Motor Present Ac i On

MotorProMotorProTrainingTraining

TM

Gudnar RodriguezVenezuela & Caribbean Region Manager

BASIC BASIC ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTROMAGNETISM THEORYTHEORY

Emerson Confidential

ElectromagnetismElectromagnetismElectromagnetism


..How magnetic field transmits torque?..How magnetic field transmits torque?..How magnetic field transmits torque?


ElectromagnetismElectromagnetismElectromagnetism


Alternate CurrentsAlternate CurrentsAlternate Currents

DC MOTORSDC MOTORS


Basic DC & Electromagnetism TheoryBasic DC & Electromagnetism TheoryBasic DC & Electromagnetism Theory


ArmatureArmatureArmature


Fields and InterpolesFields and Fields and InterpolesInterpoles


Brushes and HoldersBrushes and HoldersBrushes and Holders


Exploded ViewExploded ViewExploded View


Final AssemblyFinal AssemblyFinal Assembly


Shunt and Series MotorsShunt and Series MotorsShunt and Series Motors


Compound Wound MotorsCompound Wound MotorsCompound Wound Motors


Permanent Magnet MotorsPermanent Magnet MotorsPermanent Magnet Motors


Dripproof Fully Guarded Self Ventilated (DPFG)DripproofDripproof Fully Guarded Self Ventilated Fully Guarded Self Ventilated (DPFG)(DPFG)


Dripproof Fully Guarded Blower Ventilated(DPBV)DripproofDripproof FullyFully GuardedGuarded BlowerBlower VentilatedVentilated(DPBV)(DPBV)


EnclosuresEnclosuresEnclosures

Dripproof SeparatelyVentilated (DPPV or DPSV)

Totally EnclosedSeparately Ventilated

(TEPV or TESV)


EnclosuresEnclosuresEnclosures

Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV)

Totally Enclosed Air Over(TEAO)


Variable speed screw compressorsVariable speed screw compressorsVariable speed screw compressors

SR motor

Compressorunit

75kWmotor


Drax Power Ltd Fuel Blending SystemDraxDrax Power Ltd Power Ltd Fuel Blending SystemFuel Blending System


Picanol textile weaving loomsPicanolPicanol textile weaving loomstextile weaving looms


LeTourneau L1350 loader using 4 x B40 300kW SR traction motorsLeTourneauLeTourneau L1350 loader using L1350 loader using 4 x B40 300kW SR traction motors4 x B40 300kW SR traction motors

INDUCTION MOTORSINDUCTION MOTORS


RotorRotorRotor


Stator FrameStator FrameStator Frame


Induction MotorInduction MotorInduction Motor

A/C INDUCTION A/C INDUCTION MOTOR TYPESMOTOR TYPES


NOTE: These are NOT A/C Induction motors

UniversalUniversal Type Motor ExamplesType Motor Examples


A/C Induction Motor TypesA/C Induction Motor Types

Single PhaseShaded polePSCSplit-phase

Cap StartCap Start / Cap Run

Three-phase


Shaded PoleShaded PoleDescription: A single-phase motor with a main winding and shading coil (magnetic short circuit located around the air gap).


Principle Use: Direct drive shaft mounted fansAdvantages:

Low cost Multi-speed operation Slow acceleration rate No starting device required Requires little space

Disadvantages: Low efficiency, low starting torque High running current Slow acceleration rate Wide variation in speed with applied voltage Non-electrically reversible Requires air-over for cooling

Shaded PoleShaded Pole


P.S.CP.S.C (Permanent Split Capacitor)(Permanent Split Capacitor)Description: A single-phase motor with a main winding and an auxiliary winding connected in series with a capacitor.


Split PhaseSplit PhaseDESCRIPTION: A single-phase motor with a main winding and an auxiliary winding which is energized only during the starting operation.


