e $ !c"i$n "$ "e pe-#$n "$ *$ "e p-$i#e i# !de. Te

-eF+i-een" $ c$n#ide-!"i$n !# n$" een !$*ed "$ #"!nd in "e *!; $ en$-ceen" $ #+c

p-$i#e. Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !# !#$ een !ppied !!in#" "e $e-nen"

!nd "e deence !#ed $n eec+"ie nece##i"; !# een c!"e$-ic!; ne!"ied. I" i#

-e!-!e "!" !# !- !c !# 1880, $n e$-e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!#

$-+!"ed ; Dennin, /., in >n!nd, A Dii#i$n 'enc $ "*$ >ni# /+de# in "e

C!c+""! i C$+-" !ppied "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !nd -ec$ni#ed ! c!+#e $

!c"i$n $+nded +p$n i" in "e !ne# @!n+!c"+-in C$. v. S+-!H+i !nd $"e- (? C!c+""!

669). Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!# !#$ !ppied !!in#" "e $e-nen" in ! c!#e

#+#eF+en"; decided ; "e '$!; i C$+-" in @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ '$!; v.

Te, Sec-e"!-; $ State (29 '$. ?80)

30. Te !c"# $ "i# !#"en"i$ned c!#e in @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ '$!; v. Te

Sec-e"!-; $ State (#+p-!) !-e ! i""e in"e-e#"in !nd i" *$+d e p-$i"!e "$ -ee- "$ "e.

Te $e-nen" $ '$!;, *i" ! ie* "$ c$n#"-+c"in !n !-"e-i! -$!d, -eF+e#"ed "e

@+nicip! C$i##i$ne- "$ -e$e ce-"!in i# !nd ee"!e !-e"# *ic $#"-+c"ed "e

c$n#"-+c"i$n $ "e p-$p$#ed -$!d. Te @+nicip! C$i##i$ne- -epied "!" "e !-e"#

*e-e e#"ed in "e C$-p$-!"i$n $ /+#"ice# +" "!" e *!# *iin "$ !c!"e ce-"!in +nicip!

#"!e# *ic $cc+pied ! p$-"i$n $ "e p-$p$#ed #i"e i "e $e-nen" *$+d -en" $"e-

!nd en"i$ned in i# e""e-, "$ "e @+nicip!i"; !" ! n$in! -en", "e @+nicip!i";

+nde-"!in "$ e!- "e epen#e# $ eein "e #!e !nd pe-i" "e @+nicip!i"; "$ e-ec"

$n #+c !nd #"!e# $ *$$d !nd i-$n *i" n$e $+nd!"i$n "$ e -e$ed !" #i $n"#<

n$"ice $n $"e- #+i"!e -$+nd ein p-$ided ; $e-nen". Te $e-nen" !ccep"ed

"e #+e#"i$n $ "e @+nicip! C$i##i$ne- !nd #!nc"i$ned "e !ppic!"i$n $ "e

@+nicip! C$i##i$ne- $- ! #i"e $- #"!in $n "e "e-# #e" $+" !$e !nd "e @+nicip!

C$i##i$ne- "e-e!"e- en"e-ed in"$ p$##e##i$n $ "e !nd !nd c$n#"-+c"ed #"!e#,

*$-#$p# !nd c!*# $n "e #!e !" c$n#ide-!e epen#e. T*en";$+- ;e!-# !"e- "e

$e-nen" #e-ed ! n$"ice $n "e @+nicip! C$i##i$ne- de"e-inin "e "en!nc; !nd

-eF+e#"in "e @+nicip! C$i##i$ne- "$ deie- p$##e##i$n $ "e !nd *i"in #i $n"#


29/48

!nd in "e e!n"ie "$ p!; -en" !" "e -!"e $ R#. 12,000J pe- $n". Te @+nicip!

C$-p$-!"i$n decined "$ !nd $e- p$##e##i$n $ "e !nd $- "$ p!; "e ie- -en" !nd "e

Sec-e"!-; $ State $- Indi! "e-e+p$n ied ! #+i" !!in#" "e @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $- !

dec!-!"i$n "!" "e "en!nc; $ "e @+nicip!i"; #"$$d de"e-ined !nd $- !n $-de- di-ec"in

"e +nicip!i"; "$ p!; -en" !" "e -!"e $ R#. 12,000J pe- $n". Te #+i" *!# -e#i#"ed ; "e

@+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $n "e -$+nd "en "e een"# *ic !d "-!n#pi-ed !d c-e!"ed !n

eF+i"; in !$+- $ "e @+nicip!i"; *ic !$-ded !n !n#*e- "$ "e c!i $ "e

$e-nen" "$ eHec" "e @+nicip!i";. Ti# deence *!# +ped ; ! Dii#i$n 'enc $ "e

i C$+-" !nd /enin# C./., #pe!in $n e! $ "e Dii#i$n 'enc, p$in"ed $+" "!", in

ie* $ "e $$*in !c"#, n!e;:

"e @+nicip!i"; !e up "e $d #"!e#, eeed "e -$+nd, !nd e-ec"ed "e $e!e

#"!e# in 1866 in "e eie "!" "e; !d !!in#" "e $e-nen" !n !#$+"e -i" n$" "$ e

"+-ned $+" +n"i n$" $n; "e epi-!"i$n $ #i $n"# n$"ice, +" !#$ $"e- #+i"!e -$+nd

*!# +-ni#ed: "!" "i# eie i# -ee-!e "$ !n epec"!"i$n c-e!"ed ; "e $e-nen" "!"

"ei- enH$;en" $ "e !nd *$+d e in !cc$-d!nce *i" "i# eie: !nd "!" "e $e-nen"

ne* "!" "e @+nicip!i"; *e-e !c"in in "i# eie #$ c-e!"ed:

!n eF+i"; *!# c-e!"ed in !$+- $ "e @+nicip!i"; *ic en"i"ed i" "$ !ppe! "$ "e C$+-"

$- i"# !id in !##i#"in "e "$ -e#i#" "e Sec-e"!-; $ State


30/48

$ "e Ci"; $ '$!; !nd O-#. @A&JSCJ0001J19?1 : [19?2]1SCR43 Te !c"#

iin -i#e "$ "i# c!#e *e-e "!" in 186? "e $e-nen" $ '$!; c!ed +p$n "e

p-edece##$- in "i"e $ "e @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ '$!; "$ -e$e $d !-e"# -$ !ce-"!in #i"e !nd !c!"e i" !nd $n "e !ppic!"i$n $ "e @+nicip! C$i##i$ne-, "e

$e-nen" p!##ed ! -e#$+"i$n !pp-$in !nd !+"$-i#in "e -!n" $ !n$"e- #i"e "$ "e

@+nicip!i";. Te -e#$+"i$n #"!"ed +-"e- "!" "e $e-nen" d$ n$" c$n#ide- "!" !n; -en"

#$+d e c!-ed "$ "e @+nicip!i"; !# "e !-e"# *i e ie $"e- p+ic +idin#, $-

"e enei" $ "e *$e c$+ni";. Te @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n !e up "e #i"e $n *ic

"e $d !-e"# *e-e #i"+!"ed !nd #pen" ! #+ $ R#. 17 !# in e-ec"in !nd !in"!inin

!-e"# $n "e ne* #i"e. In 1940 "e C$ec"$- $ '$!; !##e##ed "e ne* #i"e "$ !nd

-een+e !nd "e @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n "e-e +p$n ied ! #+i" $- ! dec!-!"i$n "!" "e $-de-

$ !##e##en" *!# +"-! i-e# !nd i" *!# en"i"ed "$ $d "e !nd $- ee- *i"$+" p!;en" $

!n; !##e##en". Te i C$+-" $ '$!; ed "!" "e $e-nen" !d $#" i"# -i" "$

!##e## "e !nd in F+e#"i$n ; -e!#$n $ "e eF+i"; !-i#in $n "e !c"# $ "e c!#e in !$+- $

"e @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n !nd "e-e *!# "+# ! ii"!"i$n $n "e -i" $ "e $e-nen" "$

!##e## +nde- Sec"i$n 8 $ "e '$!; Ci"; =!nd Reen+e Ac". On !ppe! ; "e C$ec"$- "$

"i# C$+-", "e !H$-i"; /+de# ed "!" "e $e-nen" *!# n$", +nde- "e ci-c+#"!nce# $

"e c!#e, en"i"ed "$ !##e## !nd -een+e $n "e !nd in F+e#"i$n ec!+#e "e @+nicip!

