MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

MOTIVATIONDEFINITION:-“Motivation is a

psychological process or phenomenon which arises from feeling of needs and wants of individual. It causes goal directed behavior”.

Definition of MotivationMotivation - the process of arousing

and sustaining goal-directed behavior

The Nature of MotivationIf an employee chooses

to work hard one day, and work just hard enough to avoid reprimand, or as little as possible on another day, what then is “Motivation?”

Motivation is the set of forces that causes people to behave in certain ways.

IMPORTANCE OFMOTIVATIONMOTIVATE PEOPLE TO WORKIMPROVE JOB EFFICIENCY OF WORK

PERFORMANCEHELP IN ACHIEVEMENT OF ORG.

GOALSLEADS TO STABILITY IN WORK FORCECREATE FRIENDSIP AND SOCIAL

ENVIORNMENT

THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONMaslow hierarchy of needHerzberg TheoryERG TheoryTheory X & YTheory ZEquity TheoryVroom TheoryMcClelland Theory

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.2Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological NeedsFood, Water , Shelter , Sleep ,MedicineMasclow was of the opinion that until these

needs were satisfied to a degree to maintain life

Most important needs are those which must be satisfied to maintain life and have to be fulfilled first of all.

Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Maslow’s Hierarchy Of NeedsNeeds

Safety NeedsJob , Property , Food or ShelterIt also includes protection against any

emotional harms

Social NeedsSocial Needs It includes acceptance in society and It includes acceptance in society and

colleagues , belongingness , association, colleagues , belongingness , association, friendship and lovefriendship and love

These needs lead to the formation of These needs lead to the formation of information group in the organization and information group in the organization and any threat to these groups is taken any threat to these groups is taken seriously by the employeesseriously by the employees

Esteem NeedsInternal Esteem:- Self Respect ,autonomy ,

achievements External Esteem:- Status ,Recognition and

attention

Self ActualisationSelf Actualisation They Include the desire to excel , the They Include the desire to excel , the maximise one’s potentials to be what maximise one’s potentials to be what

one dreams to beone dreams to be

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Hygiene Factor - work condition related to

dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or painmaintenance factorcontributes to employee’s feeling not dissatisfiedcontributes to absence of complaints

Motivation Factor - work condition related to the satisfaction of the need for psychological growthjob enrichmentleads to superior performance & effort

Motivation-Hygiene Theory of Motivation

Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction

• Company policy & administration

• Supervision• Interpersonal relations• Working conditions• Salary• Status• Security

SOURCE: Adapted from Frederick Herzberg, The Managerial Choice: To be Efficient or to Be Human . (Salt Lake City: Olympus, 1982). Reprinted by permission.

• Achievement• Achievement recognition • Work itself• Responsibility• Advancement• Growth

• Salary?

Motivation factors increase job satisfaction

ERG THEORYPropounded by Alderfer

E – Existent Needs

R – Relatedness Needs

G – Growth Needs

Physiological need

Safety needs

Social needs

Esteem needs

Self actual-isationneeds

Growth needs

Relatedness needs

Existenceneeds

Maslow’s hierarchy needs

Alderfer’s ERG

needs

Low order needs

Higher order needs

Theory X & Theory Y Management Assumptions 

Theory X Dislike work Must be threatened with punishment Avoid responsibilities Seek formal direction Require security Little ambition  Workers are costs  

Theory Y View work as natural Self-directed Exercise self-control Accept responsibility Seek responsibility Make innovative decisions  Workers are assets

THEORY “Z”Developed by

William ouchi.

A strong bond between employer and employee.

THEORY “Z” Involvement of Involvement of

employee in employee in decision making decision making process.process.

No formal No formal organizational organizational Structure.Structure.

THEORY “Z”Mutual trust and

confidence.

Coordination of human beings.

McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Power

Need for Power - a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual’s need to make an impact on others, influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life

McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Affiliation

Need for Affiliation - a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual’s need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people

McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Achievement

Need for Achievement - a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns individuals’ issues of excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties

A. Job Design

i. Job Rotation ii. Job Enlargement iii. Job Enrichment

iv. Job Sharing

B. Employee Involvement

i Participative Managementii Quality Circles iii Flexi Time

C. Rewards System

i Pay Structure

ii Merit-Based Pay

iii Bonuses

iv Profit-Sharing Plans v Gainsharing