Mosquitoe Repellent Plants Final 31 August

8/6/2019 Mosquitoe Repellent Plants Final 31 August

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Building Community Resiliencefor Health, Vector Control and Climate Change thru Social Forestry

Dr. Homero Silva

Environmental Health Advisor

PAHO/WHO JamaicaIntroduction

Climate change is going to bring chaos to many countries in the world. Especially to those countries with lowresilience, under the verge of economic collapse and with already poorly financed health sector programmes.Vector diseases will exacerbate this condition. The end result will be a gargantuan impact on public health tothe general population, but especially to those in the lower income groups.The expected environmental impacts, already being felt in some areas of the world, are: higher temperatures;rising seas; increased risk of drought, fire and floods; stronger storms and increased storm damage; changinglandscapes; more heat-related illness and disease; economic losses and wildlife at risk. The outcomes in healthwill be an increase on: cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases; vector and water bornediseases; food safety and food security related diseases; human reproduction and other diseases related tohumidity and temperature.The only alternative available for poor countries is to minimize or eliminate the above problems by increasingCommunity Resilience. In this paper Resilience is understood as the ability of a system, community or

society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timelyand efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures andfunctions. By the contrary, Susceptibility is the inability to resist, absorb, accommodate (adopt or adapt) to ahazard. From here, it is logical that if we want to protect public health from climate change and vector bornediseases, then we should strengthen communities resistance by strengthen the determinants of health.

Vector and Climate Change Control thru Social Forestry is oriented to indoor housing and its surroundings, bythe introduction of plants and trees that while acting as mosquito repellent indoors and surroundings, (some ofthem act as insecticides cutting the mosquito reproductive cycle), they also can be utilized as alternativemedicines, food and for employment generation. Some of the plants and trees can be used to dry wet areas andhence prevent the creation of mosquito breeding sites. Finally an additional benefit of some plants and trees isthe creation of cool islands which decrease the temperature indoor and outdoor creating more comfortable

conditions for its inhabitants. Reduction of temperature inside and outside the house will decrease the use ofenergy utilized for cooling purposes, and therefore energy savings can be of the order of 30 to 50%, according tostudies done in United Sates.

We foresee Social Forestry to have a high impact on the Social Determinants of Health to increase communityresilience.

Justification

Why we should focus on HealthPublic health is the best strategy for all to attain health and, as a consequence, economic, social, cultural andspiritual development. In this regard, when public health is focused on human capital) it contributes largely topoverty reduction, better education, achievement of human rights, freedom as development and overall, equity.

What people can achieve contributes to human capital development. In this regard, Theodore Schultz formulatedhis theory about development where to achieve it, human capital should be considered and not only fixedcapital (human as well as fixed capital should be considered). The possibility, the capability of human beings toproduce and contribute is called human capital. The two most important ingredients to achieve this are healthand education. Schultz produced his ideas of human capital in the 60s as a way to explain the advantage ofinvesting in health and education, in order to improve agricultural production. He demonstrated that humancapital production in the USA economy was higher than that based on physical capital (i.e., a new plant ormachine).


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For Schultz, the concept of human capital implies investing in people. He argues that education, training andhealth investments open opportunities and options that would normally not be available to many individuals. Hecompares the acquisition, knowledge and skills to the acquisition of production means. Workers should notbe at mercy of others. To the contrary, they can control the increase of their own productivity and income. Hedefends that income difference among persons is related to differences in education and health.In the past, the belief was that fixed capital investment was the most important contributor for the future growth

of a country. But, Schultz has demonstrated this is wrong investment in human capital contributes up to 65%to the economic growth of a country. When we talk about poverty, or how to improve the situation of onecountry, we shall never forget human capital, because it contributes to the growth of wealth in a country.Health status can influence poverty itself but, contrarily, health can contribute to the productivity or wealth of acountry. It is obvious that ill persons cannot contribute; their productivity is relatively low. Health is anelement that impacts in wellbeing and contributes to economic growth in four ways: 1) reduces productionlosses by workers infirmity; 2) allows the use of natural resources that, due to diseases, were totally orpractically inaccessible; 3) increases school enrollment of children and allows them to learn better; and 4)liberates, for other uses, resources needed to treat infirmity in other ways.For example, in some classical studies in Central America, in populations dedicated to agriculture, correction ofanemia has shown that productivity increases greatly. Iron deficiency and anemia reduce the capacity ofindividuals and of the entire population causing serious economic consequences and obstacles for national

