MOTION Simulation in

Flighttraining?Dipl.-Ing. Rolf Huhne

EUROPEAN FLIGHT TEST SAFETY WORKSHOP November 10th-12th 2009

SAS Radisson, Vienna, Austria

TUTORIALSpatial Disorientation and Optical Illusions – Threat and Challenge

Do we need

M O T I O N

in Flight SIMULATION?

Arguments against motion: Motion does not transfer in training Large variation between how simulators feel (wash-out filters/motion algorithms) Experienced pilots know how to fly and do not need motion

Arguments in favor of motion: Motion contributes positively to pilot‘s performance because of faster vestibular perception (quick reaction skills) Simulators must represent reality as good as possible Vestibular-vision dynamics need vestibular stimulation for activation

Quality motion in training – a controversial discussion

Headquater

ENGINEERING 25SOFTWARE & FLIGHT SIMULATION 18PROD. & SERVICES 40FINANCE & ADMIN. 11MARKETING & SALES 4

98

ACADEMICS 30%GRADUATES 20%UNDERGRADUATES 50%

100%

Company Profile

PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

Aeromedical

Training Human Centrifuge

DESDEMONA

AIRFOX® DISO

Hypobaric Chamber

NIGHTFOX®

Ejection Seat Trainer

UWET

Anti-G Trainer

Flight Simulation

FTD – PC-21

FTD – PC-7

FTD – Alpha Jet

AIRFOX® DISO

DESDEMONA

+

HUMAN CENTRIFUGE (3 GENERATIONS)

Scope of Training: Simulation of environmental conditions at high altitudes Simulation of rapid decompression

Design Study of a Hypobaric Chamber

Interior of a Hypobaric Chamber

+

NIGHTFOX® INTEGRATED TRAINING

Training Philosophy

Theoretical CBT incl. NV-Physiology Practical Training/Terrain Board Practical Training/ Simulator (DISO)Increased Flight Safety

Sequence of Bail Out

Ejection Seat Training System(with SmartEject™ Technology)

SPATIALSPATIALDISORIENTATION DISORIENTATION TRAININGTRAINING

AMST AIRFOX® DISO

(10%)

(10%)

Proprio-ceptors

VestibularSystem

VisualSystem

OrientationSense

(80%)

THE PRINCIPLE OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION

Vestibular System

What basics are important to remember?

We feel accelerations only (rotatory/translational)! Steady rotation is felt like „no rotation“ after 15 sec. (absence of visual cues, i.e. IMC) Abrupt reduction of steady g-forces >+2g to +1g is felt like –g! Interdependencies vestibular sense and eyes (vestibulo-ocular reflex) Vection Illusion (vision stimulates vestibular sense!)

Facts of vestibular-visual dynamics: A mismatch of vestibular and visual sensations may lead to SD in real flight, in simulators it may lead to dizziness or motion sickness Novice-pilots elaborate their own mental „flight model“ by using all sensory inputs (visual/vestibular/prorioceptive cues most import.) Experienced pilots can „feel“ vestibular sensations where are none due to their firmly stored mental flight model (s. also „Vection Illusion“)

Which arguments are correct?

Do we need

M O T I O N

in SIMULATION?

Effectiveness of Motion in SD-Training Verified

The goal of the study was:

To analyze the Importance of Motion Cues for the effectiveness of an SD-training program by a systematic comparison between a motion based and a fixed base training for private VFR-Pilots without instrument rating.

Note: The training was performed on AIRFOX® DISO

Goal of Scientific StudyMOBADI MOtion BAsed DIsorientation(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2006/2007)

Effectiveness of Motion in SD-Training Verified

Experimental DesignMOBADI Motion Based Disorientation(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2006/2007)

1. Inadvertent flight into IMC

2. Visual Approach at variable width and slope of Runway (visual illusion)

3. Take-off with pitch-up illusion (somatogravic)

4. Unusual-attitude recoveries

5. Spin recovery in IMC (somatogyral illusion)

Main Training/Check Flight ElementsMOBADI MOtion BAsed DIsorientation(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2006/2007)

Methods of Performance AssessmentMOBADI MOtion BAsed DIsorientation(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2006/2007)

PerformanceoFlight performance dataoFlight performance ratings

Psychophysiological Data Psychological Data

2,0

2,2

2,4

2,6

2,8

3,0

3,2

3,4

3,6

3,8

Pe

rfo

rma

nc

e r

ati

ng

Test profiles

TG_Mo (15)

TG_noMo (15)

CG_Mo (12)

Main ResultsMOBADI MOtion BAsed DIsorientation(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2006/2007)

Effectiveness of Motion in SD-Training Verified

ConclusionMOBADI MOtion BAsed DIsorientation(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2006/2007)

Motion based SD-training results in significantly better flight performance than fixed base training

Quality motion transfers in the case of SD-training for VFR-pilots

No-motion training does not transfer in SD-training

JAR-FCL gives credits for 5 FH in fixed base simulators (FNPT) in basic flight training (might be questioned)

Effectiveness of Motion in Hover Training?