PRINCIPLE USE: Belt-drive applicationsAdvantages: Moderate cost Moderate starting torque Moderate full-load current Easily reversed Constant speed with varying input voltage Good efficiency

Split PhaseSplit Phase

Disadvantages:Not easily adapted to multi-speedHigh starting currentHigh starting torqueRequires starting device


CAP STARTCAP START(Capacitor start, split phase)(Capacitor start, split phase)

Description: A single-phase motor with a main winding and an auxiliary winding which has a capacitor in series that is only energized during the starting operation.


Principle Use: Belt-driven applicationsAdvantages: Very high starting torque High accelerating torque Moderate starting current Moderate full-load current Dual voltage Easily reversed Good efficiency

Disadvantages:

CAP STARTCAP START(Capacitor start, split phase)(Capacitor start, split phase)

High costRequires starting deviceNot easily adapted to multi-speedVery high starting torqueHigh accelerating torque


ThreeThree--PhasePhase MotorsMotorsDescription: A motor with three separate windings, each connected to one leg of the power source.


Principle Use: Commercial & Industrial applications

Advantages: Moderate cost No internal starting device required High efficiency High starting torque Easy to reverse Constant speed with varying input voltage

ThreeThree--PhasePhase MotorsMotors

Disadvantages:3-phase power source requiredHigh starting torqueModerate accelerating torqueNot easily adapted to multi-speed


MOTOR HP SPEED COST CHARACTERISTICS TYPICAL USES

TYPE RANGE RANGE

SHADED UP TO MULTI-SPEED VERY LOW Light duty for small loads Small fans and blowers Freezer blowers

POLE 1/2 HP 1050 Low efficiency, Hair dryers Small vent fans

1550 Air over design usually required. Unit heaters Small exhaust fans

3000 Single voltage, usually. Space heaters Window fans

Non-reversible Humidifiers Floor fans

Seed cleaners Portable evaporative coolers

PERMANANENT UP TO MULTI-SPEED LOW More efficiency and power Small mounted fans, blowers Animal confinement fans:

SPLIT 1 HP 825 Not for belt drive, as a rule Room AC and central AC: Poultry

CAPACITOR 1075 Single voltage and rotation, usually Condenser fans Hogs

1625 Solid state speed control may work Evaporator fans Cattle

3250 (Contact Technical Support) Furnance blowers Window fans

Unit heaters Door operators

SPLIT PHASE UP TO 850 MODERATE Low to medium starting torque Belted fans, blowers Oil burners

1.5 HP 1140 No capacitor needed for start-up AC fans, blowers Poultry feeders

1725 OK for belt drive Office machines Attic fans

3450 Single voltage, dual rotation, usually Small centrifugal pumps Furnance blowers

Variable speed control will not work Home appliances Small tools

Door operators Lathes

CAPACITOR 1/6 TO 850 MODERATE Capacitor provides hgih starting torque Compressors Barn cleaners

START 10 HP 1140 Heavy duty applications Conveyors Vacuum pumps

1725 Dual voltage, dual rotation, usually Pumps Manure pumps

3450 Augers Milk coolers

Machine tools Elevators

Grain stirrers Cattle feeders

Ventilation fans Drying fans

Food equipment Gear motors

3-PHASE 1/4 HP 850 MODERATE TO All applications using 3-phase power Compressors Barn cleaners

and UP 1140 HIGH Simple construction: Conveyors Vacuum pumps

1725 No capacitors, switches, or start windings Pumps Manure pumps

3450 Dependable Augers Milk coolers

Dual rotation Machine tools Elevators

Grain stirrers Cattle feeders

Ventilation fans Drying fans

Food equipment Gear motors

Motor Applications MatrixMotor Applications Matrix

MotorMotorKnowKnow-- HowHow


MOST MOTORS USUALLY FAIL

BECAUSE OF

SYSTEM PROBLEMSSYSTEM PROBLEMS......

NOT

MANUFACTURING PROBLEMS !