development. Inversely, anemic treatment can increase national productivity in 20%. Overall, the most poorand the less educated are more vulnerable and disproportionately affected by iron deficiency. These vulnerablegroups benefit most from anemia treatment.Recent studies show that improvements in workers health are associated with productivity improvements,particularly in those where income is low.There are many reasons why the relationship between productivity and health in developing countries is ofspecial interest. Labour income is a fundamental input for wellbeing of the individual and the family, becomingas a last resource for poverty alleviation. Leibenstein showed that among poor nourished workers, those whoconsume more calories not only can be more productive, but in many cases very low levels of ingestion andbetterment of nutrition could be associated with relatively high increases in productivity.Health plays an important role in poverty alleviation, because on one side, a healthier individual is, also, a moreproductive individual, and a more productive individual will see this result manifested in a higher salary. On the

other hand, a healthier individual can compete in similar conditions with others. Therefore, what health does isto put individuals in situations of equal opportunities, which improves their income, but at the same time, alsoimproves economic growth.Some studies have attempted to estimate the return on investment in health and the betterment of income inpersons. Strauss and Thomas tried to describe the role of health through four health indicators, namely, weight,size, height and body mass index, and if these represented improvements in salaries in both men and women.Results were significant in low- income population groups, but not in medium- and high-income groups. Thisindicates that health improvements have a greater impact on the income of persons with low income, i.e., theyreduce poverty on this functional group.Investment in health makes investment in education more effective. In order for the inversion in education beeffective, first it is necessary that the person be alive and had good health during the rest of his life. Sickchildren cannot learn because of several reasons. There is evidence showing that sick children cannot learn

new elements, new things or they can present behaviour problems, etc. This demonstrates that sick childrencannot perform well and, hence, investments in education in sick children are not as effective as inversion inhealthy children. Different studies on return investments in human capital in function of age where investmentis done, have concluded this to be higher during first years than in later years, i.e., investments in health shouldbe at infancy. Be this the reason the importance of child health and mothers education over their children.Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize in Economics, defined development as a product of freedom and the capacities toexert them. That is, development is the freedom to expand our capacities to live life we value and have reasonsto value. In this context, instrumental freedoms are: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities,


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transparency guarantees and protective security. These freedoms tend to contribute to the general capacity of aperson to live more freely, but they serve to complement each other.Expansion of freedoms should be seen as a primary goal as well as the main means for development. Herepersons are considered as active agents of change and not mere passive recipients of benefits provided by others.What people can achieve is influenced by economic opportunities, political freedoms, social forces andpermissible conditions of health and basic education. Without diminishing the importance of other freedoms to

achieve development, we should focus in the agent of change, i.e., the human being, the human capital.Development of a country depends on human capital, and this depends at the same time on health and education.Parameters that measure poverty are different. This is not in relation to only economic income. Those factors,farther than the mere acquiring capacity, are our capacities, the same that allows us to have options, those whoallow us to elect and to have control on our decisions.In summary, we can conclude that one of the health benefits is to allow equity, in all meanings, because healthempowers people in their own development.Health plays an important role in poverty reduction, because on one side, a healthier individual is also a moreproductive individual, and a more productive individual sees this fact reflected in greater salaries. In addition, ahealthier person can compete in similar conditions with others, so achievement of health places persons in equalopportunity situations, which improves their income, but at the same time improves the economic growth.

The Social Determinants of HealthUntil now the reports of the impact on Climate Change have been directed to the disease not to health, asdefined by WHO. Here, an analysis of Climate Change and its impact on health is presented. But rather thanconducting a simplistic approach (i.e. rainfall versus vector diseases), a holistic analysis of how climate changewill impact on the determinants of health will be done.Why are some persons healthy and others not? Since 1974 (Lalonde Report) work has been carried to explainthat. Excellent scientific research has established that factors such as living and working conditions and how weshare wealth in our societies are crucially important for a healthy population.Commonly referred to as the determinants of health, these broad factors impact on individual and populationhealth. The determinants of health are each important in their own right, however, they interact to forcefullyinfluence health and well being across the lifespan.Being the case, then it is obvious that in evaluating the impacts on health from climate change, the determinants