Thesis Motion is important for novice pilots for elaboration and storage of individual flight model (procedural memory) Motion is important for flight maneuvres accompanied by certain linear and/or angular accelerations Motion is indispensable for SD and HPL Training Motion in basic flight training might transfer

Results of MOBADI and our own experience in SD/HPL Training encouraged us to formulate following Thesis:

Effectiveness of Motion in Hover Training?

Discussions with training experts resultet in as controversialstatements as the present discussions about quality motion in flight simulators.

There was no way but try it!

The idea was developed to train ab-initio student pilots in hovering a helicopter and compare their „simulator“ performance with their „real helicopter“ performance. (Hoveringis one of the most demanding basic flight maneuvres in terms of required coordinated inputs of cyclic stick, pedals and collective).

ObjectivesHEMOT HElicopter MOTion based hover training(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2008/2009)

Effectiveness of Motion in Hover Training?

The main objective of HEMOT is to evaluate and identify thedegree of transfer of training from motion based (full yaw) hover training into real helicopter hovering.

As it was not the objective to demonstrate that anybody can learn to hover a helicopter by AIRFOX® DISO training, all candidates received the same 7 training missions plus checkflight regardless of their performance developed in the simulator

Effectiveness of Motion in Hover Training?

Experimental DesignHEMOT HElicopter MOTion based hover training(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2008/2009)

Sim TrainingAIRFOX® DISO

Sim Check Flt.AIRFOX® DISO

HELI Familiariz.Jetranger

HELI Check Flt.

Jetranger

Standard Group

(N = 12)

7 Missions à 45 min.

Hover Checkflight

45 min.

Familiarization

40 min.

Hover Checkflight

20 min.

HPL-Group(N = 12)

7 Missions à 45 min.incl. HPL elements

Hover Checkflight

45 min.

Familiarization

40 min.

Hover Checkflight

20 min.

PerformanceoFlight performance data

(objective)oFlight performance IP-ratings

(subjective)oVideo Monitoring

Psychophysiological Data Psychological Data

Methods of Performance Assessment HEMOT HElicopter MOTion based hover training(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2008/2009)

HEMOT Video Monitoring

Effectiveness of Motion in Hover TrainingPreliminary Results (Subjective IP-Ratings)HEMOT HElicopter MOTion based hover training(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2008/2009)

Candidate No.

IP-R

atin

g

Effectiveness of Motion in Hover Training

Preliminary ResultsHEMOT HElicopter MOTion based hover training(Cooperation Prof. Kallus, KFU and AMST, 2008/2009)

Individual performance reached in simulator training very well reflected in real heli „check flights“ Over 80% of candidates performed better than fair (> 2,5) Only 8,3% of candidates performed poor (< 1,5) No significance between Standard and HPL-Group

Motion Transfers in Basic Flight Training

Conclusions for Basic Flight Training in Simulator(type independent)

Quality motion transfers in basic flight training (heli/fixed w.) (6 DoF plus full yaw) Motion indispensable for implementation of HPL and SD-elements Motion based basic/recurrent flight training increases flight safety Wx. and traffic independent cost effective training Basic training in fixed base simulators questioned

Motion Transfers in Basic Flight Training

Conclusions for Basic Flight Training in Simulator(type independent)

Quality motion dependent on training tasks/goals (6 dof/full yaw) Quality motion dependent on student/pilot skill (individual mental model) HPL/SD elements may be embedded into basic flight missions in motion simulators HPL/SD elements cannot be trained in real flight (lack of environmental conditions or too dangerous)

What to do now?

Motion Transfers in Basic Flight Training

Development of new class motion based part task trainers (PTT) (high fidelity motion, generic cockpit, generic flight performance) PTTs represent class of a/c or helicopter Training Tasks:

o Initial and recurrent basic flight training (VFR/IFR)o HPL/SD training including upset-recoveries and spinso Special heli effects (white out, brown out, watering, moving pads)o Night vision goggles training (NVT)o Hypoxia training (simulation of high cabin altitudes)

Convince regulators to certify PTTs and grant credits

BE AWARE OF!

Many thanks for listening!

Questions?