MinerMiners Law #1s Law #1


100% STATIC HIPOT ( GROUND TEST)100% RUN TEST100% NO-LOAD WATTS100% NO-LOAD AMPS100% DYNAMIC HIPOT (GROUND TEST)100% NOISE TESTSAMPLE PLAN TESTS:

FULL-LOAD WATTS FULL-LOAD AMPS FULL-LOAD TORQUE LOCKED ROTOR TEST SPEED TORQUE CURVE TEST THERMOSTAT TRIP TEST

Manufacturing TestsManufacturing Tests


1. TYPE OF POWER (PHASE)2. MOTOR TYPE3. HORSEPOWER4. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)5. THERMAL PROTECTION TYPE6. ENCLOSURE7. BEARING TYPE8. VOLTAGE9. MOUNTING

Motor FactsMotor Facts


C 04C

Example of Motor Name Plate:


Read This First!!Read This First!!


A/C Induction Motor TypesA/C Induction Motor Types

Single PhaseShaded polePSCSplit-phase

Cap StartCap Start / Cap Run

Three-phase


BELOW 1/2 HORSEPOWER...........115 VOLTS

1/2 AND ABOVE..............................230 VOLTS and ABOVE

Commonly, motors are connected at the factory as follows:

NOTE: Or as specified by the customer.

Rule of ThumbRule of Thumb


What is my RPM?What is my RPM?


# POLES NO LOAD RPM TYPICAL LOADED RPM2 3600 3000-3450

4 1800 1550-1750

6 1200 1075-1125

8 900 650-850

NOTE: 7200 DIVIDED BY NUMBER OF POLES=NO LOAD RPM (60 cycle)6000 DIVIDED BY NUMBER OF POLES=NO LOAD RPM (50 cycle)

Motor Poles vs. RPMMotor Poles vs. RPM


What are my RPMs?What are my RPMs?


What is my RPM?What is my RPM?


Rear End Front EndN-W

VU

F F BA

D

E E

C and J-Face Mounting Dimensions

Motor Dimensions for NEMA FramesMotor Dimensions for NEMA Frames


NEMA FRAME SIZE SHAFT HEIGHT

42 2 5/8 or 42/16

48 3 or 48/16

56 3 1/2 or 56/16

NEMA Frame SizesNEMA Frame Sizes


EXAMPLE:

Take the first two numbers, divide by four, and the result is the dimension from the center of the shaft to the base.

Example: 286 frame = 28 / 4 or 7 inches.

NOTE: Center line of shaft to base.

Shaft Height FormulaShaft Height FormulaNEMA Frame Sizes (starting at 143 frame)NEMA Frame Sizes (starting at 143 frame)


C = FACE MOUNT H = HAS 2F DIMENSION LARGER THAN SAME FRAME

WITHOUT H SUFFIX J = FACE MOUNT TO FIT JET PUMP JM,JP = FACE MOUNT TO FIT CLOSE-COUPLED PUMPS K = HAS HUB FOR SUMP PUMP MOUNTING M = FLANGE MOUNT FOR OIL BURNER-5 1/2 RABBET DIA. N = FLANGE MOUNT FOR OIL BURNER - 6 3/8 RABBET DIA. T,TS = INTREGAL HP MOTOR DIMENSION NEMA STANDARDS

SET IN 1964 U = INTREGAL HP MOTOR DIMENSION NEMA STANDARD SET

IN 1953 Y = NON-STANDARD MOUNTING, SEE MANUFACTURES

DRAWING Z = NON-STANDARD SHAFT EXTENSION (N min. U dimension)

NEMA Frame NumberNEMA Frame Number(with Letter Designators)(with Letter Designators)


FramesFramesFrames

Emerson ConfidentialEmerson Confidential

H (mm)

IEC FramesIEC Frames

Example:Frame 355 S

H: 355 mm = 35,5 cmS= Short (distance between the base holes)


Frame Power RelationshipFrame Frame Power RelationshipPower Relationship


Torque Speed CurveTorque Torque Speed CurveSpeed Curve


Protector (Thermal)Protector (Thermal)A device assembled as an integral part of the motor which protects the motor against overheating due to an overload or failure to start. The words thermally protected on the nameplate indicate the motor is provided with a thermal protector.

AUTOMATIC RESET

A protector that resets automatically after it has cooled sufficiently.