of health should be used to adapt and mitigate thru the preparation of policies, plans and projects to minimizethe adverse impacts on health.Although the determinants of health can be described in many ways, in this paper it is proposed to use thetwelve major determinants1of health proposed by The Public Health Agency of Canada, as follows: 1) Incomeand Social Status,; 2) Social Support Networks; 3) Education and Literacy; 4) Employment / WorkingConditions, 5) Social Environments, 6)Physical Environments, 7) Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills,8) Healthy Child Development, 9) Biology and Genetic Endowment, 10, Health Services, 11)Gender and 12)Culture.Income and Social Status. Health status improves at each step up the income and social hierarchy. Highincome determines living conditions such as safe housing and ability to buy sufficient good food. The healthiestpopulations are those in societies which are prosperous and have an equitable distribution of wealth. Publichealth researchers and epidemiologists have long known that social status wealth, educational attainment,

occupational prestige and occupational status is related to health and well-being.Social Support Networks A social support network is made up of friends, family and peers. It can play animportant role in times of stress. A social support network is something you can develop when you're not understress, providing the comfort of knowing that your friends are there for you if you need them. Support fromfamilies, friends and communities is associated with better health. Such social support networks could be veryimportant in helping people solve problems and deal with adversity, as well as in maintaining a sense of mastery

1 Public Health Agency Canada, 2003. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index.html
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index.htmlhttp://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index.html


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and control over life circumstances. The caring and respect that occurs in social relationships, and the resultingsense of satisfaction and well-being, seem to act as a buffer against health problems.Education and Literacy Health status improves with level of education. Education is closely tied tosocioeconomic status, and effective education for children and lifelong learning for adults are key contributorsto health and prosperity for individuals, and for the country. Education contributes to health and prosperity byequipping people with knowledge and skills for problem solving, and helps provide a sense of control and

mastery over life circumstances. It increases opportunities for job and income security, and job satisfaction. Andit improves people's ability to access and understand information to help keep them healthy.Employment / Working Conditions. Unemployment, underemployment, stressful or unsafe work areassociated with poorer health. People who have more control over their work circumstances and fewer stressrelated demands of the job are healthier and often live longer than those in more stressful or riskier work andactivities.

Social Environments. The importance of social support also extends to the broader community. Civicvitality refers to the strength of social networks within a community, region, province or country. It isreflected in the institutions, organizations and informal giving practices that people create to shareresources and build attachments with others. The array of values and norms of a society influences invarying ways the health and well being of individuals and populations.Physical Environments. The physical environment is an important determinant of health. At certain levels ofexposure, contaminants in our air, water, food and soil can cause a variety of adverse health effects, includingcancer, birth defects, respiratory illness and gastrointestinal ailments. In the built environment, factors related tohousing, indoor air quality, and the design of communities and transportation systems can significantlyinfluence our physical and psychological well-being.Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills refer to thoseactions by which individuals can prevent diseases and promote self-care, cope with challenges, and develop self-reliance, solve problems and make choices that enhance health. Definitions of lifestyle include not onlyindividual choices, but also the influence of social, economic, and environmental factors on the decisions peoplemake about their health. There is a growing recognition that personal life "choices" are greatly influenced by thesocioeconomic environments in which people live, learn, work and play.Healthy Child Development. New evidence on the effects of early experiences on brain development, schoolreadiness and health in later life has sparked a growing consensus about early child development as a powerfuldeterminant of health in its own right. At the same time, we have been learning more about how all of the otherdeterminants of health affect the physical, social, mental, emotional and spiritual development of children andyouth. For example, a young person's development is greatly affected by his or her housing and neighborhood,family income and level of parents' education, access to nutritious foods and physical recreation, geneticmakeup and access to dental and medical care.Biology and Genetic Endowment. The basic biology and organic make-up of the human body are afundamental determinant of health. Genetic endowment provides an inherited predisposition to a wide range ofindividual responses that affect health status. Although socio-economic and environmental factors are importantdeterminants of overall health, in some circumstances genetic endowment appears to predispose certainindividuals to particular diseases or health problemsHealth Services. Health services, particularly those designed to maintain and promote health, to preventdisease, and to restore health and function contribute to population health. The health services continuum of careincludes treatment and secondary prevention.Gender. Gender refers to the array of society-determined roles, personality traits, attitudes, behaviors, values,relative power and influence that society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis. "Gendered" normsinfluence the health system's practices and priorities. Many health issues are a function of gender-based socialstatus or roles.