C$-p$-!"i$n !d "!en p$##e##i$n $ "e !nd in "e-# $ "e $e-nen" -e#$+"i$n !nd !d

c$n"in+ed in #+c p$##e##i$n $pen;, +nin"e--+p"ed; !nd $ -i" $- $e- #een"; ;e!-# !nd

"e-e; !cF+i-ed "e ii"ed "i"e i" !d een p-e#c-iin $- d+-in "e pe-i$d, "!" i# "$ #!;,

"e -i" "$ $d "e !nd in pe-pe"+i"; -ee $ -en". C!nd-!#e-! Ai;!-, /.-. !-eed *i" "e

c$nc+#i$n -e!ced ; "e !H$-i"; +" -e#"ed i# deci#i$n $n "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe. e p$in"ed $+" "!" "e $e-nen" c$+d n$" e !$*ed "$ $ !c $n "e

-ep-e#en"!"i$n !de ; i" !nd #"-e##ed "e p$in" in "e $- $ !n in"e--$!"i$n ; !#in: i

*e d$ #$, *$+d i" n$" !$+n" "$ $+- c$+n"en!ncin "e pe-pe"-!"i$n $ *!" c!n e

c$pendi$+#; de#c-ied !# e! -!+d *ic ! c$+-" $ eF+i"; +#" p-een" ein

c$i""edG e $#e-ed "!" een i "e -e#$+"i$n $ "e $e-nen" !$+n"ed e-e; "$

"e $din $+" $ ! p-$i#e "!" n$ -en" *i e c!-ed in "e +"+-e, "e $e-nen" +#"

e deeed in "e ci-c+#"!nce# $ "i# c!#e "$ !e $+nd "e#ee# "$ +i i". e"e- i"

i# "e eF+i"; -ec$ni#ed in R!#den


31/48

!# i" ie# in "ei- p$*e-. Ti# *!# $ c$+-#e "e #$i"!-; ie* $ C!nd-!#e!-! Ai;e-, /., +"

i" *!# !pp-$ed ; "i# C$+-" in n$ +nce-"!in "e-# in Ind$A!n Aencie# c!#e (#+p-!).

32. Ten *e c$e "$ "e cee-!"ed deci#i$n $ "i# C$+-" in "e Ind$A!n Aencie# c!#e

(#+p-!). I" *!# in "i# c!#e "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe $+nd i"# $#" e$F+en"

ep$#i"i$n. e !; -ie; !tate "e !c"# in $-de- "$ !pp-eci!"e "e -!"i$ $ "e deci#i$n.

Ind$A!n Aencie# ="d. *$ *e-e "e -e#p$nden"# e$-e "e C$+-", !c"in in -ei!nce $n

"e >p$-" %-$$"i$n Scee i##+ed ; "e Cen"-! $e-nen", ep$-"ed *$$en $$d# "$

A!ni#"!n !nd $n "e !#i# $ "ei- ep$-"# c!ied "$ e en"i"ed "$ $"!in -$ "e Te"ie

C$i##i$ne- ip$-" en"i"een" ce-"iic!"e $- "e + 5.O.'. !+e $ "e $$d# ep$-"ed !#

p-$ided in "e #cee. Te Scee *!# n$" ! #"!"+"$-; Scee !in "e $-ce $ !* +"

i" p-$ided "!" !n ep$-" $ *$$en $$d# *$+d e en"i"ed "$ ip$-" -!*!"e-i! $ "e

"$"! !$+n" eF+! "$ 100K $ "e 5.O.'. !+e $ i# ep$-"#. Te -e#p$nden"# c$n"ended

"!", -e;in $n "e p-$i#e c$n"!ined in "e Scee, "e; !d ep$-"ed *$$en $$d# "$

A!ni#"!n !nd *e-e, "e-e$-e, en"i"ed "$ en$-ce "e p-$i#e !!in#" "e $e-nen" !nd

"$ $"!in ip$-" en"i"een" ce-"iic!"e $- "e + 5.O.'. !+e $ "e $$d# ep$-"ed $n "e

p-incipe $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. Ti# c$n"en"i$n *!# #$+" "$ e !n#*e-ed $n e! $ "e

$e-nen" ; pe!din "e d$c"-ine $ eec+"ie nece##i"; !nd "e !-+en" $ "e

$e-nen" !#ed $n "i# d$c"-ine *!# "!" i" i# n$" c$pe"en" $- "e $e-nen" "$ e""e-i"# +"+-e eec+"ie !c"i$n *ic +#" nece##!-i; e de"e-ined ; "e need# $ "e

c$+ni"; *en "e F+e#"i$n !-i#e# !nd n$ p-$i#e $- +nde-"!in c!n e ed "$ e indin

$n "e $e-nen" #$ !# "$ !pe- i"# -eed$ $ eec+"ie !c"i$n. Ce-"!in $#e-!"i$n# $

R$*!"", /., in Rede-ie"i!$!e" Api"-i"e v. Te Ein (#+p-!) *e-e #$+" "$ e p-e##ed

in"$ #e-ice $n e! $ "e $e-nen" in #+pp$-" $ "i# !-+en". e !e !-e!d;

-ee--ed "$ "e#e $#e-!"i$n# e!-ie- !nd *e need n$" -ep-$d+ce "e $e- !!in. Te#e

$#e-!"i$n +nd$+"ed; #+pp$-"ed "e c$n"en"i$n $ "e $e-nen" +" i" *!# p$in"ed $+"

; "i# C$+-" "!" "e#e $#e-!"i$n# *e-e di#!pp-$ed ; Dennin /, in R$e-"#$n v.

@ini#"e- $ %en#i$n# (#+p-!) *e-e "e e!-ned /+de #!id "!" "e C-$*n c!nn$" e#c!pe ;

p-!;in in !id "e d$c"-ine $ eec+"ie nece##i";, "!" i# "e d$c"-ine "!" "e C-$*n c!nn$"

ind i"#e #$ !# "$ e""e- i"# +"+-e eec+"ie !c"i$n.Te deence $ eec+"ie nece##i"; i# $

ii"ed #c$pe. I" $n; !!i# "e C-$*n *e-e "e-e i# !n ipied "e- "$ "!" eec" $- "!" i#

"e "-+e e!nin $ "e c$n"-!c" !nd "i# #"!"een" $ Dennin, /., *!# "$ e p-ee--ed !#

!;in d$*n "e c$--ec" !* $ "e #+Hec". S!, /., #pe!in $n e! $ "e C$+-",

$#e-ed !" p. 376:


32/48

e !-e +n!e "$ !ccede "$ "e c$n"en"i$n "!" "e eec+"ie nece##i"; -ee!#e# "e

$e-nen" -$ $n$+-in i"# #$en p-$i#e# -e;in $n *ic ci"ien# !e !c"ed "$

"ei- de"-ien". nde- $+- c$n#"i"+"i$n! #e"up n$ pe-#$n !; e dep-ied $ i# -i" $-

ie-"; ecep" in d+e c$+-#e $ !nd ; !+"$-i"; $ !* $ ! ee- $ "e >ec+"ie #ee# "$

dep-ie ! ci"ien $ i# -i" $- ie-"; $"e-*i#e "!n in ee-ci#e $ p$*e- de-ied -$ "e

!*c$$n $- #"!"+"e"e C$+-"# *i e c$pe"en" "$ !nd indeed *$+d e $+nd "$,

p-$"ec" "e -i"# $ "e !-ieed ci"ien.

