Motivation Motivation All the processes involved in starting,
directing, and maintaining physical and psychological
activities.
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Types of Motivation Drive Biologically instigated motivation.
Hunger Thirst Reproduction
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Types of Motivation Motive An internal mechanism that selects
and directs behavior. The term motive is often used in the narrower
sense of a motivational process that is learned, rather than
biologically based (as are drives).
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Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation The desire to engage
in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external
consequence, such as a reward.
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Types of Motivation Extrinsic Motivation The desire to engage
in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as a
reward.
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Types of Motivation Conscious Motivation Having the desire to
engage in an activity and being aware of the desire.
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Types of Motivation Unconscious motivation Having a desire to
engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire.
Remember Freuds psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious
motivation.
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Theories of Motivation Instinct Theory The now-outmoded view
that certain behaviors are completely determined by innate factors.
Flawed because it overlooked the effects of learning and because it
employed instincts merely as labels, rather than as explanations
for behavior.
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Theories of Motivation Fixed-action Patterns Genetically based
behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific
stimulus. The concept of fixed action patters has replaced the
older notion of instinct.
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Theories of Motivation Drive Theory Need In drive theory, a
need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration) that threatens
survival if the need is left unmet. Biological needs are believed
to produce drives. Homeostasis The bodys tendency to maintain a
biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to
nutrients, water, and temperature.
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Theories of Motivation Cognitive Theory Motivation is a result
of learning and thinking Locus of Control An individuals sense of
where his or her life influences originate internally or
externally.
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Theories of Motivation Maslows Humanistic Theory Said humans
act on their most pressing needs, which are organized in a natural
hierarchy. Hierarchy of Needs The notion that needs occur in
priority order, with biological needs as the most basic.
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Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Achievement Motivation Need for Achievement A mental state that
produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach some
goal.
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Cross Cultural Perspective on achievement Individualism The
view, common in the Euro- American world, that places a high value
on individual achievement and distinction. Collectivism The view,
common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that
values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction.
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Hunger & Thirst Motivation Set Point - Refers to the
tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and
body weight. Volumetric Thirst A drop in extracellular fluid levels
(fluid outside the cells in your body, as in the blood). Osmotic
Thirst A drop in intracellular fluid levels (fluids that move
through the cell walls of your body and escaped in the form of
sweat, urine, feces, mucus, and moisture.)
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Sexual Motivation Sexual Response Cycle The four-stage sequence
of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men
and women. Sexual Cues Sexual Scripts Socially learned ways of
responding in sexual situations.
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Motives in Conflict Approach-Approach Conflict A conflict in
which one must choose between two equally attractive options.
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Motives in Conflict Approach-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in
which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision
to be made.
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Motives in Conflict Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in
which one has to choose between two equally unattractive
options.
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Motives in Conflict Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict A
conflict in which one must choose between options that have both
many attractive and many negative aspects.
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How and Why do we Experience Stress? Stress A physical and
mental response to a challenging or threatening situation. Stressor
A stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation.
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Traumatic Stressors Traumatic Stressors A situation that
threatens ones physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror,
or helplessness. Catastrophes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Delayed
stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily reexperiences
emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of past trauma.
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Physical Stress Response Initial Arousal Protective behavioral
reaction, usually in the form of fight or flight. Internal
responses of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. A
decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system.
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Arousal Acute Stress A temporary pattern of stressor- activated
arousal with a distinct onset and limited duration. Example House
is on Fire Chronic Stress Continuous stressful arousal persisting
over time. Example Financial or relationship problems.
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Fight or Flight Fight or Flight Response Sequence of internal
processes preparing an organism for struggle or escape.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome General Adaptation Syndrome
Pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the
same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor. Three
Stages Alarm Reaction Stage of Resistance Stage of Exhaustion
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The General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm Reaction First stage of
the GAS, during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with
a stressor.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome Stage of Resistance Second
stage of the GAS, during which the body adapts to and uses
resources to cope with a stressor.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome Stage of Exhaustion Third stage
of the GAS, during which the body depletes its resources in
responding to an ongoing stressor.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome Tend-and-befriend Model Stress
response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed
to respond to threat by nurturing and protecting offspring and
seeking social support.
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Stress and the Immune System Psychoneuroimmunology
Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental states
on the immune system. Cytokines Hormonelike chemicals facilitating
communication between brain and immune system.
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Type A vs. Type B Type A Behavior patterns characterized by
intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to
challenging situations. Type B Behavior patterns characterized by
relaxed, unstressed approaches to life.
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Learned Helplessness Learned Helplessness Pattern of failure to
respond to noxious stimuli after an organism learns its responses
are ineffective.