Culture. Some persons or groups may face additional health risks due to a socio-economicenvironment, which is largely determined by dominant cultural values that contribute to the


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perpetuation of conditions such as marginalization, stigmatization, loss or devaluation of language andculture and lack of access to culturally appropriate health care and services.

A more detailed explanation on the determinants of health and how they are going to be impacte is presented inAnnex 1. In summary, evaluating the impacts on disease are not helping on strengthening resilience publichealth to be prepared for the impacts of climate change(direct effects, adaptation and mitigation measures).

Evaluating impacts of climate change on determinants of health is a better approach than evaluating diseases.Climate changes impacts negatively on each one of the determinants of health. Impacts will varydisproportionately, being the poor, indigenous people, children and women the most affected;

Climate ChangeAs mentioned before, the expected environmental impacts, already being felt in some areas of the world, are:higher temperatures; rising seas; increased risk of drought, fire and floods; stronger storms and increased stormdamage ; changing landscapes; more heat-related illness and disease; economic losses and wildlife at risk. Theoutcomes in health will be an increase on: cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases; vector andwater borne diseases; food safety and food security related diseases; human reproduction and other diseasesrelated to humidity and temperature.Vector Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseasesespecially malaria, dengue, and Chagascontinue compromising the health of large proportion of the regional population. Population growth, rapid expansion of agricultural borders,environmental degradation, and high migration of affected persons facilitate the transmission of the disease thruthe borders.While the number of reported cases of malaria hit a peak in the late 1990s, the disease is still endemic in 21countries and results in approximately one million cases reported annuallya significant economic impact, astwo-thirds of those cases occur in working-age people.The most commonly used insecticides in the Americas are organophosphates and pyrethroids. Several countriesalso rely on fogging, principally to reduceAedes aegypti, but also to decrease anopheline densities.In base of the above considerations, and taking into account the negative effects, both for public health as wellas for the environment, by the intensive use of DDT, it is proposed to utilize alternative methods to DDT for thecontrol of this disease. In this paper we call them Vector Control thru Social Forestry.

The Proposal

There are garden plants and trees with mosquito repellent properties. Up to know, the most common form torepel or eliminate mosquitoes has included the aspersion of high quantities of poisoning chemical productsinside and outside the housing unit or in ourselves. Mosquito repellent products turn humans unappealing tomosquitoes; hence mosquitoes avoid getting close to skin areas covered with these products. These repellentsdo not kill mosquitoes, but avoid the contact of mosquitoes to persons. Any repellent to be considered effectiveshould contain DEET (N, N- Diethyl m Toluamide). This chemical interrupts skin production of carbondioxide, which attracts mosquitoes, and as consequence there is no biting. By interrupting this process, therepellent makes mosquitoes unable to locate their victims, during several hours.Human beings are so accustomed to the use of chemicals that they do not realize all the different remediesMother Nature has against mosquitoes. Vegetal world offers a great gamut of effective insect repellents,

nevertheless the chemical industry continues producing chemicals that are lethal to animal life and the influenceon human health is not yet entirely understood.Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon nardus) in candles and in products designed to be used on the skin is widelyknown. However there are other plants and trees which have been utilized by centuries because of their insectrepellent properties, those include the following: Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), leaves of Elderberry(Sambucus nigra), Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis), Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus), Basil (Ocimum bacilicum), Geranium (Pelargonium roseum), Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Mint ((Mentha x piperita)and Chrysanthemum Weed (Artemesia vulgaris). Also there are some natural insecticides such as: Bitter


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Buttons (Tanacetum vulgare), Spanish Chamomile ( Anacyclus pyrethrum), Anise (Pimpinella anisum) andYellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis).In the following paragraphs a detailed presentation is made on several plants that may be utilized as alternativevector control methods:Tanacetum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacetumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacetum


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Geranium

(Pelargonium roseum)

It is a species in the Pelargonium genus, which is indigenous to various parts of southern Africa, and inparticular South Africa. It is often calledgeranium as it falls within the plant

family Geraniaceae, although morecorrectly, it is referred to asPelargonium. This specific species hasgreat importance in the perfumeindustry. It is cultivated on a large scaleand its foliage is distilled for its scent. P. graveolens cultivars have a widevariety of smells, including rose, citrus,mint, coconut and nutmeg, as well as

various fruits. However, the most commercially important varieties are those that have rose scents.