33. Te deence $ eec+"ie nece##i"; *!# "+# ce!-; ne!"ied ; "i# C$+-" !nd i" *!#

p$in"ed $+" "!" i" did n$" -ee!#e "e $e-nen" -$ i"# $i!"i$n "$ $n$+- "e p-$i#e

!de ; i", i "e ci"ien, !c"in in -ei!nce $n "e p-$i#e, !d !"e-ed i# p$#i"i$n. Te

d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!# in #+c ! c!#e !ppic!e !!in#" "e $e-nen" !nd i"

c$+d n$" e dee!"ed ; in$in "e deence $ eec+"ie nece##i";.

34. I" *!# !#$ c$n"ended $n e! $ "e $e-nen" "!" i "e $e-nen" *e-e ed

$+nd ; ee-; -ep-e#en"!"i$n !de ; i" -e!-din i"# in"en"i$n, *en "e ep$-"e-# !e

!c"ed in "e !nne- "e; *e-e ini"ed "$ !c", "e -e#+" *$+d e "!" "e $e-nen" *$+d

e $+nd ; ! c$n"-!c"+! $i!"i$n een "$+ n$ $-! c$n"-!c" in "e !nne- -eF+i-ed

; A-"ice 299 *!# eec+"ed. '+" "i# c$n"en"i$n *!# ne!"ied !nd i" *!# p$in"ed $+" ; "i#

C$+-" "!" "e -e#p$nden"# !-e n$" #eein "$ en$-ce !n; c$n"-!c"+! -i": "e; !-e #eein

"$ en$-ce c$pi!nce *i" "e $i!"i$n *ic i# !id +p$n "e Te"ie C$i##i$ne- ; "e

"e-# $ "e Scee, !nd *e !-e $ "e ie* "!" een i "e Scee i# eec+"ie in c!-!c"e-,

"e -e#p$nden"# *$ *e-e !-ieed ec!+#e $ "e !i+-e "$ c!--; $+" "e "e-# $ "e

Scee *e-e en"i"ed "$ #ee -e#$-" "$ "e C$+-" !nd c!i "!" "e $i!"i$n ip$#ed +p$n

"e Te"ie C$i##i$ne- ; "e Scee e $-de-ed "$ e c!--ied $+". I" *!# "+# !id d$*n

"!" ! p!-"; *$ !#, !c"in in -ei!nce $n ! p-$i#e !de ; "e $e-nen", !"e-ed i#

p$#i"i$n, i# en"i"ed "$ en$-ce "e p-$i#e !!in#" "e $e-nen", een "$+ "e p-$i#e

i# n$" in "e $- $ ! $-! c$n"-!c" !# -eF+i-ed ; A-"ice 299 !nd "!" A-"ice d$e# n$"

ii"!"e !!in#" "e !ppic!ii"; $ "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e

$e-nen".

3?. Ti# C$+-" in!;, !"e- -ee--in "$ "e deci#i$n in "e !ne# @!n+!c"+-in C$. v.

S+-+H+i (#+p-!). Te @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ "e Ci"; $ '$!; v. Te Sec-e"!-;

$ State $- Indi! (#+p-!) !nd C$ec"$- $ '$!; v. @+nicip! C$-p$-!"i$n $ "e Ci"; $

'$!; !nd O-#. (#+p-!), #+ed up "e p$#i"i$n !# $$*#:

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nde- $+- H+-i#p-+dence "e $e-nen" i# n$" eep" -$ i!ii"; "$ c!--; $+" "e

-ep-e#en"!"i$n !de ; i" !# "$ i"# +"+-e c$nd+c" !nd i" c!nn$" $n #$e +ndeined !nd

+ndi#c$#ed -$+nd $ nece##i"; $- epedienc; !i "$ c!--; $+" "e p-$i#e #$en; !de

; i", n$- c!i "$ e "e /+de $ i"# $*n $i!"i$n "$ "e ci"ien $n !n e p!-"e

!pp-!i#een" $ "e ci-c+#"!nce# in *ic "e $i!"i$n !# !-i#en.

36. Te !* !;, "e-e$-e, n$* e "!en "$ e #e""ed !# ! -e#+" $ "i# deci#i$n "!" *e-e

"e $e-nen" !e# ! p-$i#e n$*in $- in"endin "!" i" *$+d e !c"ed $n ; "e

p-$i#e# !nd, in !c", "e p-$i#e, !c"in in -ei!nce $n i", !"e-# i# p$#i"i$n, "e $e-nen"

*$+d e ed $+nd ; "e p-$i#e !nd "e p-$i#e *$+d e en$-ce!e !!in#" "e

$e-nen" !" "e in#"!nce $ "e p-$i#e#, n$"*i"#"!ndin "!" "e-e i# n$ c$n#ide-!"i$n $-

"e p-$i#e !nd "e p-$i#e i# n$" -ec$-ded in "e $- $ ! $-! c$n"-!c" !# -eF+i-ed ;

A-"ice 299 $ "e C$n#"i"+"i$n. I" i# eeen"!-; "!" in ! Rep+ic $e-ned ; "e -+e $

!*, n$ $ne, $*#$ee- i $- $*, i# !$e "e !*. >e-; $ne i# #+Hec" "$ "e !* !# +;

!nd c$pe"e; !# !n; $"e- !nd "e $e-nen" i# n$ ecep"i$n. I" i# indeed "e p-ide $

c$n#"i"+"i$n! de$c-!c; !nd -+e $ !* "!" "e $e-nen" #"!nd# $n "e #!e $$"in !# !

p-i!"e indiid+! #$ !- !# "e $i!"i$n $ "e !* i# c$nce-ned: "e $-e- i# eF+!; $+nd

!# "e !""e-. I" i# indeed diic+" "$ #ee $n *!" p-incipe c!n ! $e-nen", c$i""ed "$ "e

-+e $ !*, c!i i+ni"; -$ "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. C!n "e $e-nen"#!; "!" i" i# +nde- n$ $i!"i$n "$ !c" in ! !nne- "!" i# !i- !nd H+#" $- "!" i" i# n$" $+nd

; c$n#ide-!"i$n# $ $ne#"; !nd $$d !i"G ; #$+d "e $e-nen" n$" e ed "$ !

i #"!nd!-d $ -ec"!n+!- -ec"i"+de *ie de!in *i" i"# ci"ien#G Te-e *!# ! "ie

*en "e d$c"-ine $ eec+"ie nece##i"; *!# -e!-ded !# #+icien" H+#"iic!"i$n $- "e

$e-nen" "$ -ep+di!"e een i"# c$n"-!c"+! $i!"i$n#, +" e" i" e #!id "$ "e e"e-n! $-;

$ "i# C$+-", "i# d$c"-ine *!# ep!"ic!; ne!"ied in "e Ind$A!n Aencie# c!#e !nd

"e #+p-e!c; $ "e -+e $ !* *!# e#"!i#ed. I" *!# !id d$*n ; "i# C$+-" "!" "e

$e-nen" c!nn$" c!i "$ e i+ne -$ "e !ppic!ii"; $ "e -+e $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe !nd -ep+di!"e ! p-$i#e !de ; i" $n "e -$+nd "!" #+c p-$i#e !; e""e- i"#

+"+-e eec+"ie !c"i$n. I "e $e-nen" d$e# n$" *!n" i"# -eed$ $ eec+"ie !c"i$n "$

e !pe-ed $- -e#"-ic"ed, "e $e-nen" need n$" !e ! p-$i#e n$*in $- in"endin

"!" i" *$+d e !c"ed $n ; "e p-$i#e !nd "e p-$i#e *$+d !"e- i# p$#i"i$n -e;in

+p$n i". '+" i "e $e-nen" !e# #+c ! p-$i#e !nd "e p-$i#e !c"# in -ei!nce +p$n i"

!nd !"e-# i# p$#i"i$n, "e-e i# n$ -e!#$n *; "e $e-nen" #$+d n$" e c$peed "$

!e $$d #+c p-$i#e ie !n; $"e- p-i!"e indiid+!. Te !* c!nn$" !cF+i-e ei"i!c;

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34/48

!nd !in #$ci! !ccep"!nce +ne## i" !cc$-d# *i" "e $-! !+e# $ "e #$cie"; !nd "e

c$n#"!n" ende!$+- $ "e C$+-"# !nd "e ei#!"+-e# +#", "e-e$-e, e "$ c$#e "e !p

e"*een !* !nd $-!i"; !nd -in !$+" !# ne!- !n !pp-$i!"i$n e"*een "e "*$ !#

p$##ie. Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i# ! #iniic!n" H+dici! c$n"-i+"i$n in "!"

di-ec"i$n.

