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7/30/2019 Mostafa Hassan Presentation-No3
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Under Supervision of
Prof. Dr. D. Sc. M. A. Ahmed
Prof. Dr. M.M. Eissa
Dr. S. I. El-Dek
Prepared by
Mustafa M. Hassan
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Current Transformer Function
1.Reduce Power
System Current
to Lower value
for measurement
and Protection
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5
I1=1000A I2=1A
N1=1
v1+
_ N2
=1000
e2 zburden
+
_
PrimarySecondary
Z load
Current Transformer
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11
1111
1 0
I
Z
V
Z
eV
I
e
LoadLoad
21
22
22
22
I
zeI
dt
dNe
burden
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occuresmaySaturation
increase
increase
increase
21
1
11
1
I
I
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9
i1 i2
N1V1 e1
+
_ N2 e2 zLoad
+
_
PrimarySecondary
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1
11
1
11
z
eVI
dtdNe
22
2
2
22
I
Z
eI
dt
dNe
Load
Constant
Increase
increase
decreased
decrease
1
1
1
total
total
I
eif
21
decreased
increase
increase
IncreaseLoadif
total
2
2
I
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occuretdoesn'Saturation
Constantapprox.
increaseincrease
increaseincrease
21
1111
2222
total
total
II
II
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Normal Primary Current NII ps /
Very high primary currents
or at high burden
secondary current are distortedSo
that protection devices operate delayed
or blocked
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1-When faults occur, the current magnitudes
could be much larger,
2- the fault current may have substantial
amount of d.c components 3-
and they may be remanence in the CT core
all of these factors may lead to
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CT Magnetizing Characteristic
Magnetizing characteristic of a typical currenttransformer.
Each curve corresponds to one turns ratio of the secondarywinding.
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Current Transformer Saturation
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Current Transformer Saturation
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Current Transformer Saturation
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Current Transformer Saturation
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20
The factors affecting the CT saturation
1. Primary current.
2. Asymmetry in the Primary current.3. Secondary burden
4. Remanent flux in the CT core
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Dec-12
The methods which used to avoid the CT saturation
1- Eliminated by air-core CTs, increase the size of the CT core,
and special core material to withstand large flux density.
These options present mechanical and economic difficulties.
2- Some techniques uses a DC component equal and opposite
of that in the primary circuit generated by a circuit added to
the secondary winding.
3- Other techniques used a magnetization curve and the
equivalent circuit of a CT for compensating secondary currentof CT during saturation.
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Research Objects
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NANOTECHNOLOGY(X10
-9)
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What is Nanoscale?
1.27 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 10-9 m
Fullerenes C60
12,756 Km22 cm 0.7 nm
60 millions
times smaller
6000 millions
times smaller
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How Small Is The Nano Scale?
One nanometer (nm)
is one billionth, or 10-9of a meter.
is one millionth, or 10-6of a m.m.
One human hair (cross-section) is about100,000 nanometers.
Larger than the Nanoscale is the microscale, andsmaller than that is the atomic scale.
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At the nanoscale, the mechanical, electric, optical
and magnetic properties of materials change,
allowing the creation of new functional materials.
. A particle measuring
1 nm 1 nm 1 nm = 64 atoms
with only 8 on the insidethe remaining 56 atoms are at the surface.
Therefore the properties of nanoparticles are
dominated by surface atoms, which allows the
creation of new properties.
Insulators can become conductors,
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With NT, we can create unique materials and products which
are: Stronger Lighter Cheaper
Durable Precise
Wh is nanotechnolog
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Why is nanotechnologyimportant ?
1
10
100
1000
10000
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Year
MarketVolume(billion)
Analysts estimate that the market for products based on
nanotechnology could rise to hundreds of billion by 2010 and exceed
one trillion after
Total research budget: 1300 million
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Nanotechnology Applications
MedicineandHealth
InformationTechnology
MaterialsScience
Food, Waterand theEnvironment
InstrumentsEnergyProduction/ Storage
GMR HardDisk
HydrogenFuel Cells
Lightweightand strong
Drugdelivery
Tunnelingmicroscopy
Remediationmethods
Expected to impact upon virtually all technological sectors as an enabling
or key technology
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End of Illnesses(i.e. cancer,heart disease)
UniversalImmunity (i.e.aids, flu)
Body Sculpting(i.e. change
your
appearance)
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Nanotechnology Applications
Textiles
Water retardant
Fire retardant
Mud retardant
Optical absorption
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Rust retardant
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Nanotechnology Applications
Reduce Water Pollution
filter only a few nanometers in diameter is
currently being developed that should be
capable of removing virus cells from water.
(Silver nano particles)
Another challenge is the removal of salt or
metals from water. A deionization method using
electrodes composed of nano-sized fibers forreducing the cost and energy requirements of
turning salt water into drinking water.
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Nanotechnology ApplicationsNanometric Cars
Different Colors are Atoms
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/Nano/NanoEnergy_web.pdf7/30/2019 Mostafa Hassan Presentation-No3
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Nanotechnology Applications
Power Transmission
Super Conducting Cables:
based on carbon Nanotubes
Graphene (2010)
Electrical conductivityis 3 times more than best metal
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Nanotechnology Applications
Power Transmission
High Voltage insulators:
Dust and Mud retardant
lessMaintenance
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Nanotechnology Applications
Power Transmission
Transformers oils:
Increase the insulation of the oil transformer
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Nanotechnology ApplicationsMotors
Increase efficiency, frictionless.
Increase the insulation of the conductors.
Nano Hard ferrite increase flux density,
low volume, low weight.