MANUAL RESET

A protector that once tripped remains open until manually reset,usually by means of an external reset button. It cannot be reset until the protector has cooled sufficiently.

NONE

No thermal protection included in the motor


OP = OPENODP = OPEN DRIP-PROOFAO = AIR OVERTE = TOTALLY ENCLOSEDTEAO = TOTALLY ENCLOSED AIR OVERTENV = TOTALLY ENCLOSED NON-VENTEDTEFC = TOTALLY ENCLOSED FAN-COOLEDEXP-PRF = HAZARDOUS LOCATION

(EXPLOSION PROOF)

Enclosures (ENCL)Enclosures (ENCL)


Open (OP) Open Drip Proof (ODP)Totally EnclosedAir-Over (TEAO)

Totally EnclosedNon-Vented (TENV)

Totally EnclosedFan Cooled (TEFC)

Hazardous LocationTotally Enclosed

Fan Cooled(HAZ-LOC,TEFC)

Motor EnclosuresMotor Enclosures


Open Drip Proof (ODP)Open Drip Proof (ODP)Open Drip Proof (ODP)


Total Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC)Total Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC)Total Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC)


Hazardous Location (XP)Hazardous Location (XP)Hazardous Location (XP)

Emerson ConfidentialRigid Base Mount

Resilient or Cradle BaseYoke Mount

Oil Burner Face Mount

C-Face with Base

C-Face Without Base

Pool or Jet Pump

Cradle Base Carbonator Pump

Motor MountingsMotor Mountings

C-Face Without Base

Rigid Base Mount


Medium Voltage MotorsMedium Voltage Motors


Vertical Motors (Solid and Hollow Shaft)Vertical Motors (Solid and Hollow Shaft)


115 VOLTS 230 VOLTSCOMMON WHITE PURPLEHIGH BLACK BLACKMED-HIGH YELLOW YELLOWMEDIUM BLUE BLUEMED-LOW ORANGE ORANGELOW RED REDCAPACITOR BROWN & BROWN & BROWN W/ WHITE BROWN W/ WHITE TRACER TRACER

NEMA Lead Color CodesNEMA Lead Color Codes


Typical MultiTypical Multi--Speed (1/2 HPSpeed (1/2 HP--6 Pole)6 Pole)No Load 1/2 HP Load 1/3 HP Load 1/4 HP

HIGH 1200 1075 1100 1125

MED 1200 1000 1075 1100

LOW 1200 900 1000 1075

Reminder:Actual RPM is determined by actual load!


Note: Service Factor = Overload Capability

EXAMPLE:

1.35 Service Factor = 35% O.L. Capabilityor

HP Rating x Service Factor = Maximum HP

Example: .25 HP x 1.35 = .338 (1/3+)

Service FactorService Factor


WORN EQUIPMENT

MARGINAL OEM APPLICATION

OCCASIONAL UNDER VOLTAGE

MODERATE HIGH AMBIENT

Common Usage For Service Factor MotorsCommon Usage For Service Factor Motors


z Prelubricated Bearings No further Lubrication Required

z Reoil Bearings SAE 20 Oil Continuous Duty : Every Year

Intermittent Duty : Every 2 Years

Occasional Duty : Every 5 Years

Motor LubricationMotor Lubrication


LOW VOLTAGE

OVER VOLTAGE

HIGH AMBIENT

REDUCED AIR FLOW

FOREIGN MATERIAL IN MOTOR

DIRTY FILTERS

APPLICATION OVERLOAD

MISAPPLICATION

Causes of HeatCauses of Heat


Causes of HeatCauses of Heat

Temperatures shown in C

Service Factor 1.00 1.15 and up Purpose Alarm Shutdown Alarm Shutdown

Temp. Rise Class A B F A B F A B F A B F Open Motors N.O. 95 118 140 106 132 150 106 132 150 118 140 160

Without N.C. 100 120 140 110 130 150 110 130 150 120 140 160Ducts: N.C. (R&T) 100 120 140 110 130 150 110 130 150 120 140 160

