Moving Permian Basin Technology to the Gulf Coast: The Distribution of CO 2 EOR Potential in Gulf Coast Reservoirs Mark H. Holtz, Vanessa Núñez López,

Moving Permian Basin Technology to the Gulf Coast:The Distribution of CO2 EOR Potential in Gulf Coast

Reservoirs

Mark H. Holtz, Vanessa Núñez López, and Caroline L. Breton, Derik Woods, Shrivatsan Lakashminisharihan

Development of a CO2 Market in the Gulf Coast

Outline

• Technical inputs for market study Residual oil saturation “is there a target” CO2 EOR Recovery “ can we get it”

Summary of published literature BEG simulation studies, Dimensionless quick look screening model

and full 3D

• Delineating the market Development database Devised a screening scheme Determined algorithms for calculating EOR resource potential

and CO2 Storage• Market development:

– First contact with Gulf Coast oil operators • Summary

Bureau of Economic Geology

Residency of CO2 in an EOR Flood

CO2 dissolved in water

CO2 dissolved in residual oil

CO2 as separate residual phase

CO2

CO2 dissolved in produced oil

Rock Grain

Rock Grain

Rock Grain

Formation of Residual Saturation

• Moore and Slobod, 1956– Pore Doublet model

Capillary force holds nonwetting phase in larger pore

Formation of Residual Saturation

• Oh and Slattery, 1976– Snap-off model

Capillary force cause nonwetting phase to snap-off into pore

Aspect ratio =Pore radius

Pore throat radius

Reported Residual Oil Saturation in Gulf Coast CO2 EOR Pilots

Reservoir

Quarantine Bay

Timbalier Bay

Weeks Island

Port Neches

Little Creek

Bay St. Elaine

Paradis

Residual oil to water (fraction)

0.38

0.29

0.22

0.3

0.21

0.1 to 0.4

0.26


Development of a Non-wetting Phase Saturation Prediction Method

y = -0.3136Ln(x) - 0.1334

R2 = 0.8536

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6Porosity (fraction)

Res

idu

al n

on

-we

ttin

g p

ha

se s

atu

rati

on

(fr

acti

on

)

Gas Residual saturation to water (fraction)

Frio Barrier bar

Log. (Gas Residual saturation to water(fraction))

N = 143

Frio (Port Neches field)


Recovery Efficiencies of Gulf Coast Sandstone CO2 EOR Pilots

Company Reservoir Flood type

Recovery factor (%

of OOIP)

Texaco Paradis Miscible Gravity Stable 15

Gulf/Chevron Quarantine Bay WAG 17

Chevron Timbalier Bay Gravity stable 23

Shell Weeks Island S Reservoir Gravity stable 15

Denbury Little Creek Miscible CO2 17


Outline



and full 3D





GCCC Simulation Studies

Quick Look Dimensionless Recovery Model

GEM Simulator – 2D model


Innovative method for increasing reliability of CO2 usage and CO2 EOR volumetrics honoring reservoir dataDerek Woods, GCCC student and Dr. Larry Lake, UT PE

Simulation Groups from Varying Reservoir Parameters

LL kzH kx

R

o okrg ookro g

M

o

okrw ookro w

M

tanL

HN coso

gH g

PN

oiSorwS orgS

/pD pP P MMP/

injD injP P MMP


Simulation Results Predict Oil Recovery per Volume CO2 Injected

Results with New Groups

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

tD

Frac

tion

OO

IP R

ecov

ered


Pore volumes of CO2 injected,

GCCC Reservoir Simulation• Gillock Frio example• Frio barrier strandplain sandstone, strucuraly

complex• Research questions

– how much CO2 for a two well test? What is the total volume recoverable and CO2 use for this field?


Outline



and full 3D





MethodologyData Development

• Sources of Data Texas: Atlas of Major Texas Oil Reservoirs, Atlas of

Major Texas Gas Reservoirs, Railroad Commission of Texas, others

Louisiana : TORIS database, Louisiana Geological Survey

Alabama and Mississippi : Alabama Geologic Survey as a part of SECARB


Decision Flow Path for Play Determination

Postdepositional Physochemical EventsPostdepositional Physochemical Events

Postdepositional diagenesisPostdepositional diagenesis

Tectonic overprintTectonic overprint

Geologic Province & Sub ProvinceGeologic Province & Sub Province

Geologic StratigraphyGeologic Stratigraphy

Depositional SystemDepositional System

Geologic Play

LithologyLithology Trap TypeTrap TypeHydrocarbon & Drive TypeHydrocarbon & Drive TypeHydrocarbon & Drive TypeHydrocarbon & Drive Type


MethodologyBureau of Economic Geology

Oil-reservoir database

Has reservoirbeen waterflooded?

Minimummiscibility pressure

(depth, temp., pressure,oil character)

Does reservoir havewater- drivemechanism?

No

Rejected

No

Rejected

No

Rejected

No

Yes

Unknown

Yes

Yes No

Candidate reservoirs

Candidate forsecondaryrecovery

Reservoir depth> 6000 ft

Cumulativeproduction> 1 MMSTB

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

DECISION TREEFOR SCREENING

CANDIDATERESERVOIRS

Screening Oil Reservoirs: Determine the Miscible CO2 EOR Candidates


3207

130 156 208

873

120 40 350

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Texas Louisiana Mississippi Alabama

Nu

mb

er o

f R

eser

voir

s

Total Reservoirs

Candidate Reservoirs

130

156

208

120

40 35

0

50

100

150

200

250

Louisiana Mississippi Alabama

Nu

mb

er o

f R

eser

voir

s

Total Reservoirs

Candidate Reservoirs

Areas with Miscible CO2 EOR Potential


Miscible CO2 EOR Resource Potential in the Gulf Coast


By State

CO2 Sequestration Capacity in Miscible Oil Reservoirs along the Gulf Coast


Oil Price Quality Correction

• West Texas Intermediate price used as a basis for comparison for Gulf Coast oil prices

• Data Base contains 5 years of monthly data with WTI prices, API gravities, and Gulf Coast operators oil prices

• Developed algorithm to calculate the oil price per reservoir in our database as a funtion of WTI and API

)54.8528.0(100

_ APIWTI

priceGulfCoast

WTIMin %95.88 WTIMax %67.99

55.3Variance


Outline



and full 3D





Market Development; Operator Contact

• WTGS presentation: Moving Permian Basin Technology to the Gulf

Coast: the Geologic Distribution of CO2 EOR Potential in Gulf Coast Reservoirs • Phone calls and email• Site visits• Seminar: Reserve Growth Potential from CO2

Enhanced Oil Recovery Along the Gulf Coast– Emailed to PTTC contact list– Flyers handed out at SPE Galveston and Midland

CO2 conferences– Posted on PTTC and BEG web sites


• Over 40 participants

• 34 companies

Summary• Technical innovations have been developed• A large potential for reserve growth lies along the Gulf

Coast through the application of CO2 miscible enhanced oil recovery.

• Results indicate that there is the potential for approximately 4.7 BSTB of addition oil reserves.

• Texas contains the greatest oil CO2 EOR potential with a target of over 3 BSTB.

• The largest resource lies in Frio Formation;– Barrier/Strandplain Sandstones,– Frio Fluvial/Deltaic Sandstones,– Frio Deep-Seated Salt Domes

• Numerous operators believe CO2 EOR could add reserves to their Gulf Coast assets.


Documents

Moving Permian Basin Technology to the Gulf Coast: The Distribution of CO 2 EOR Potential in Gulf Coast Reservoirs Mark H. Holtz, Vanessa Núñez López,