Culinary uses. Other applications include, Cake ingredient(flowers and leaves), Jam and jellies ingredient (flowers and

leaves), Ice creams and Sorbets ingredient (flowers and leaves),Salad ingredient (flowers) and Sugar flavouring (leaves)Traditional Medicine. Pelargonium distillates and absolutes,commonly known as "geranium oil," is sold for aromatherapy andmassage therapy applications is sometimes used to supplement oradulterate more expensive rose oils. Rose Geranium oil can be used tohelp in the treatment of the following: acne, bruises, burns, cuts,dermatitis, eczema, hemorrhoids, lice, ringworm, ulcers, breastengorgement, edema, poor circulation, sore throat, tonsillitis, PMS,menopausal problems, stress and neuralgia. It's reputation as an extremely versatile essential oil is welldocumented.Vector Control It is a natural insect repellent. In a laboratory trial, in west-central Iran, the acaricidal effects

of the essential oils (EOs) prepared from two medicinal plants, i.e. Pelargonium roseum and Eucalyptusglobulus on the adult stage of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were evaluated. The results show that bothplants, particularly P. Roseum can be considered as potential candidates for biocontrol of R. (B) annulatus in thefield. The insecticidal activity against the house fly, Musca domestica L. under laboratory conditions has beendemonstrated.Industrial/Commercial Use. This specific species has great importance in the perfume industry. It is cultivatedon a large scale and its foliage is distilled for its scent.


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Anise

(Pimpinella anisum)It is also known as ans, it is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean regionand Southwest Asia. It is known for its flavor, which resembles liquorice, fennel and tarragon. Anise is anherbaceous annual plant growing to 3 ft (0.91 m) tall. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 0.52 in

(1.35.1 cm) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery pinnate, divided intonumerous leaves. The flowers are white, approximately 3 mm diameter, produced in dense umbels. The fruit isan oblong dry schizocarp, 3 5 mm long. It is these seed pods that are referred to as "aniseed".Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well drained soil. The seedsshould be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Becausethe plants have a taproot, they do not transplant well after beingestablished, so they should be started either in their final location ortransplanted while the seedlings are still small. Anise is used as foodby the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths),including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug.Culinary Uses. Western cuisines have long used anise as amoderately popular herb to flavor some dishes, drinks, and candies,

and so the word has come to connote both the species of herb and thelicorice-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of theessential oil of anise, anethole, is found in both anise and anunrelated spice called star anise. Featured prominently in SouthAsian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian dishes, star anise is considerably less expensive to produce, and hasgradually displaced the 'original' anise in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tonnes, compared to 400 tonnes from star anise.Anise is sweet and very aromatic, distinguished by its licorice-like flavor.The seeds, whole or ground, are usedin a wide variety of regional and ethnic confectioneries, including British aniseed balls, Australian humbugs,New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian pizzelle, Peruvian picarones and others. It is a key ingredient in Mexican"atole de ans", which is similar to hot chocolate, and taken as a digestive after meals in India. Anise is used toflavor some alcoholic beverages. Anise, like fennel, contains anethole, a phytoestrogen.

Traditional Medicine.Anise can be used to relieve menstrual cramps. Anise, like fennel, contains anethole, aphytoestrogen. In the 1860's American Civil War nurse Maureen Hellstrom used anise seeds as an early form ofantiseptic. This method was later found to have caused high levels of toxicity in the blood and was discontinuedshortly thereafter. According to Pliny the Elder, anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed withalexanders and a little honey in the morning to freshen the breath, and when mixed with wine as a remedy forasp bites.Vector Control. Essential oils extracted from anis were evaluated for larvicidal, adulticidal, ovicidal,oviposition-deterrent and repellent activities towards three mosquito species; Anopheles stephensi, Aedesaegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oils of Pimpinella anisum were highly effective as bothlarvicidal and ovicidal. The essential oil of P. anisum showed toxicity against 4th instar larvae of A. stephensiand A. aegypti with equivalent LD95 values of 115.7 microg/ml, whereas it was 149.7 microg/ml against C.quinquefasciatus larvae.

Industrial/Commercial Use. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of theessential oil of anise was only 8 tonnes, compared to 400 tonnes from star anise. Anise is used to flavor somealcoholic beverages.


