MotivationMotivation

Motivational theoriesMotivational theories

InstinctsInstincts Drive reduction theoryDrive reduction theory Arousal theoryArousal theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Incentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold starsIncentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold stars

InstinctsInstinctsInstinctsInstincts

AggressionAggression Fear of heightsFear of heights

Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction Theory

Objective is “Homeostasis”Objective is “Homeostasis”The body’s tendency to maintain a The body’s tendency to maintain a

constant internal state.constant internal state. The desire to avoid stressThe desire to avoid stress

Hunger or thirstHunger or thirst

Arousal theoryArousal theory

The desire to avoid boredomThe desire to avoid boredom Roller coastersRoller coasters Horror moviesHorror movies When biological needs are satisfied, we When biological needs are satisfied, we

look for an optimum level of arousal.look for an optimum level of arousal.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

From physiological From physiological needs to self-needs to self-actualizationactualizationBasic needs (thirst, Basic needs (thirst,

clothing) satisfied clothing) satisfied before higher needs before higher needs (self esteem) (self esteem) become motivating.become motivating.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)

Viewing your work Viewing your work as a calling (e.g. as a calling (e.g. Nun) satisfies Nun) satisfies higher level needs.higher level needs.

Exception = Exception = altruistic suicidealtruistic suicide

Behavior incentivesBehavior incentivesBehavior incentivesBehavior incentives

Gold starsGold stars

Eating disordersEating disordersEating disordersEating disorders

Motivated to harm themselvesMotivated to harm themselves Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa

Excessive dietingExcessive dietingSee themselves as fatSee themselves as fat

BulimiaBulimiaPurposely binge & purgePurposely binge & purge

Sexual motivationSexual motivation

Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle. Excitement Plateau

Enough sperm may be released prior to orgasm for conception

Orgasm Resolution Refractory period (men only)

Period during which male can not be aroused to another orgasm.

Sexual disordersSexual disordersSexual disordersSexual disorders

Behavior therapy and education can help with:Behavior therapy and education can help with: MaleMale

Inability to ejaculateInability to ejaculate Premature ejaculationPremature ejaculation

FemaleFemale Orgasmic dysfunction (female)Orgasmic dysfunction (female) VaginismusVaginismus

Medication can help withMedication can help with Erectile dysfunctionErectile dysfunction

Surgery can help withSurgery can help with VulvodyniaVulvodynia Sexual self image problemsSexual self image problems

Sexual orientationSexual orientationSexual orientationSexual orientation

Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s sexual orientationsexual orientation

Brain differences may be a factorBrain differences may be a factor Genetics may be a factorGenetics may be a factor

Sexual orientation and brain Sexual orientation and brain differencesdifferencesSexual orientation and brain Sexual orientation and brain differencesdifferences

Simon LeVaySimon LeVaySmall part of the hypothalamus was Small part of the hypothalamus was

larger in heterosexual men than larger in heterosexual men than homosexual men.homosexual men.

Homosexual men were similar to Homosexual men were similar to women in this part of the brain.women in this part of the brain.

Sexual orientation and geneticsSexual orientation and genetics

Twins studies - concordance Twins studies - concordance ratesrates Identical twinsIdentical twinsFraternal twinsFraternal twinsAdopted childrenAdopted children

BelongingnessBelongingness

People have a basic need to belong and People have a basic need to belong and bond with othersbond with others

Conformity to peer pressure (e.g. Conformity to peer pressure (e.g. smoking)smoking)

Spouse abuseSpouse abuseSome have a greater fear of loneliness Some have a greater fear of loneliness

than remaining in a physically abusive than remaining in a physically abusive relationship.relationship.

Motivation at workMotivation at workMotivation at workMotivation at work

Motivating achievementMotivating achievementMotivating achievementMotivating achievement

Achievement motivation - The desire to Achievement motivation - The desire to excel with with self discipline beats talent excel with with self discipline beats talent and intelligence.and intelligence.

Predictors of job performancePredictors of job performance

Aptitude testsAptitude tests Job knowledge testsJob knowledge tests Simulated job performance testsSimulated job performance tests Informal interviewsInformal interviews

Poorest predictor of job performancePoorest predictor of job performance The interviewer illusionThe interviewer illusion

The employer’s idea that they can The employer’s idea that they can determine enduring personality traits determine enduring personality traits from the interview.from the interview.