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MosquitoesontheGO!
GLOBEObserverMosquitoHabitatMapper
RebeccaBoger1andRussanneLow2
1BrooklynCollege,CUNY2InsHtuteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies.
GLOBE&GOMosquitoes
• Mosquitobornediseases• Mosquitoesthatcarrythesediseases– Lifecycle– Habitats
• Connec<onswithNASA;climatechange
• Needformosquitoci<zenscience
Somefactsandfigures
• In2015malariacaused438,000deaths,mostofthemchildrenunder5yearsold
• Morethan2.5billionpeopleinover100countriesareatriskofcontrac<ngdengue
• Worldwideincidenceofdenguehasrisen30-foldinthepast30years,andmorecountriesarerepor<ngtheirfirstoutbreaksofthedisease
• Morethanhalfoftheworld’spopula<onliveinareaswhereAedesaegyp*mosquitospeciesispresent
Mosquitogenerathatcantransmitdiseasestopeople
• Aedes– Chikungunya– Denguefever– RiXValleyfever– Yellowfever– Zika
• Anopheles– Malaria
• Culex– Japaneseencephali<s– Lympha<cfilariasis– WestNilefever
AdultAedesaegyp*.ImagecourtesyFloridaMedicalEntomologyLaboratory.
DengueFever
Dengue–mosquitotransmission
DengueandotherdiseasesarecarriedbyAedesaegyp*andAe.albopictusFeralversion:Thewildtypefeedsonbirdsandsmallmammalsandbreedsinrockholesandnaturaldepressions.DomesHcated:(thisiswhatwehaveintheU.S.)Wildlysuccessfulbreedersinandaroundwherehumanslive-becausewemakeandusecontainersthathavestandingwater!
AdultAedesaegyp*.ImagecourtesyofFloridaMedicalEntomologyLaboratory
Daybiter
Femalestakebloodmeal
MosquitoesandtheZikaVirus
• Humanadapted-wecreatehabitatstheylike!
• Biteall<mesofday• Preferredbreedingsite:containers• Produces100-200eggs• Canpersistdryformorethana
year
AdultAedesaegyp*.ImagecourtesyofFloridaMedicalEntomologyLaboratory
NOTE: Not all mosquitoes of these species carry the virus, and not allindividualswhoarebiCenbythesemosquitoescontractZika-lessthan4%.
HowZikaspreads
Zikacanbetransmifed• Throughmosquitobites
• Fromapregnantwomantoherfetus
• Throughsex• Throughbloodtransfusion(verylikelybutnotconfirmed)
Symptoms
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Source:hfps://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html
Above:Es<matedrangesofAedesalbopictusandA.aegyp*intheUS,CDC.Right:hfps://www.op<derma.com/ar<cles/zika-chikungunya-dengue-virus-skin-rashes/
Distribu<onofAedesaegyp*andAe.albopictusintheUnitedStates
Source:hfps://www.cdc.gov/westnile/transmission/
WNVTransmission• WestNilevirusismostcommonlytransmifedtohumansby
mosquitoes.• Addi<onalroutesofhumaninfec<onhavealsobeendocumented;
theserepresentaverysmallpropor<onofcases:– Bloodtransfusions– Organtransplants– Exposureinalaboratoryseing– Frommothertobabyduringpregnancy,delivery,orbreasjeeding
• WestNilevirusisnottransmifed:– Fromperson-to-personorfromanimal-to-personthroughcasual
contact.– Fromhandlingliveordeadinfectedbirds.– Throughconsuminginfectedbirdsoranimals.
Mosquitoes-WNV
• Over60specieshavebeenfoundtocarryWNV
• Anopheles,Aedes,Culexandothergenera• Culexconsideredtheprinciplevectors,especiallyCulexpipiens
Source:hfps://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/mapviewer/
hfps://www.cdc.gov/westnile/resources/pdfs/data/4-WNV-Week-Onset_for-PDF_1999-2015_07072016.pdf
Malaria
• Ofabout400Anophelesspecies,30canbemalariavectors
• MalariaiscausedbyPlasmodiumparasites.• Thereare5parasitespeciesthatcausemalariainhumans,and2ofthesespecies–P.falciparumandP.vivax–posethegreatestthreat.– P.falciparumisthemostprevalentmalariaparasiteontheAfricancon<nent.Itisresponsibleformostmalaria-relateddeathsglobally.
– P.vivaxisthedominantmalariaparasiteinmostcountriesoutsideofsub-SaharanAfrica.
Source:hfps://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/map.html
GlobalDistribuHon(RobinsonProjecHon)ofDominantorPotenHallyImportantMalariaVectors
LifeCycleTheegg, larvaeandpupaestagesofthemosquito lifecyclearedependentonwater.TheGOMosquitoAppfocusesoncollec<ngandidenHfyingmosquitolarvaeinstandingwater.
Notethathandlingofeggsandthelarvaeissafe:theeggsandlarvae do not transmit disease. Only the bites of femalemosquitoestransmitdisease.
Mosquitoes,EnvironmentandWeather
Image:CDC. 22
Hurricanes?Unusuallyhighrainfall:createsnewbreedingsiteswherenoneexistedbefore.Unusuallylowrainfallcanchangehabitatscanconcentratewaterintosmallpoolswheretherewaspreviouslyflowingwater.• Increaseinpropor<onofbreedingsitesin
containers.
Hurricanesordrought:Bothprovidenewanduniqueplacesformosquitoestobreed
CiHzenScienHsts-You-playanimportantroleinfindingbreedingsitesandmiHgaHngthem
Can’tquiteseemosquitoesfromhere!
YouCan’tSeeMosquitoesfromSpace
“I don't see mosquitoes from satellites,unfortunately, but I see the environmentwheremosquitoes are,” says Felix Kogan ofthe NOAA Satellite and Informa<on Servicein this video about his work. “Mosquitoeslikewarmandmoistenvironmentsandthisis what I see from the operaHonalsatellites.”
Seasonal paferns of temperature andprecipita<on may be altered by climatechangewhereyoulive.Changesinlanduseisalso an important factor in crea<ng newmosquitobreedingsites.
.
Can’tquiteseemosquitoesfromhere.Terrafromspace.Image:NASA.
On-the-groundmonitoringofmosquitobreedinghabitatsisimportantforNASAScience!
WhyCollectMosquitoData?
Globally, there is a major effort to use data fromsatellitestopredicttheonset,decline,andspreadofvector-bornediseases.Reliableground-baseddataarehelpful for the development of realis<c computermodelsbasedonsatellitedata.
Inmanypartsoftheworld,sufficient"ground-truth"dataaresimplynotavailable-soGLOBEobservaHonsare criHcally important to tracking and controllingdisease.
And- these satellites can’t disHnguish between thesites in your community-we need the “eyes in thesky”butalsothe“bootsontheground”!
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PROJECT SLAM!
Theappexplainshowyoucancollectasampletoexaminethelarvae.