Open Motors N.O. 106 132 150 118 140 160 118 140 150 132 150 160With Ducts & N.C. 110 130 150 120 140 160 120 140 150 130 150 160TEFC Motors: N.C. (R&T) 110 130 150 120 140 160 120 140 150 130 150 160


EfficiencyEfficiency LevelsLevels

78808284868890929496

3 5 7,5 10 15 20 25 30

Best in Market NEMA 12-10 Standard

E

F

F

I

C

I

E

N

C

Y

HORSEPOWER RATING


Standard Efficiency vs PremiumStandard Efficiency vs Premium

zz EfficiencyEfficiency -------- 11--6% better6% betterzz Winding TemperatureWinding Temperature -------- lesslesszz Frame Temperature Frame Temperature -------- lesslesszz Starting CurrentStarting Current -------- slightly moreslightly morezz Starting TorqueStarting Torque -------- samesamezz FLAFLA -------- higherhigherzz Bearing Temperature.Bearing Temperature. -------- (8(8--15)15)C lessC lesszz WarrantyWarranty -------- 11--2 years more2 years more

Premium. Designed to improve the efficiency Premium. Designed to improve the efficiency without compromising the functioning or lifetimewithout compromising the functioning or lifetime


Methods to Efficiency MeasurementMethods to Efficiency Measurement

Standard 7.5 HP 20 HPIEC 34-2 (International) 82.3% 89.4%BS-269 (British) 82.3% 89.4%JEC-37 (Japanese) 85.0% 90.4%IEEE 112 Method B (USA) 80.3% 86.9%


CLASS A 105 DEG. C (221 DEG. F)

CLASS B 130 DEG. C (266 DEG. F)

CLASS F 155 DEG. C (311 DEG. F)

CLASS H 180 DEG. C (356 DEG. F)

TOTAL TEMPERATURE OF SYSTEM

( MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING TEMPERATURE )

Insulation SystemsInsulation SystemsInsulation Systems


PowerPowerPower


Standard Horsepower RatingsStandard Horsepower RatingsStandard Horsepower Ratings


Torque Power RelationshipTorque Torque Power RelationshipPower Relationship


InrushInrushInrush


1. Application2. Enclosure3. Mounting4. Bearing and seals5. Starting Method6. Operation Characteristics 7. Protection8. Enviroment

How to Select a Right Motor?How to Select a Right Motor?


Standard MotorsStandard MotorsStandard Motors

Less High

Price

HOSTILEDUTY(FCT)

UNIMOUNT(FUT)

PREMIUM EFF.CORRO-DUTY

(TCE)

841 PLUS(CE)

ROLLEDSTEEL

(FS)ODP

(FR, FD)

High

Performance

Low

Performance

O&G

P&P

Mining

Agriculture

Fans / Pumps / Compressors


Starting MethodsStarting MethodsStarting Methods


ACROSS THE LINE CONTACTOR STARTINGACROSS THE LINE ACROSS THE LINE CONTACTOR STARTINGCONTACTOR STARTING

Time (sec) (t)0

0%

100%

Full Voltage Start

600-1000% Current

Voltage


Traditional Methods for Soft Starting Traditional Methods for Soft Starting

CURRENT

SPEED

0

600%

SOLIDSTATE STARTER

ACROSS LINE

AUTOTRANSFORMER

STAR -DELTA


Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?PumpingProblems:

Water Hammer

Back Pressure

Blown Valves

Dry Run

Solution: Pump Control Mode

Softstart

Ramp Down

Monitoring


Mining AggregateProblems:

High Inertia Limited Power Vibration During

Stop Overloading

Solution:Crusher Duty

Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?