37. '+" i" i# nece##!-; "$ p$in" $+" "!" #ince "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i# !n

eF+i"!e d$c"-ine, i" +#" ;ied *en "e eF+i"; #$ -eF+i-e#. I i" c!n e #$*n ; "e

$e-nen" "!" !in -e!-d "$ "e !c"# !# "e; !e "-!n#pi-ed, i" *$+d e ineF+i"!e "$

$d "e $e-nen" "$ "e p-$i#e !de ; i", "e C$+-" *$+d n$" -!i#e !n eF+i"; in !$+-

$ "e p-$i#e !nd en$-ce "e p-$i#e !!in#" "e $e-nen". Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe *$+d e di#p!ced in #+c ! c!#e ec!+#e, $n "e !c"#, eF+i"; *$+d n$" -eF+i-e

"!" "e $e-nen" #$+d e ed $+nd ; "e p-$i#e !de ; i". en "e $e-nen"

i# !e "$ #$* "!" in ie* $ "e !c"# !# !e "-!n#pi-ed, p+ic in"e-e#" *$+d e

p-eH+diced i "e $e-nen" *e-e -eF+i-ed "$ c!--; $+" "e p-$i#e, "e C$+-" *$+d !e "$

!!nce "e p+ic in"e-e#" in "e $e-nen" c!--;in $+" ! p-$i#e !de "$ ! ci"ien *ic

!# ind+ced "e ci"ien "$ !c" +p$n i" !nd !"e- "i# p$#i"i$n !nd "e p+ic in"e-e#" ie; "$

#+e- i "e p-$i#e *e-e -eF+i-ed "$ e c!--ied $+" ; "e $e-nen" !nd de"e-ine *ic

*!; "e eF+i"; ie#. I" *$+d n$" e en$+ $- "e $e-nen" H+#" "$ #!; "!" p+ic in"e-e#"-eF+i-e# "!" "e $e-nen" #$+d n$" e c$peed "$ c!--; $+" "e p-$i#e $- "!" "e

p+ic in"e-e#" *$+d #+e- i "e $e-nen" *e-e -eF+i-ed "$ $n$+- i". Te $e-nen"

c!nn$", !# S!, /., p$in"ed $+" in "e Ind$A!n Aencie# c!#e, c!i "$ e eep" -$

"e i!ii"; "$ c!--; $+" "e p-$i#e $n #$e indeini"e !nd +ndi#c$#ed -$+nd $ nece##i";

$- epedienc;, n$- c!n "e $e-nen" c!i "$ e "e #$e H+de $ i"# i!ii"; !nd

-ep+di!"e i" $n !n ep!-"e !pp-!i#een" $ "e ci-c+#"!nce#. I "e $e-nen" *!n"# "$

-e#i#" "e i!ii";, i" *i !e "$ di#c$#e "$ "e C$+-" *!" !-e "e !c"# !nd ci-c+#"!nce# $n

!cc$+n" $ *ic "e $e-nen" c!i# "$ e eep" -$ "e i!ii"; !nd i" *$+d e $-

"e C$+-" "$ decide *e"e- "e#e !c"# !nd ci-c+#"!nce# !-e #+c !# "$ -ende- i" ineF+i"!e

"$ en$-ce "e i!ii"; !!in#" "e $e-nen". @e-e c!i $ c!ne $ p$ic; *$+d n$" e

#+icien" "$ e$ne-!"e "e $e-nen" -$ "e i!ii";: "e $e-nen" *$+d !e "$

#$* *!" p-eci#e; i# "e c!ned p$ic; !nd !#$ i"# -e!#$n !nd H+#"iic!"i$n #$ "!" "e

C$+-" c!n H+de $- i"#e *ic *!; "e p+ic in"e-e#" ie# !nd *!" "e eF+i"; $ "e c!#e

de!nd#. I" i# $n; i "e C$+-" i# #!"i#ied, $n p-$pe- !nd !deF+!"e !"e-i! p!ced ; "e

$e-nen", "e $e--idin p+ic in"e-e#" -eF+i-e# "!" "e $e-nen" #$+d n$" e ed


35/48

$+nd ; "e p-$i#e +" #$+d e -ee "$ !c" +ne""e-ed ; i", "!" "e C$+-" *$+d -e+#e "$

en$-ce "e p-$i#e !!in#" "e $e-nen". Te C$+-" *$+d n$" !c" $n "e e-e ip#e dii"

$ "e $e-nen", $- i" i# "e C$+-" *ic !# "$ decide !nd n$" "e $e-nen" *e"e-

"e $e-nen" #$+d e ed eep" -$ i!ii";. Ti# i# "e e##ence $ "e -+e $ !*.

Te +-den *$+d e +p$n "e $e-nen" "$ #$* "!" "e p+ic in"e-e#" in "e

$e-nen" !c"in $"e-*i#e "!n in !cc$-d!nce *i" "e p-$i#e i# #$ $e-*ein "!" i"

*$+d e ineF+i"!e "$ $d "e $e-nen" $+nd ; "e p-$i#e !nd "e C$+-" *$+d

in#i#" $n ! i; -i$-$+# #"!nd!-d $ p-$$ in "e di#c!-e $ "i# +-den. '+" een *e-e

"e-e i# n$ #+c $e--idin p+ic in"e-e#", i" !; #"i e c$pe"en" "$ "e $e-nen" "$

-e#ie -$ "e p-$i#e $n iin -e!#$n!e n$"ice *ic need n$" e ! $-! n$"ice,

iin "e p-$i#e ! -e!#$n!e $pp$-"+ni"; $ -e#+in i# p$#i"i$n p-$ided $ c$+-#e i" i#

p$##ie $- "e p-$i#e "$ -e#"$-e #"!"+# F+$ !n"e. I $*ee-, "e p-$i#e c!nn$" -e#+e i#

p$#i"i$n, "e p-$i#e *$+d ec$e in! !nd i--e$c!e. ide >!n+e A;$deHi AH!;i v.

'-i#c$e [1964] 3 A. >.R. ??6

38. Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!# !#$ ed !ppic!e !!in#" ! p+ic !+"$-i";

ie ! @+nicip! C$+nci in Cen"+-; Spinnin B @!n+!c"+-in C$. ="d. !nd An-. v. Te

!#+!!- @+nicip! C$+nci !nd An-. @A&JSCJ0397J1970 : [1970]3SCR8?4 .

Te F+e#"i$n *ic !-$#e in "i# c!#e *!# *e"e- "e !# &!!- @+nicip! C$+nci c$+d

e c$peed "$ c!--; $+" ! p-$i#e !de ; i"# p-edece##$- +nicip!i"; "!" "e !c"$-ie# in

"e ind+#"-i! !-e! *i"in i"# H+-i#dic"i$n *$+d e eep" -$ p!;en" $ $c"-$i $- #een

;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $ "e e;. Te !ppe!n" c$p!n;, in "e eie ind+ced ; "e !##+-!nce

!nd +nde-"!in ien ; "e p-edece##$- +nicip!i"; "!" i"# !c"$-; *$+d e eep" -$

$c"-$i $- ! pe-i$d $ #een ;e!-#, ep!nded i"# !c"ii"ie#, +" *en "e +nicip! c$+nci

c!e in"$ ein !nd "$$ $e- "e !dini#"-!"i$n $ "e $-e- +nicip!i";, i" #$+" "$ e;

$c"-$i d+"; $n "e !ppe!n"c$p!n;. Te !ppe!n" c$p!n; "e-e+p$n ied ! *-i" pe"i"i$n

+nde- A-"ice 226 $ "e C$n#"i"+"i$n in "e i C$+-" $ '$!; "$ -e#"-!in "e +nicip!

c$+nci -$ en$-cin "e e; $ $c"-$i d+"; in -e!c $ "e p-$i#e !de ; "e

p-edece##$- +nicip!i";. Te i C$+-" di#i##ed "e pe"i"i$n in iine +", $n !ppe!, "i#