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Celery

(Apium graveolens)It is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery (var. dulce) orceleriac (var. rapaceum)

depending on whether the petioles (stalks) or roots are eaten. Apium graveolens isused around the world as a vegetable,either for the crisp petiole (leaf stalk)

or the fleshy toproot.Apium graveolens grows to 1 m tall..In North America, commercialproduction of celery is dominated bythe varieties called Pascal celery.Gardeners can grow a range ofcultivars, many of which differ littlefrom the wild species, mainly in havingstouter leaf stems. They are rangedunder two classes, white and red; the white cultivars being generally the bestflavoured, and the most crisp and tender. The stalks grow in tight straight parallel

bunches, and are typically marketed fresh that way, without roots and just a little green leaf remaining.

The wild form of celery is known assmallage. It has a furrowed stalk with wedge-shaped leaves, the wholeplant having a coarse, earthy taste, and a distinctive smell. The stalks are not usually eaten (except in soups orstews in French cuisine), but the leaves may be used in salads, and its seeds are those sold as a spice. Withcultivation and blanching, the stalks lose their acidic qualities and assume the mild, sweetish, aromatic tasteparticular to celery as a salad plant.Culinary Uses. Celery seeds can be used as flavouring or spice, either as whole seeds or ground and mixedwith salt, as celery salt. Celery salt can also be made from an extract of the roots. Celery salt is used as aseasoning, in cocktails (notably to enhance the flavour of Bloody Mary cocktails), on the Chicago-style hot dog,and in Old Bay Seasoning. Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the holy trinity of Louisiana Creole and Cajuncuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups.Celery is a staple in many soups, such as chicken noodle soup.Celery is widely eaten by guinea pigs, dogs, horses, humans, birds, squirrels, and small rodents.

Traditional Medicine. Celery is thought to be an aphrodisiac by some people. Bergapten in the seeds canincrease photosensitivity. However, this is a potentially useful action in psoriasis, with caution, and celery alongwith other umbellifers is one of the vegetables to be included in the diet as a source of psoralens. It should alsobe noted that this may constitute a risk factor in skin cancer. The oil and large doses of seeds should be avoidedduring pregnancy, as they can act as a uterine stimulant. A common use for the seeds is as a "blood purifier" andit is sometimes taken for arthritis. Celery is used in weight-loss diets, where it provides low-calorie dietary fibrebulk. Celery seeds are also a great source of calcium, and are regarded as a good alternative to animal products.Celery appears to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can causepotentially fatal anaphylactic shock. The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures.Celery rootcommonly eaten as celeriac, or put into drinksis known to contain more allergen than the stalk.Seeds contain the highest levels of allergen content. In the European Union, foods that contain or may containcelery, even in trace amounts, have to be clearly marked as such.

Vector control. Crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens, has been found effective for anti-mosquitopotential, including larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activities against Aedes aegypti. When the mosquitorepellencies of four fractions of Apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic)were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection againstfemale, adult Aedes aegypti. The hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in thelaboratory,Industrial Uses. Celery seeds yield a valuable volatile oil used in the perfume and pharmaceutical industries.They also contain an organic compound called apiol.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirepoix_(cuisine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirepoix_(cuisine)


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Cinnamon

(Cinnamomum)It is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum which includes allspecies of Evergreen trees. Cinnamon trees are native to South East Asia, and its origin was mysterious inEurope until the sixteenth century. Cinnamon has beenknown from remote antiquity

Culinary Uses. Cinnamon bark is widely used as a spice. It isprincipally employed in cookery as a condiment andflavoring material. It is used in the preparation of chocolate,and desserts, as well as spicy candies, tea, hot cocoa, andliqueurs. In the Middle East, it is often used in savory dishes ofchicken and lamb. In the United States, cinnamon and sugar areoften used to flavor cereals, bread-based dishes, and fruits.Cinnamon can also be used in pickling. Cinnamon bark isone of the few spices that can be consumed directly.Cinnamon powder has long been an important spice in Persian cuisine, used in a variety of thick soups, drinks,and sweets. It is often mixed with rosewater or other spices to make a cinnamon-based curry powder for stewsor just sprinkled on sweet treats.