HVACProblems:

High Currents Near Full Speed

Incorrect Rotation Belt or Coupling Broken or

Jammed Clogged Filter or Closed

Damper

Solution: Pump Control Mode Softstart Ramp Down Monitoring



Wood & LumberProblems:

High Inertia Load

High Torque or Current Starts

Solution: Torque Ramp For Linear Acceleration

Shaft Power Monitoring



Refrigeration/CompressorsProblems:

Mechanical shock for compressor, motor, and transmission

Small fuses

Wrong direction rotation

Solution: Linear torque

ramp

Phase sequence alarm

Shaft power monitoring



Problems: High Inertia Load

Controlled Stop

Positioning for Loading or Unloading of Material

Solution: Torque Ramp For Linear

Acceleration

Dynamic DC Braking without Contactors

Slow Speed Control for Positioning


CENTRIFUGE



Problems: High Inertia Load

Fast Stop for Safety and Production

Worn Out or Broken Tools

Solution: Linear Acceleration

Controlled Plug Braking


PLANERS



Problems: Different Materials

Control Material Viscosity

Broken or Damaged Blades

Two Speed Motors

Solution: Torque Ramp gives

Linear Acceleration


MIXERS



Advantages Of Using Soft StartersAdvantages Of Using Soft StartersAdvantages Of Using Soft Startersz Decreases mechanical costs associated with impact forces on

start-up Allows longer belt/gear life and lowers maintenance costs

by minimizing the forces transmitted through gears, bearings, belts and couplings, reducing replacement frequency

z Minimizes electrical costs associated with motor voltage spikes Reduces motor re-winding frequency due to lower

electrical stress Can enable large electrical utility savings by reducing peak

demandsz Increases Asset Availability

Enables improved systems performance by reducing unplanned shutdowns and increasing productivity


Simple Reasons For Using Soft StartersSimple Reasons For Using Soft StartersSimple Reasons For Using Soft StartersTo Eliminate

z Nuisance tripping due to high inrush peak starting current.z Excessive contact wear and periodic replacements due to arcing.z Costly maintenance time working on Electro-Mechanical starters.z Stress on the motor insulation due to voltage spike caused by

contactor switching.z Excessive starter/motor replacement due to frequent starting.z Diesel generator voltage and frequency dip.z Excessive bearing wear and damage to mechanical drive train due to

high starting torque.z Spillage or damage to product caused by high starting torque.z Shaft damage associated with wind milling.z Broken belts due to unprotected across line starting.


Hazardous Areas (NEMA):Hazardous Areas (NEMA):Hazardous Areas (NEMA):z IEEE 841 z API 547z API 541

z PIPsz Internal company specifications


The Three Main Oil & Gas Specs:The Three Main Oil & Gas Specs:The Three Main Oil & Gas Specs:IEEE 841, API 547, API 541

z All three specifications developed for use in the Petro Chemical Industry.

z There is some overlap in the specifications. There also are some voids between the three

specifications!z Generally, one specification is more appropriate

than others in any given situation.


New API547New API547New API547API 541z Critical

applicationz High Risk /

Exposure z Highly

Engineered On-site

Support Upfront

requirements

z Long Manufacturing time

IEEE 841/ Severe Duty

z Redundant and Non-critical application

z Limited specz Low Riskz Speed of delivery

API 547z Critical applicationz Moderately

Engineered / Spec 3 page requirements

z Medium Riskz Speed of deliveryz Cost


Application GuidelinesApplication GuidelinesApplication GuidelinesApplication IEEE 841 API 547 API 541Coupled Loads Y Y YBelted Loads Y N NAxial Thrust Loads Y N YCentrifugal Compressors Y Y YReciprocating Compressors U U YCentrifugal Pumps Y Y YVertical Turbine Pumps Y N YFans & Blowers Y Y YInduction Generators N N YDivision 2 (Zone 2) U U YAdjustable Speed Drives (ASD) U U Y

U = Unusual condition, notify motor manufacturer


Questions?Questions?


