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7/23/2019 Motorist Behaviour at Rail Crossings
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AustraliasAustraliasAustraliaspremierpremierpremier
rail research centrerail research centrerail research centre
Motorist Behaviour At Railway LevelMotorist Behaviour At Railway Level
Crossings: The Present Context InCrossings: The Present Context In
AustraliaAustralia
Angela WallaceAngela Wallace
Rail Safety 200827th & 28th February
Rendezvous Hotel, Melbourne
AustraliasAustralias
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VehicleVehicle--train Collisionstrain Collisions
Account for only a small percentage of all
road trauma
Three times more likely to involve fatalitiesthan all other types of road crashes
Potential for catastrophic consequences
Motorist error strong contributing factor incollisions
Less likely to involve speed, fatigue ordrugs/alcohol
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Rationale for Research ProgramRationale for Research Program
Need for new direction in managing
risk at level crossings
No known research that has explored
issues related to specific road user
groups
Need to better understand the scopeand nature of motorist behaviour todevelop countermeasures
AustraliasAustraliasAustraliaspremierpremierpremier
rail research centrerail research centrerail research centre
Study 1Study 1
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Delphi technique
Consensus of an expert panel
List of 45 Australian experts
1st round (n=24)
2nd round (n=27)
Two rounds completed 1st round (open-ended questions)
2nd round (rating items using Likert scales)
Method: QuantitativeMethod: Quantitative
AustraliasAustralias
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Themes
Risk taking, inattention, complacency
Low expectations of trains
Engineering issues (sighting distances,
short-stacking with trucks, angles ofapproach, glare/blinding sun)
Road user groups at risk
Heavy vehicles, older drivers, youngerdrivers and rural road users
Results: DelphiResults: Delphi
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Metropolitan train drivers
All road user groups a potential problem
Some road users drive around boom gates
Trucks overhang crossing / queue anddamage closing boom gates
Freight/Regional train drivers
Trucks the major problem
Results: Focus GroupsResults: Focus Groups
AustraliasAustraliasAustraliaspremierpremierpremier
rail research centrerail research centrerail research centre
Study 2Study 2
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AustraliasAustralias
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Participants: QualitativeParticipants: Qualitative
122 participants
Older drivers (60+ yrs)
Regional (n=20)
Metropolitan (n=23)
Younger drivers (17-24 yrs)
Regional (n=28)
Metropolitan (n=25)
Heavy vehicles
(n=26)
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Results: QualitativeResults: Qualitative11
Older drivers Compensatory behaviours
Blamed other motorists for puttingthem at risk at crossings
Degenerative problems
Younger drivers Low risk perception, yet high levels of
risk taking
Poor knowledge of road rules atcrossings
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Results: QualitativeResults: Qualitative22
Heavy vehicle drivers
Risk taking by some
Blamed engineering of crossings
Blamed other motorists for putting themat risk at crossings
AustraliasAustralias
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Risk ratings of high-risk behaviours totarget intervention in Study 3 Ascertain differences between regional and
metropolitan train drivers
Ascertain differences between experts and traindrivers
47 train drivers Regional (n=22), Metropolitan (n=25)
32 experts Same list used in Delphi method (Study 1)
Method: QuantitativeMethod: Quantitative
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4.64.65
4.7
4.75
4.8
4.85
4.9
4.95
Train Drivers
(M=4.29)
Experts
(M=4.06)
Beat the train
Around boomgates
Queue overcongestedcrossings
Drive in front oftrain
Results: QuantitativeResults: Quantitative
AustraliasAustraliasAustralias premierpremierpremier
rail research centrerail research centrerail research centre
Study 3Study 3
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RecruitmentRecruitment
Heavy Vehicles Qld Trucking Association
9 companies approached
4 agreed to participate
Paper-based surveys
Incentives given for full participation
Younger Drivers (17-24 yrs) RACQ assisted (1000 letters sent)
Online surveys
Incentives given for full participation
Older Drivers (60+ yrs) RACQ assisted (1000 letters sent)
Paper-based surveys
Incentives given for full participation
AustraliasAustralias
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InstrumentsInstruments
Questionnaire (pre & post)
Demographics
Crash history
Intention and actual behaviour
Attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy
Environmental constraints