C$+-" "$$ "e ie* "!" "i# *!# ! c!#e *ic -eF+i-ed c$n#ide-!"i$n !nd #$+d !e een

!di""ed ; "e i C$+-". S!, /., #pe!in $n e! $ "e C$+-", p$in"ed $+":

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%+ic $die# !-e !# +c $+nd !# p-i!"e indiid+!# "$ c!--; $+" -ep-e#en"!"i$n# $ !c"#

!nd p-$i#e# !de ; "e, -e;in $n *ic $"e- pe-#$n# !e !"e-ed "ei- p$#i"i$n "$

"ei- p-eH+dice. Te $i!"i$n !-i#in !!in#" !n indiid+! $+" $ i# -ep-e#en"!"i$n

!$+n"in "$ ! p-$i#e !; e en$-ced e c$n"-!c"+ ; ! pe-#$n *$ !c"# +p$n "e

p-$i#e: *en "e !* -eF+i-e# "!" ! c$n"-!c" en$-ce!e !" !* !!in#" ! p+ic $d; #!

e in ce-"!in $- $- e eec+"ed in "e !nne- p-e#c-ied ; #"!"+"e, "e $i!"i$n !; e i

"e c$n"-!c" e n$" in "!" $- e en$-ced !!in#" i" in !pp-$p-i!"e c!#e# in eF+i";.

39. Te e!-ned /+de "en -ee--ed "$ "e deci#i$n in "e Ind$A!n Aencie# c!#e !nd

$#e-ed "!" in "!" c!#e i" *!# !id d$*n ; "i# C$+-" "!" "e $e-nen" i# n$" eep"

-$ "e eF+i"; !-i#in $+" $ "e !c"# d$ne ; ci"ien# "$ "ei- p-eH+dice -e;in +p$n "e

-ep-e#en"!"i$n# !# "$ i"# +"+-e c$nd+c" !de ; "e $e-nen". I" *!# !#$ p$in"ed $+" ;

"e e!-ned /+de "!" in "e Ind$A!n Aencie# c!#e "i# C$+-" !pp-$ed $ "e

$#e-!"i$n# !de ; Dennin, /. in R$e-"#$n v. @ini#"e- $ %en#i$n# (#+p-!) -eHec"in "e

d$c"-ine $ eec+"ie nece##i"; !nd ed "e "$ e !ppic!e in Indi!. Te e!-ned /+de

c$nc+ded ; #!;in in *$-d# p-en!n" in "e $pe !nd e!nin $- de$c-!c;:

I $+- n!#cen" de$c-!c; i# "$ "-ie die-en" #"!nd!-d# $ c$nd+c" $- "e pe$pe !nd "e

p+ic $die# c!nn$" $-din!-i; e pe-i""ed. A p+ic $d; i#, in $+- H+den", n$" eep"

-$ i!ii"; "$ c!--; $+" i"# $i!"i$n !-i#in $+" $ -ep-e#en"!"i$n# !de ; i" -e;in +p$n

*ic ! ci"ien !# !"e-ed i# p$#i"i$n "$ i# p-eH+dice.

40. Ti# C$+-" -e+#ed "$ !e ! di#"inc"i$n e"*een ! p-i!"e indiid+! !nd ! p+ic $d;

#$ !- !# "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i# c$nce-ned.

41. e "en c$e "$ !n$"e- ip$-"!n" deci#i$n $ "i# C$+-" in T+-ne- @$--i#$n B C$,

="d. v. +ne- $-d Ine#"en" T-+#" ="d. @A&JSCJ0028J1972 :

[1972]8?ITR607(SC) *e-e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!# $nce !!in !i-ed ;

"i# C$+-". ede, /, #pe!in $n e! $ "e C$+-", p$in"ed $+": >#"$ppe i# ! -+e $

eF+i";. T!" -+e !# !ined ne* dien#i$n# in -ecen" ;e!-#. A ne* c!## $ e#"$ppe i.e.

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !# c$e "$ e -ec$ni#ed ; "e c$+-"# in "i# C$+n"-; !# *e !# in

>n!nd. Te + ipic!"i$n $


37/48

deci#i$n# +nd$+"ed; !d!nced "e c!+#e $ H+#"ice !nd ence *e !e n$ e#i"!"i$n in

!ccep"in i".

42. e +#" !#$ -ee- "$ "e deci#i$n $ "i# C$+-" in @. R!!i"! %i!i v. Te State $

Ee-!! !nd An-. @A&JSCJ0048J1973 : (1973)II==/409SC ec!+#e "!" *!# !

deci#i$n #"-$n; -eied +p$n $n e! $ "e State $- ne!"iin "e !ppic!ii"; $ "e

d$c"-ine $ e#"$ppe !!in#" "e $e-nen". Ti# *!# ! c!#e *e-e "e !ppe!n" *!#

!pp$in"ed "$ ! "ep$-!-; p$#" !nd $n "e p$#" ein !$i#ed, "e #e-ice $ "e !ppe!n"

*!# "e-in!"ed. Te !ppe!n" c!ened "e !idi"; $ "e-in!"i$n $ #e-ice, in"e- !i!, $n

"e -$+nd "!" "e $e-nen" *!# p-ec+ded -$ !$i#in "e p$#" !nd "e-in!"in "e

#e-ice $n "e p-incipe $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. Ti# -$+nd !#ed $n "e d$c"-ine $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *!# ne!"ied !nd i" *!# p$in"ed $+" ; "e C$+-" "!" "e !ppe!n"

ne* "!" "e p$#" *!# "ep$-!-;, #+e#"in ce!-; "!" "e !ppe!n" c$+d n$" p$##i; e

ed in"$ "e eie "!" "e p$#" *$+d n$" e !$i#ed. I "e p$#" *!# "ep$-!-; "$ "e

n$*ede $ "e !ppe!n" i" i# $i$+# "!" "e !ppe!n" ne* "!" "e p$#" *$+d e i!e

"$ e !$i#ed !" !n; "ie !nd i "!" e #$, "e-e c$+d e n$ !c"+! !#i# $- in$in "e

d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe $- "e p+-p$#e $ p-ec+din "e $e-nen" -$

!$i#in "e p$#". Ti# ie* "!en ; "e C$+-" *!# #+icien" "$ di#p$#e $ "e c$n"en"i$n

!#ed $n p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !nd i" *!# n$" nece##!-; "$ #!; !n;"in $-e !$+" i", +" "e

C$+-" p-$ceeded "$ ci"e ! p!##!e -$ Ae-ic!n /+-i#p-+dence, $. 28 (2d) !" 783,

p!-!-!p 123 !nd $#e-ed "!" "e i C$+-" -i"; ed "!" "e c$+-"# ec+de "e

$pe-!"i$n $ "e d$c"-ine $ e#"$ppe, *en i" i# $+nd "!" "e !+"$-i"; !!in#" *$

e#"$ppe i# pe!ded !# $*ed ! d+"; "$ "e p+ic !!in#" *$ "e e#"$ppe c!nn$" !i-;

$pe-!"e. I" *!# "i# $#e-!"i$n *ic *!# e!i; -eied +p$n $n e! $ "e State +" *e

!i "$ #ee $* i" c!n !##i#" "e c$n"en"i$n $ "e State. In "e i-#" p!ce, "i# $#e-!"i$n *!#

ce!-; $i"e-, #ince, !# p$in"ed $+" ; +#, "e-e *!# $n "e !c"# $ "e p-e#en" c!#e n$ #c$pe

$- "e !ppic!ii"; $ "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. Sec$nd;, "i# $#e-!"i$n *!#

!#ed +p$n ! F+$"!"i$n -$ "e p!##!e in p!-!-!p 123 !" p!e 783 $ $+e 28 $

Ae-ic!n /+-i#p-+dence (2 d), +" +n$-"+n!"e; "i# F+$"!"i$n *!# inc$pe"e !nd i"

$e-$$ed, pe-!p# in!de-"en"; , "e $$*in "*$ ip$-"!n" #en"ence# !" "e

c$enceen" $ "e p!-!-!p *ic ce!-; #$* "!" een in "e ni"ed State! "e

d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i# !ppied !!in#" "eState *en H+#"iied ; "e !c"#:

http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0048/1973','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0048/1973','1');


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Te-e i# c$n#ide-!e di#p+"e !# "$ "e !ppic!"i$n $ e#"$ppe *i" -e#pec" "$ "e State. ie

i" i# #!id "!" equitable estoppel will be invoked against the State when justified by the facts,

ce!-; "e d$c"-ine $ e#"$ppe #$+d n$" e i"; in$ed !!in#" "e State.