Variable Speed DrivesVariable Speed DrivesVariable Speed Drives

V

A

R

I

D

Y

N

E

T

M

-

I


Presentation ContentPresentation ContentPresentation Contentz What is VFD

z Terminology

z Motor Speed Basics

z VFD Operation Modes

z VFDs as parts of larger systems

z Major VFD Subsystems/Parts


What is a VFD / AFD / VSD /ACD ?What is a VFD / AFD / VSD /ACD ?What is a VFD / AFD / VSD /ACD ?

z VFD Variable Frequency Drive

z AFD Adjustable Frequency Drive

z VSD Variable Speed Drive

z ACD - Alternate Current Drive

z Inverter ( ~ )

All of the above terms refer to electronic equipment

that primarily control the speed of an induction motor by

frequency and voltage control


Motor Speed Motor Speed Motor Speed


V/F RatioV/F RatioV/F Ratio

V/F ratio produced by a drive controlling a 460V, 60Hz motor

To run the motor at full speed, the drive outputs 460VAC @ 60Hz.

If the motor is to run at 50% speed, the output will be 230VAC @30Hz.

The drive is capable of running the motor above its rated speed(>60Hz). However, the output voltage cannot exceed the input line voltage.


Speed - Torque RelationshipSpeed Speed -- Torque RelationshipTorque Relationship


Constant Torque OperationConstant Torque OperationConstant Torque Operation

1.a) Constant Torque, CT1.a) Constant Torque, CT

Constant Torque Volts/Hz


Constant Power OperationConstant Power OperationConstant Power Operation

1. b) Constant Power (CP)1. b) Constant Power (CP)

Constant Power applications are always run at speeds above base speed, 60Hz and higher.

SoWhat is a Variable-Torque operation/load ?


z VFDs are generally a part of larger systemz Other components/elements may include

PLCs

Line Fuses

Reactors

EMC Filters etc.

Disconnect Switch

Contactors

Etc..

VFDs as part of larger systemsVFDVFDss as part of larger systemsas part of larger systems


Rectifier IntermediateCircuit

Inverter M

Ctrl. & Regln. Ckt.

Block Diagram- Typical VFDBlock DiagramBlock Diagram-- Typical VFDTypical VFD


Major Parts of a VFDMajor Parts of a VFDMajor Parts of a VFD

z AC Line voltage is fed to the rectifier section where it is turned into pulsating

DC by the rectifier diodes

z This pulsating DC is then filtered in the intermediate section into a smooth DC

voltage

z This voltage is then fed to the inverter section where it is chopped up into an

AC voltage of the desired frequency.

z The entire process is controlled and monitored by the control section

Rectifier IntermediateCircuit

Inverter M

Control. Ckt.


Rectifier ConfigurationsRectifier ConfigurationsRectifier Configurations

Uncontrolled rectifiers

Controlled rectifiers


Soft-Charge CircuitSoftSoft--Charge CircuitCharge Circuit

z Is part of the Rectifier unit

z Ensures that the inrush current is limited to acceptable levels.


DC-LinkDCDC--LinkLink

The Intermediate Circuit / DC Link

Two major components to the DC Link section- capacitorsand coils.


Brake Transistor/Brake CircuitBrake Transistor/Brake CircuitBrake Transistor/Brake Circuit

z Required in applications with quick stops(dynamic braking)

z External brake resistor ordered separately

z Excess voltage, dissipated as heat

z Also used to discharge the capacitors when the drive is shut down.


Inverter SectionInverter SectionInverter Section

z Even if inverters work in different ways, their basic structure is always the same. The main components are controlled semi-conductors, placed in pairs in three branches.


Pulse-width Modulation(PWM)PulsePulse--width Modulation(PWM)width Modulation(PWM)

z Most widely used system for generating variable V & F

z Output frequency and voltage controlled by adjusting pulse width of the voltage to the motor

z All drives use PWM: differing pulse shapes to the motor.


Maximum Cable DistanceMaximum Cable DistanceMaximum Cable Distance


Fan and Pump Key Features and BenefitsFan and Pump Key Features and BenefitsFan and Pump Key Features and Benefits

Variable (Dynamic) Volts/Hz

- Maximizes Energy Savings

- Automatically Optimizes the drive output to match the requirements of the load

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% Speed

V

o

l

t

a

g

e

Energy savingsEnergy savings



Mains Dip Ride through

- The drive can automatically ride through momentary power dips by reducing speed and then returning to set speed when the supply recovers without tripping.