Perceived risk
Health (older)
Self-rated driving ability (older & younger)
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Intervention Mapping
Based on theory and evidence
Provides a detailed framework for interventions tooccur in a systematic and logical approach
Interventions that are appropriate, practical andacceptable
Radio message to raise awareness
90 second duration
Intervention group (level crossing safety)
Older driver control group (vision), younger drivercontrol group (wearing seatbelts)
Exposure after Time 1 questionnaire completed
InterventionIntervention11
AustraliasAustralias
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Older drivers unexpected dangers planning trips dont let others rush you
Younger drivers risk-taking, inattention
involvement of friends in crash speed of trains and stopping distances little difference in time wasted at crossings
compared to traffic intersections
Heavy vehicle drivers rare events catastrophic consequences stopping distances of vehicle short-stacking problems visibility issues
InterventionIntervention22
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Sample SizesSample Sizes
1188109Time 2
(Post-test)
45149152Time 1
(Pre-test)
HeavyVehicles
YoungerDrivers
OlderDrivers
AustraliasAustralias
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Results: Older DriversResults: Older Drivers11
Driving Ability
substantial decline in hearing
restricted range of movement in neck
increased difficulty adjusting to glare andnight-time driving
Weak correlation for driving intention
[r= .196, p < .05]
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Results: Older DriversResults: Older Drivers22
Familiarity Boom gates
DBQ significant factor (p
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Perceived Risk of CollisionPerceived Risk of Collision
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
T1 Mean
Younger
Older
Trucks
0=Not at all to 5=Very likely
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Younger DriversYounger Drivers 33
Familiarity
Boom gates
Actual driving behaviour (p
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Heavy VehiclesHeavy Vehicles 11
Environmental constraints
concerns
S bend and blinding sun
Other motorists
disregard by general motorist for truck limitations
Risk-taking
small subset prepared to run lights & admit poor
scanning habits
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Heavy VehiclesHeavy Vehicles 22
Shift-workers
more likely to take risks
Beliefs about environmental constraints (p
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Heavy VehiclesHeavy Vehicles 33
Familiarity
Boom gates
No significant results
Flashing lights
DBQ (p
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Strengths of Research ProgramStrengths of Research Program
Contribution of knowledge to developeducational countermeasures
Variety of data collection methods
Triangulation approach
Inclusion of train drivers perspective
Intervention development
Guided by theory
Groundwork for future campaigns
AustraliasAustralias
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Limitations of Research ProgramLimitations of Research Program
Self-report data
Socially desirable responding
Exploratory nature
Limits conclusions and generalizability
Limited budget
One-off intervention as opposed to a range ofinterventions for one road user group
Poor response rate
Heavy vehicle industry
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ConclusionsConclusions11
Majority of drivers report driving safely
Some drivers report taking risks and holdintention to take risks in the future
Poor knowledge about road rules generally
Familiarity and unsafe driving at crossings (allgroups)
Gained an understanding of what influencesdrivers in different road user groups
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ConclusionsConclusions22
Heavy vehicles major problem for the future How risks are managed will require major effort by
industry and transport authorities
Older drivers expected to be involved inmore collisions at passive crossings
Due to associated degenerative conditions andageing driving population
Younger drivers continual road safetyproblem Recognize their risk taking, but continue to take
risks
Output of this research Conceptualized as the ground-work information for
the development of educational interventions topromote safe crossing driving behaviour
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Industry RecommendationsIndustry Recommendations
Review the current near-miss reportingsystem
Link collision data with individual crossings
Conduct more accurate analysis of cost ofcollisions to ensure more appropriatefunding allocation
Continue investigation of advance warningsystems at crossings with large truck volumes
Continue to develop educationalinterventions for specific road user groups
Major trial of coupling enforcement with
educational countermeasures