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Nanotechnology ApplicationsGenerators
If insulation increased from 23kV to 220 kV
Step up transformers (substation) can be neglected
Increase efficiency
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Nanotechnology Applications
Power Cables
Increase the insulation of cables
Increase conductivity
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Increase efficiency from 19 to 39%
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Nanotechnology Applications
Nano Battery
Battery (Nano Battery) Increasing the available power from a battery
increase the efficiency and reducing the weight of
the batteries decreasing the time required to recharge a battery.
Reducing the possibility of batteries catching fire byproviding less flammable electrode material.
. These benefits are achieved by coating the surfaceof an electrode with nanoparticles. This increasesthe surface area of the electrode thereby allowingmore current to flow between the electrode and
the chemicals inside the battery.
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Nanotechnology ApplicationsSuper Capactors
Increase the capacity using thin films
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Tools In Nanotechnology
The main tools used in nanotechnology are
three main microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
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Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
Uses high-energy electron
beam to probe material with
thickness < 100 nm.
Some electrons areabsorbed or bounced off
object; some pass through
the object and make
magnified images
Digital camera records
images.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sandia.gov/media/images/senscoat.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.sandia.gov/media/porosity.htm&h=258&w=250&sz=77&tbnid=Vt9y3SrtwAEJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=103&start=21&prev=/images?q=Transmission+Electron+Microscope+GIF&start=20&hl=en&lr=&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/TecnaiF20/TecnaiF20c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/TecnaiF20/TecnaiF20.html&h=1712&w=1368&sz=104&tbnid=kOWSBQZpzHcJ:&tbnh=148&tbnw=119&start=7&prev=/images?q=Transmission+Electron+Microscope&hl=en&lr=7/30/2019 Mostafa Hassan Presentation-No3
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Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM)
Uses nanosized probe to
scan objects and materials
Uses tunneling to detect
surface and creates a map ofsurface
Rate of electrons that tunnel
from probe to surface
related to distance between
probe and surface
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://materials.chem.utk.edu/STM.gif&imgrefurl=http://materials.chem.utk.edu/microscopy.htm&h=328&w=336&sz=32&tbnid=14-VJp6QnN4J:&tbnh=112&tbnw=114&start=113&prev=/images?q=Scanning+Tunneling+Microscope&start=100&hl=en&lr=&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bradley.edu/las/phy/research/Stm4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bradley.edu/las/phy/research/STM.html&h=894&w=1192&sz=255&tbnid=2RDzVkqifx4J:&tbnh=111&tbnw=149&start=167&prev=/images?q=Scanning+Tunneling+Microscope&start=160&hl=en&lr=&sa=N7/30/2019 Mostafa Hassan Presentation-No3
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Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
Use small silicon tip as probe
to make images of sample
material
Probe moves along surface Electrons of atoms in sample
repel those in probe
Creates 3-D images
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/images/cluster.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/afm.html&h=300&w=300&sz=28&tbnid=l1ihWjLrWr4J:&tbnh=111&tbnw=111&start=15&prev=/images?q=Atomic+Force+Microscope&hl=en&lr=&sa=Ghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://lfw.kist.re.kr/Teams/lfwl/image/Atomic-Force-Microscope.gif&imgrefurl=http://lfw.kist.re.kr/Teams/lfwl/facility_en.html&h=600&w=1000&sz=356&tbnid=gU02uLMvz_QJ:&tbnh=88&tbnw=148&start=12&prev=/images?q=Atomic+Force+Microscope&hl=en&lr=&sa=G7/30/2019 Mostafa Hassan Presentation-No3
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Soft Ferrites Hard Ferrites
*Have unique axis of
magnetization (easy) even in
the absence of magnetic field
*High coercive field
*High saturation
magnetization
*High remenant
magnetization*used in permanent magnets
*ex: hexagonal ferrites
*have no direction of
magnetization*Low coercive field (HC)
*Low saturation
magnetization
*Low remenantmagnetization
*Used in electromagnets
*ex: Spinels ferrites
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http://d/DR/Nanotechnology/Dr.Ali%20Azab-Mag%20spintronic%20Lec%203.pdf7/30/2019 Mostafa Hassan Presentation-No3
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IMPS College Of Engineering & Technolgy.
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g g g gy
Nanoscale Approaches and
FabricationTop-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches
Ferrite preparation
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Ferrite preparation
Solid State reaction
(Dry method)Wet methods
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Sol
gel
Citrate Flash
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Standard ceramic
Mn oxide and,
Fe2O3
Mixing, grounded (3 hrs), pressing
Presintering at 900C, 8h
Final sintering at about 1100C, 2h,
2oC/min
Grounded (1 hr) , pressing
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Flash combustion
Mixture of metal nitrates and Urea
Urea ratio= 6.67xMol.wt of urea
Good mixing
Heating on magnetic stirrer
Self ignition, auto combustiontakes place
Cit t
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Citrate
Metal nitrates,
citric acid (1:1),
Mixing, deionized water and
adjusting the PH value to 7 using
ammonia
Fluffy gray powder after self
combustion
Heating on magnetic stirrer
S G
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Sol-Gel
Mn nitrate,Fe nitrate
Mixing with droplets of
ethylene glycol,
Thermolysis 80C, 24 hrs
Presintering: 400C, 2hrs
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CT equivalent circuit for transient
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CT equivalent circuit for transient
analysis
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(1)]cospt/
e)t[cos(maxI(t)pi
(2)]cospt/
e)t[cos(smaxI(t)si
The basic principle of the proposed scheme