Supply Voltage

Load Speed

Time

Increase uptimeIncrease uptime



Skip Frequencies (qty. 3)

- For bypassing of mechanical resonance's - reduces wear on the system

Set Point

Actual Drive Frequency

Skip Frequency 1 Skip Frequency 2

Actual Drive Frequencyjumps past

critical points

Increase machine lifeIncrease machine life



Independent PID

- For stand alone process control of flow or pressure or level

- No need for external controller, save $$$

Reference

FeedbackOutput

PID

Drive Frequency

Level Set Point

Level Transducer

Built in process controlBuilt in process control



Energy Metering and Operating Cost Indicator

- Power consumed, operating costs per hour, power up time log and maintenance flags are all standard features providing free Asset Management tools.

24

ENERGYkWh

Asset managementAsset management


VFD Application ExamplesVFD VFD Application ExamplesApplication Examples


General Use Open Loop



Motors + VFD Application ExamplesMotors + VFD Motors + VFD Application ExamplesApplication Examples



z Melones Field PDVSA

z Motor: 100HP

z Drive: 120KVA

z Application: Progressive

Cavity Pump



z Bara

Motatn Field

z Beam (Rod)

Pump

z 1 x 125HP


Wrap-UpWrapWrap--UpUpz There are no fix rules to choose motors

z Need to take care of environment and application

z VSDs and Soft Starters can be a good option, but

they are not the panacea

z Dont be afraid of ask! Ill be glad to help you!


Questions?Questions?Questions?

MotorProTrainingElectromagnetism..How magnetic field transmits torque?ElectromagnetismElectromagnetismAlternate CurrentsAlternate CurrentsBasic DC & Electromagnetism TheoryArmatureArmatureFields and InterpolesBrushes and HoldersExploded ViewFinal AssemblyShunt and Series MotorsCompound Wound MotorsPermanent Magnet MotorsDripproof Fully Guarded Self Ventilated (DPFG)Dripproof Fully Guarded Blower Ventilated (DPBV)EnclosuresEnclosuresVariable speed screw compressorsDrax Power Ltd Fuel Blending SystemPicanol textile weaving loomsLeTourneau L1350 loader using 4 x B40 300kW SR traction motorsRotorStator FrameInduction MotorA/C Induction Motor TypesShaded PoleCAP START(Capacitor start, split phase)Three-Phase MotorsThree-Phase MotorsMotor Applications MatrixA/C Induction Motor TypesFramesIEC FramesFrame Power RelationshipTorque Speed CurveOpen Drip Proof (ODP)Total Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC)Hazardous Location (XP)Medium Voltage MotorsVertical Motors (Solid and Hollow Shaft)Note: Service Factor = Overload CapabilityInsulation SystemsPowerStandard Horsepower RatingsTorque Power RelationshipTorque Power RelationshipInrushStandard MotorsStarting MethodsACROSS THE LINE CONTACTOR STARTINGStarting MethodsTraditional Methods for Soft Starting Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Where does the Soft Starters can be used?Advantages Of Using Soft StartersSimple Reasons For Using Soft StartersStarting MethodsHazardous Areas (NEMA):The Three Main Oil & Gas Specs:New API547Application GuidelinesVariable Speed DrivesPresentation ContentWhat is a VFD / AFD / VSD /ACD ?Motor Speed V/F RatioSpeed - Torque RelationshipConstant Torque OperationConstant Power OperationVFDs as part of larger systemsBlock Diagram- Typical VFDMajor Parts of a VFDRectifier ConfigurationsSoft-Charge CircuitDC-LinkBrake Transistor/Brake CircuitInverter SectionPulse-width Modulation(PWM)Maximum Cable DistanceVFD Application ExamplesVFD Application ExamplesVFD Application ExamplesVFD Application ExamplesVFD Application ExamplesVFD Application ExamplesMotors + VFD Application ExamplesMotors + VFD Application ExamplesVFD Application ExamplesWrap-Up

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Motor Present Ac i On