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Motivation

A Presentation

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Definition of Motivation

Motivation can be defined as a willingness

to expand energy, to achieve a goal or a

reward........Dala Breachus

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3

What Is Motivation?

Direction

PersistenceIntensity

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I was saying

"I'm the greatestlong before

I believed it.

Intensity

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Direction

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It's not that I'm so

smart, it's just that

I stay withproblems longer.

Persistence

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Theories of Motivation

Content Theories. - needs recognition &

priority.

Process Theories. - identifying motivation

variables and their interrelationship.

Content Theories include Maslow

Hierarchy theory, Fredrick Herzberg's two

factor theory, Alderfer's ERG theory.

Process Theories Varoom's Model, Equity

Theory.

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Traditional Theories of Motivation

Fear & Punishment Theory.

Efforts & Reward Theory. (Taylor Differential

Piece rate plan).

Carrot & Stick Theory.

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Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 9

MaslowsHierarchy

of Needs Self

Esteem

Social

Safety

Physiological

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Dissatisfactionand

demotivation

Not dissatisfiedbut

not motivated

Positivesatisfaction

and motivation

Hygiene Factors

Company policies

Quality of supervision

Relations with others

Personal life

Rate of pay

Job security

Working conditions

Motivational Factors

AchievementCareer advancement

Personal growth

Job interest

Recognition

Responsibility

Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory

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Needs Theories

Maslow Herzberg

Hygiene

Motivators

Factors

Social

Safety

Physiological

Self-Actualisation

Esteem

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Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 12

Expectancy Theory(Vroom)

3. Rewards-Personal goals relationship = Valence

1. Effort-Performance relationship = Expectancy

2. Performance-Rewards relationship = Instrumentality

Individual

Effort

Individual

Performance

PersonalGoals

Organisational

Rewards

1 2

3

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How Expectancy Theory Works

Expectancy

Effort - Performance Link

E=0

No matter how much effort

you put in, probably not possible

to memorise the text in 24 hours

Instrumentality

Performance - Rewards Link

I=0

Your tutor does not look

like someone who has 1 million

Valence

Rewards - Personal Goals Link

V=1

There are a lot of wonderful things

you could do with 1 million

Your tutor offers you 1 million if you memorise the textbook by tomorrow morning.

Conclusion: Though you value the reward, you will not be motivated to do this task.

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Self-Motivation

Self-fulfilment and satisfaction

Difficult goals lead to higher performance

Motivation to act depends on the attractiveness of the

outcome

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Begin with the end in mind

What are your talents?

What is your ultimate career goal?What can you achieve in 2 years?

What are your personal goals?

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Motivation factors

interesting workopportunity to develop special abilities

enough information

enough authority

enough help and equipment;friendly and helpful coworkers

opportunity to see results of work

competent supervision

responsibilities clearly definedgood pay

Th (' th it i

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Theory x ('authoritarian

management' style)

The average person dislikes work and will avoid if he/she

can.

Therefore most people must be forced with the threat of

punishment to work towards organisational objectives.

The average person prefers to be directed; to avoidresponsibility; is relatively unambitious, and wants security

above all else.

Th (' ti i ti

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Theory y ('participative

management' style)

Effort in work is as natural as work and play.People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuitof organizational objectives, without external control or thethreat of punishment.

Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards

associated with their achievement.People usually accept and often seek responsibility.

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Theory Z

Theory Z is concerned with management styles in

Japanese companies.

Features -

Long Period or length of emplyment.

Employees participation in decision making.

Group Responsibility.

Informal Control.

Overall Concern with the employee.

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