(ep!#i# #+ppied)

43. >en "e "-+nc!"ed p!##!e F+$"ed ; "e C$+-" -ec$ni#ed in "e !#" #en"ence "!"

"$+, !# ! ene-! -+e, "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe *$+d n$" e !ppied !!in#"

"e State in i"# $e-nen"!, p+ic $- #$e-ein c!p!ci";, "e C$+-" *$+d +ne#i"!"in;

!$* "e d$c"-ine "$ e in$ed in c!#e# *e-e i" i# nece##!-; in $-de- "$ p-een" -!+d $-

!nie#" inH+#"ice. Ti# p!##!e e!e# n$ d$+" "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

!; e !ppied !!in#" "eState een in i"# $e-nen"!, p+ic $- #$e-ein c!p!ci"; *e-e

i" i# nece##!-; "$ p-een" -!+d $- !nie#" inH+#"ice. I" i# diic+" "$ i!ine "!" "e C$+-"

ci"in "i# p!##!e *i" !pp-$! c$+d !e p$##i; in"ended "$ !; d$*n "!" in n$ c!#e c!n

"e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe e in$ed !!in#" "e $e-nen". =!#";, ! p-$pe-

-e!din $ "e $#e-!"i$n $ "e C$+-" ce!-; #$*# "!" *!" "e C$+-" in"ended "$ #!; *!#

"!" *e-e "e $e-nen" $*e# ! d+"; "$ "e p+ic "$ !c" die-en";, p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

c!nn$" e in$ed "$ p-een" "e $e-nen" -$ d$in #$. Ti# p-$p$#i"i$n i#

+necep"i$n!e, ec!+#e *e-e "e $e-nen" $*e# ! d+"; "$ "e p+ic "$ !c" in !

p!-"ic+!- !nne-, !nd e-e $i$+#; d+"; e!n# ! c$+-#e $ c$nd+c" enH$ined ; !*, "e

d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$" e in$ed $- p-een"in "e $e-nen" -$

!c"in in di#c!-e $ i"# d+"; +nde- "e !*. Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$" e

!ppied in "ee" $ !n $i!"i$n $- i!ii"; ip$#ed ; !*.

44. e !; "en -ee- "$ "e deci#i$n $ "i# C$+-" in A##i#"!n" C+#"$di!n v. '-iH Ei#$-e

A!-*!! !nd O-#. : [197?]2SCR3?9 I" i# n$" nece##!-; "$ -ep-$d+ce "e !c"# $ "i# c!#e,

ec!+#e "e $n; p+-p$#e $- *ic "i# deci#i$n *!# -eied +p$n $n e! $ "e State *!#

"$ #$* "!" "e ie* "!en ; "e $+#e $ =$-d# in $*e v. 5!$+" '$!" C$n#"-+c"i$n

C$. ="d. (S+p-!) *!# p-ee--ed ; "i# C$+-" "$ "!" "!en ; =$-d Dennin in R$e-"#$n v.

@ini#"e- $ %en#i$n (#+p-!). I" i# "-+e "!" in "i# c!#e "e C$+-" ep-e##ed "e $pini$n "!"

"e ie* "!en ; "e $+#e $ =$-d# i# "e c$--ec" $ne !nd n$" "e $ne "!en ; =$-d

Dennin +" *e !i "$ #ee $* "!" c!n p$##i; ep "e !-+en" $ "e State. Te $+#e

$ =$-d# did n$" in $*e


39/48

#"!"+"$-; p-$ii"i$n. Te d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe c!nn$" e !!ied "$ pe-i" $-

c$nd$ne ! -e!c $ "e !*. Te -!"i$ $ "e deci#i$n *!# #+ccinc"; p+" ; =$-d &$-!nd

*en e #!idnei"e- ! ini#"e- n$- !n; #+$-din!"e $ice- $ "e C-$*n c!n ; !n; c$nd+c"

$- -ep-e#en"!"i$n !- "e C-$*n -$ en$-cin ! #"!"+"$-; p-$ii"i$n $- en"i"e "e #+Hec" "$

!in"!in "!" "e-e !# een n$ -e!c $ i". I" !; !#$ e n$"ed "!" p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe

c!nn$" e in$ed "$ c$pe "e $e-nen" $- een ! p-i!"e p!-"; "$ d$ !n !c" p-$ii"ed

; !*. Te-e c!n !#$ e n$ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e ee-ci#e $ ei#!"ie p$*e-.

Te =ei#!"+-e c!n nee- e p-ec+ded -$ ee-ci#in i"# ei#!"ie +nc"i$n ; -e#$-" "$

"e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. ideState $ Ee-!! v. *!i$- R!;$n Si

@!n+!c"+-in C$. ="d. @A&JSCJ0068J1973 : [1974]1SCR671

4?. Te ne" deci#i$n "$ *ic *e +#" -ee- i# "!" in >ci#e C$i##i$ne-, .%.

A!!!d v. R! E+!-. @A&JSCJ01?3J1976 : 1976C-i=/920 Ti# *!# !#$ !

deci#i$n $n *ic #"-$n -ei!nce *!# p!ced $n e! $ "e State. I" i# "-+e "!", in "i#

c!#e, "e C$+-" $#e-ed "!" i" i# n$* *e #e""ed ; ! c!"en! $ deci#i$n# "!" "e-e c!n e

n$ F+e#"i$n $ e#"$ppe !!in#" "e $e-nen" in "e ee-ci#e $ i"# ei#!"ie, #$e-ein $-

eec+"ie p$*e-#, +" $- -e!#$n# *ic *e #! p-e#en"; !tate, *e d$ n$" "in "i#

$#e-!"i$n c!n pe-#+!de +# "$ "!e ! die-en" ie* $ "e !* "!n "!" en+nci!"ed in "e

Ind$A!n Aencie#< c!#e. In "e i-#" p!ce, i" i# ce!- "!" in "i# c!#e "e-e *!# !c"+!;

n$ $+nd!"i$n $- in$in "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. en "e State !+c"i$ned "e

icence $- -e"!i #!e $ c$+n"-; iF+$- !nd "e -e#p$nden"# ein "e ie#" idde-# *e-e

-!n"ed #+c icence, "e-e *!# in $-ce ! &$"iic!"i$n d!"ed 6" Ap-i, 19?9, i##+ed +nde-

Sec"i$n 4 $ "e .%. S!e# T! Ac", 1948, eep"in #!e $ c$+n"-; iF+$- -$ p!;en" $#!e# "!. &$ !nn$+nceen" *!# !de !" "e "ie $ "e !+c"i$n *e"e- "e eep"i$n -$

#!e# "! +nde- "i# &$"iic!"i$n d!"ed 6" Ap-i, 19?9 *!# $- *!# n$" ie; "$ e *i"d-!*n.

