Upload
jason-cannon
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Motor Development
I. Age norms for important motor milestones
II. The development of reachingA. Underlying skills of visually-guided
reaching1. Perceptual abilities2. Motor skill3. Perceptual-motor coordination
B. Reaching in neonatesC. Normative sequence of reachingD. Reaching for a moving objectE. Is visually-guided reaching a myth?
III. The development of locomotionA. Perceptual information in locomotion
1. Perceiving the properties of surfaces2. Control of balance3. Visually-guided locomotion
B. A systems approach to development of walking1. Component skills2. Relation between skills
Age Norms For Important Motor Milestones
Skill 50%90%
Lifts head 90° 2.2
3.2 when lying on stomach
Rolls over 2.8 4.7 Sits (propped up) 2.9
4.2 Sits (no support) 5.5
7.8 Stands holding on 5.8 10.0 Walks holding on 9.2
12.7 Stands alone 11.5
13.9 Walks well 12.1 14.3 Walks up steps 17.0
22.0 Kicks ball forward 20.0 24.0
Necessary Skills for Visually-Guided Reaching
1. Perceptual skills• Object recognition• Figure-ground separation
2. Motor skills• Arm and hand coordination• Fine-motor coordination and control
3. Visual-motor integration and coordination• Visual guidance of the hand• Timing of the grasp
The Normative Sequence of Reaching
1 – 2 Months• Glance at objects when present• Begin to fixate objects for 5-10 sec• Arms not organized with vision
2 – 3 Months• Isolation of components breaks down• Focus on objects• Beginning of prehensory behavior• Raise hand towards object
3 – 4 Months• Mutual grasping, 1 or 2 hands• Sometimes turn torso towards object
4 – 5 Months• Integrated looking and grasping• “Top-level” reaching• Good grasping of object
Reaching For A Moving Object
The number of reaches at each speed and age, expressed as a proportion of the maximum number of possible reaches (3 per condition).
Type of Contact With a Moving Object
The type of contact with the object. Proportion of total number of reaches for “grasp,” “touch,” and “miss.”
Is Visually-Guided Reaching a Myth
Reaching in the light versus the dark – individual subjects
Infants’ Perceptions of the Traversability of Surfaces
The Walkway Apparatus
The Visual Control of Posture
The Moving Room Apparatus
Visually-Guided Locomotion in Toddlers
0 .0
5 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Per
cent
Suc
cess
12-month-o lds
18-month-o lds
24-month-o lds
0 .0
5 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Per
cent
Fai
lure
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2
B arrie r H e ig h t ( in ch es)
0 .0
5 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Per
cent
Ref
usal
Visually-Guided Locomotion in Toddlers
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
B arrie r H e ig h t(re la tiv e to th re sh o ld )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Go-
rati
o ((
S+
F)/
(S+
F+
R))
12-month-o lds
18-month-o lds
24-month-o lds
A Systems Approach to Locomotion