$*ee-, $n "e d!; $$*in "e c$enceen" $ "e icence -!n"ed "$ "e -e#p$nden"#,

"e $e-nen" $ .%. i##+ed ! &$"iic!"i$n d!"ed 2nd Ap-i, 1969 #+pe-#edin "e e!-ie-

&$"iic!"i$n d!"ed 6" Ap-i, 19?9 !nd ip$#in #!e# "! $n "e "+-n$e- in -e#pec" $

c$+n"-; #pi-i" *i" iedi!"e eec". Ti# n$"iic!"i$n d!"ed 2nd Ap-i, 1969 *!# c!ened

; "e -e#p$nden"# ; iin ! *-i" pe"i"i$n !nd !$n#" "e #ee-! -$+nd# $ c!ene

"!en in "e *-i" pe"i"i$n, $ne *!# "!" #ince "e State$e-nen" did n$" !nn$+nce !" "e

http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0068/1973','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0068/1973','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0068/1973','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0153/1976','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0068/1973','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0068/1973','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/citation/crosscitations.asp','MANU/SC/0153/1976','1');


40/48

"ie $ "e !$-e#!id !+c"i$n "!" "e &$"iic!"i$nd!"ed 6" Ap-i, 19?9 *!# ie; "$ e

*i"d-!*n !nd "e #!e# $ c$+n"-; iF+$- *e-e ie; "$ e #+Hec"ed "$ "e e; $ #!e# "!

d+-in "e eci#e ;e!- !nd in -ep; "$ "e F+e-; !de ; "e !" "e "ie $ "e !+c"i$n "e;

*e-e "$d ; "e !+"$-i"ie# "!" "e-e *!# n$ #!e# "! $n "e #!e $ c$+n"-; iF+$-, "e

!ppe!n"# e-ein *e-e e#"$pped -$ !in "e de!nd in -e#pec" $ #!e# "! !nd

-ec$e-in "e #!e -$ "e. I" *!# in "e c$n"e" $ "i# -$+nd $ c!ene "!" "e

C$+-" c!e "$ !e "e $#e-!"i$n -eied +p$n $n e! $ "eState. &$*, i" i# ce!- "!",

een "!in "e c!#e $ "e -e#p$nden"# !" i"# ie#", "e-e *!# n$ -ep-e#en"!"i$n $- p-$i#e

!de ; "e $e-nen" "!" "e; *$+d c$n"in+e "e eep"i$n -$ #!e# "! -!n"ed

+nde- "e &$"iic!"i$n d!"ed 6" Ap-i, 19?9 !nd *$+d n$" *i"d-!* i", !nd "e &$"iic!"i$n

d!"ed 2nd Ap-i, 1969 c$+d n$", "e-e$-e, e !##!ied !# ein in -e!c $ !n; #+c

-ep-e#en"!"i$n $- p-$i#e. Te-e *!# !cc$-din;, n$ !c"+! !#i# $- !in $$d "e pe!

$ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !nd "e $#e-!"i$n !de ; "e c$+-" in -e!-d "$ "e !ppic!ii"; $

"e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !!in#" "e $e-nen" *!# ce!- $i"e-. T!" pe-!p#

*!# "e -e!#$n *; "e C$+-" did n$" c$n#ide- i" nece##!-; "$ -ee- "$ "e e!-ie- deci#i$n# in

Cen"+-; Spinnin B !n+!c"+-in C$.


41/48

n+e-$+# c!#e# in "e ni"ed State! *e-e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !# een

!ppied !!in#" "e $e-nen" in "e ee-ci#e $ i"# $e-nen"!, p+ic $- eec+"ie

p$*e-#. Te C$+-" "en -eied +p$n "e deci#i$n in "e *!i$- R!;$n Si @!n+!c"+-in

C$.


42/48

46. e !; "en -ee- "$ "e deci#i$n $ "i# C$+-" in 'i!- >!#"e-n !ne"ic 5i#e-en C$

$pe-!"ie S$cie"; ="d. v. Sip!i Sin !nd O-#. @A&JSCJ0060J1977 :

[1978]1SCR37? . I" *!# ed in "i# c!#e in p!-!-!p 12 $ "e H+den" "!" "e -e#p$nden"

c$+d n$" in$e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe ec!+#e e *!# +n!e "$ #$* "!",

-e;in $n "e -ep-e#en"!"i$n $ "e $e-nen", e !d !"e-ed i# p$#i"i$n ; ine#"in

$ne;# !nd "e !e!"i$n# !de ; i in "!" e! *e-e +c "$$ !+e !nd ene-!

!nd "e-e *!# !cc$-din; n$ !c"+! $+nd!"i$n $- e#"!i#in "e pe! $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe. On "i# ie*, i" *!# +nnece##!-; "$ c$n#ide- *e"e- "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-;

e#"$ppe *!# !ppic!e !!in#" "e $e-nen", +" "e C$+-" p-$ceeded "$ -ei"e-!"e, *i"$+"

!n; +-"e- di#c+##i$n, "e $#e-!"i$n in R! E+!-


43/48

@!n+!c"+-in C$


44/48

#!e# $ !n!#p!"i eec"ed ; i" in ""!- %-!de# $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $

c$enceen" $ "e p-$d+c"i$n.

49. Te State, $*ee-, c$n"ended "!" "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe !d n$

!ppic!"i$n in "e p-e#en" c!#e ec!+#e "e !ppe!n" did n$" #+e- !n; de"-ien" ; !c"in $n

"e -ep-e#en"!"i$n !de ; "e $e-nen": "e !n!#p!"i !c"$-; #e" up ; "e !ppe!n" *!#

F+i"e ! p-$i"!e c$nce-n !nd "e-e *!# n$ p-eH+dice c!+#ed "$ "e !ppe!n". Ti# c$n"en"i$n

$ "e State i# ce!-; +n#+#"!in!e !nd +#" e -eHec"ed. e d$ n$" "in i" i# nece##!-;, in

$-de- "$ !""-!c" "e !ppic!ii"; $ "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe, "!" "e p-$i#e

!c"in in -ei!nce $ "e p-$i#e, #$+d #+e- !n; de"-ien". !" i# nece##!-; i# $n; "!"

"e p-$i#e# #$+d !e !"e-ed i# p$#i"i$n in -ei!nce $n "e p-$i#e. Ti# p$#i"i$n *!#

ipied; !ccep"ed ; Dennin, /., in "e i T-ee#< c!#e *en "e e!-ned /+de p$in"ed

$+" "!" "e p-$i#e +#" e $ne *ic *!# in"ended "$ c-e!"e e! -e!"i$n# !nd *ic, "$

"e n$*ede $ "e pe-#$n !in "e p-$i#e, *!# $in "$ e !c"ed $n ; "e pe-#$n "$

*$ i" *!# !de !nd which was in fact acted an (ep!#i# #+ppied). I ! p-$i#e i#

!c"ed $n, #+c !c"i$n, in !* !# in p;#ic#, +#" nece##!-i; -e#+" in !n !"e-!"i$n $

p$#i"i$n. Ti# *!# !!in -ei"e-!"ed ; =$-d Dennin in ./. A!n B C$. ="d. . >. &!#-

>p$-" !nd Ip$-" C$. [1972] 2 A 127 *e-e "e e!-ned =!* =$-d !de i" ce!- "!"

!"e-!"i$n $ p$#i"i$n $n; e!n# "!" e ("e p-$i#e) +#" !e een ed "$ !c" die-en";-$ *!" e *$+d $"e-*i#e !e d$ne. And i ;$+ #"+d; "e c!#e# in *ic "e d$c"-ine

!# een !ppied, ;$+ *i #ee "!" ! "!" i# -eF+i-ed i# "!" "e $ne #$+d !e !c"ed $n "e

eie ind+ced ; "e $"e- p!-";. i#c$+n" Si$nd# !#$ $#e-ed in T$$ @e"!

@!n+!c"+-in C$. ="d. v. T+n#"en >ec"-ic C$. ="d. [19??] 2 A >.R. 6?7 "!" "e i#" $

"e eF+i"; ie# in "e !c" "!" $ne p!-"; !# ; i# c$nd+c" ed "e $"e- "$ !"e- i# p$#i"i$n.

Te H+den" $ =$-d T+ce- in "e #!e c!#e *$+d e $+nd "$ depend ie*i#e $n !

+nd!en"! indin $ !"e-!"i$n $ p$#i"i$n, !nd "e #!e !; e #!id $ "!" $ =$-d

C$e. Ten !!in in >!n+e A$deHi v. '-i#c$e (#+p-!) =$-d $d#$n #!id: Ti# eF+i";

i# $*ee-, #+Hec" "$ "e F+!iic!"i$n (1) "!" "e $"e- p!-"; !# !"e-ed i# p$#i"i$n. Te

#!e -eF+i-een" *!# !#$ ep!#i#ed ; =$-d Dip$c in E!in# '!-$$# ="d. v.

eni" Ine#"en"# (T$-F+!;) ="d. [1970] 2A11 >.R. 871 !" i# nece##!-;, "e-e$-e, i# n$

$-e "!n "!" "e-e #$+d e !"e-!"i$n $ p$#i"i$n $n "e p!-" $ "e p-$i#e. Te !"e-!"i$n

$ p$#i"i$n need n$" in$e !n; de"-ien" "$ "e p-$i#e#. I de"-ien" *e-e ! nece##!-;

eeen", "e-e *$+d e n$ need $- "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe ec!+#e in "!"

een", in F+i"e ! e* c!#e#, "e de"-ien" *$+d $- "e c$n#ide-!"i$n !nd "e p-$i#e c$+d


45/48

e indin !# ! c$n"-!c". Te-e i# in !c" n$" ! #ine c!#e in >n!nd *e-e de"-ien" i#

in#i#"ed +p$n !# ! nece##!-; in-edien" $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe. In !c", in ./. A!n !nd C$.

="d. v. > &!#!- >p$-" !nd Ip$-" C$. (#+p-!), =$-d Dennin ep-e##; -eHec"ed de"-ien" !#

!n e##en"i! in-edien" $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe, #!;in:

A #ee- !; !ccep" ! e## #+ $- i# $$d# "!n "e c$n"-!c"ed p-ice, "+# ind+cin (i#

+;e-) "$ eiee "!" e *i n$" en$-ce p!;en" $ "e !!nce #ee Cen"-! =$nd$n

%-$pe-"; T-+#" ="d. v. i T-ee# $+#e ="d. !nd D. B C. '+ide-# ="d. v. Ree# 19?6] 3 A

>.R. 837. In n$ne $ "e#e c!#e# d$e# "e p!-"; *$ !c"# $n "e eie #+e- !n; de"-ien". I"

i# n$" ! de"-ien", +" ! enei" "$ i "$ !e !n e"en#i$n $ "ie $- "$ p!; e##, $- !# "e

c!#e !; e. &ee-"ee##, e !# c$nd+c"ed i# !!i-# $n "e !#i# "!" e !# !d "!"

enei" !nd i" *$+d n$" e eF+i"!e n$* "$ dep-ie i $ i".

?0. e d$ n$" "in "!" in $-de- "$ in$e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i" i# nece##!-;

$- "e p-$i#e "$ #$* "!" e #+e-ed de"-ien" !# ! -e#+" $ !c"in in -ei!nce $n "e

p-$i#e. '+" *e !; !e i" ce!- "!" i ; de"-ien" *e e!n inH+#"ice "$ "e p-$i#e

*ic c$+d -e#+" i "e p-$i#$- *e-e "$ -ecede -$ i# p-$i#e "en de"-ien" *$+d

ce-"!in; c$e in !# ! nece##!-; in-edien". Te de"-ien" in #+c ! c!#e i# n$" #$e

p-eH+dice #+e-ed ; "e p-$i#e ; !c"in $n "e p-$i#e, +" "e p-eH+dice *ic *$+d e

c!+#ed "$ "e p-$i#e, i "e p-$i#$- *e-e !$*ed "$ $ !c $n "e p-$i#e. Te c!##ic

ep$#i"i$n $ de"-ien" in "i# #en#e i# "$ e $+nd in "e $$*in p!##!e# -$ "e

H+den" $ Di$n, / in "e A+#"-!i!n c!#e $ -+nd" v. Te -e!" '$+de- %";. $d @ine#

="d. [1938] ?9 C.=.R. 641:

I" i# $"en #!id #ip; "!" "e p!-"; !##e-"in "e e#"$ppe +#" !e een ind+ced "$ !c" "$

i# de"-ien". A"$+ #+#"!n"i!; #+c ! #"!"een" i# c$--ec" !nd e!d# "$ n$

i#+nde-#"!ndin, i" d$e# n$" -in $+" ce!-; "e !#! p+-p$#e $ "e d$c"-ine. T!"

p+-p$#e i# "$ !$id $- p-een" ! de"-ien" "$ "e p!-"; !##e-"in "e e#"$ppe ; c$pein

"e $pp$#i"e p!-"; "$ !de-e "$ "e !##+p"i$n +p$n *ic "e $-e- !c"ed $- !#"!ined -$

!c"in. Ti# e!n# "!" "e -e! de"-ien" $- !- -$ *ic "e !* #ee# "$ ie

p-$"ec"i$n i# "!" *ic *$+d $* -$ "e c!ne $ p$#i"i$n i "e !##+p"i$n *e-e

de#e-"ed "!" ed "$ i". S$ $n !# "e !##+p"i$n i# !de-ed "$, "e p!-"; *$ !"e-ed i#

#i"+!"i$n +p$n "e !i" $ i" c!nn$" c$p!in. i# c$p!in" i# "!" *en !"e-*!-d# "e $"e-

p!-"; !e# ! die-en" !tate $ !!i-# "e !#i# $ !n !##e-"i$n $ -i" !!in#" i "en, i i"

i# !$*ed, i# $*n $-iin! c!ne $ p$#i"i$n *i $pe-!"e !# ! de"-ien". i# !c"i$n $-


46/48

in!c"i$n +#" e #+c "!", i "e !##+p"i$n +p$n *ic e p-$ceeded *e-e #$*n "$ e

*-$n, !nd !n inc$n#i#"en" !tate $ !!i-# *e-e !ccep"ed !# "e $+nd!"i$n $ "e -i"# !nd

d+"ie# $ i#e !nd "e $pp$#i"e p!-";, "e c$n#eF+ence *$+d e "$ !e i# $-iin! !c" $-

!i+-e "$ !c" ! #$+-ce $ p-eH+dice.

?1. I "i# i# "e ind $ de"-ien" c$n"ep!"ed, i" *$+d nece##!-i; e p-e#en" in ee-; c!#e

$ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe ec!+#e i" i# $n !cc$+n" $ #+c de"-ien" *ic "e p-$i#e *$+d

#+e- i "e p-$i#$- *e-e "$ !c" die-en"; -$ i# p-$i#e, "!" "e C$+-" *$+d c$n#ide-

i" ineF+i"!e "$ !$* "e p-$i#$- "$ $ !c +p$n i# p-$i#e. I" *$+d, "e-e$-e, e

c$--ec" "$ #!; "!" in $-de- "$ in$e "e d$c"-ine $ p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe i" i# en$+ "$ #$*

"!" "e p-$i#e !# !c"in in -ei!nce $ "e p-$i#e, !"e-ed i# p$#i"i$n !nd i" i# n$"

nece##!-; $- i "$ +-"e- #$* "!" e !# !c"ed "$ i# de"-ien" e-e, "e !ppe!n"

ce!-; !"e-ed i"# p$#i"i$n ; $--$*in $ne;# -$ !-i$+# in!nci! in#"i"+"i$n#,

p+-c!#in p!n" !nd !cine-; -$ @J#. De Se" (Indi!) %". ="d., '$!; !nd

#e""in up ! !n!#p!"i p!n", in "e eie ind+ced ; "e -ep-e#en"!"i$n $ "e $e-nen"

"!" #!e# "! eep"i$n *$+d e -!n"ed $- ! pe-i$d $ "-ee ;e!-# -$ "e d!"e $

c$enceen" $ "e p-$d+c"i$n. Te $e-nen" *!#, "e-e$-e $+nd $n "e p-incipe $

p-$i##$-; e#"$ppe "$ !e $$d "e -ep-e#en"!"i$n !de ; i". O c$+-#e, i" !; e p$in"ed

$+" "!" i "e .%. S!e# T! Ac", 1948 did n$" c$n"!in ! p-$i#i$n en!in "e $e-nen""$ -!n" eep"i$n, i" *$+d n$" e p$##ie "$ en$-ce "e -ep-e#en"!"i$n !!in#" "e

$e-nen" ec!+#e "e $e-nen" c!nn$" e c$peed "$ !c" c$n"-!-; "$ "e #"!"+"e,

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