Its flavor is due to an aromatic essential oil that makes up 0.5% to 1% of its composition.Traditional Medicine. It has been used to treat diarrhea and other problems of the digestive system. It is highin antioxidant activity. The essential oil of cinnamon also has antimicrobial properties, which can aid in thepreservation of certain foods. It has been reported to have remarkable pharmacological effects in the treatmentof Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Cinnamon has traditionally been used to treat toothache andfight bad breath and its regular use is believed to stave off common cold and aid digestion.Pharmacological experiments suggest that the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamic aldehyde(cinnamaleugenoldehyde) activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response in human epithelial colon cells andmay therefore represent an experimental chemopreventive dietary factor targeting colorectal carcinogenesis.Recent research documents anti-melanoma activity of cinnamic aldehyde observed in cell culture and a mousemodel of human melanoma.Regular drinking of tea could be beneficial to oxidative stress related illness in humans, as the plant part

contains significant antioxidant potential. One teaspoon of cinnamon contains as many antioxidants as a fullcup of pomegranate juice and 1/2 a cup of blueberries.Vector Control. Cinnamon has been proposed] for use as an insect repellent, although it remains untested.Cinnamon leaf oil has been found to be very effective in killing mosquito larvae . The compounds cinnamicaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, and anethole that are contained in cinnamon leaf oil were found to have thehighest effectiveness against mosquito larvae.Industrial Uses. This oil is prepared by roughly pounding the bark, macerating it in seawater, and then quicklydistilling the whole. It is of a golden-yellow color, with the characteristic odor of cinnamon and a very hotaromatic taste. The pungent taste and scent come from cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamaldehyde (about 60 % of thebark oil) and, by the absorption of oxygen as it ages, it darkens in color and develops resinous compounds.Other chemical components of the essential oil include ethyl cinnamate, eugenol (found mostly in the leaves),beta-caryophyllene, linalool, and methyl chavicol.


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Yarrow

(Achillea millefolium)It is a genus of about 85 flowering plants, in the family Asteraceae, commonly referred to asyarrow. They occurin Europe and temperate areas of Asia. A few grow in North America. These plants typically have frilly, hairy,aromatic leaves.

Yarrow is a perennial herb, native to Europe and Asia and naturalized in North America and most othercountries throughout the world. Yarrow is very common along roadsides and in oldfields, pastures, and meadows in the eastern and central United States and Canada.Yarrow is easily cultivated, will survive in poor soil. It prefers a well-drained soil in asunny position. A very good companion plant, it improves the health of plants growingnearby and enhances their essential oil content thus making them more resistant toinsect predations also improves the soil fertility.Culinary Uses. The highly aromatic leaves and flowers are made into a herbal tea.Fresh leaves can be used as a substitute for sage in recipes. An aromatic tea: To 1 tsp.dried herb add 1 cup boiling water, steep for 10 min. sweeten to taste. Take at bedtime.Traditional Medicine. Yarrow is a very valuable medicinal herb, with much scientificevidence of use in alternative medicine as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent,

carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, stimulant, and tonics, vasodilatorand vulnerary.Yarrow is used against colds, cramps, fevers, kidney disorders, toothaches, skin irritations, and hemorrhages,and to regulate menses, stimulate the flow of bile, and purify the blood. Medicinal tea is a good remedy forsevere colds and flu, for stomach ulcers, amenorrhea, abdominal cramps, abscesses, trauma and bleeding, and toreduce inflammation. The main constituents are volatile oils including linalool, camphor, sabinene, andchamazulene, sesquiterpene lctones, flavanoids, alkaloids including achilleine, polyacetylenes, triterpenes,salicylic acid, coumarins, and tannins which prove these uses in alternative medicine to be effective. Extracts ofyarrow exhibit antibiotic activity and may also act as anti-neoplastic drugs. Externally for treating wounds andstopping the flow of blood.Vector Control. Finally, besides the above mentioned medicinal properties of yarrow herb, there are someother uses as well. This herb works as an effective mosquito repellent.

Industrial Use. Yarrow oil has been traditionally used in hair shampoos. Some caution is advised , large orfrequent doses taken over a long period may cause the skin to be more sensitive to sunlight.Common yarrow can be used as a blue dye in medications and food colouring. It is also added to many cosmeticand beauty products. In certain areas, it is used to reduce shore and slope erosion. It is also used by honey bees.The world production ofAchillea millefolium essential oil is 800 tonnes annually, estimated to have a value ofU.S.$88 million. It seems that the global yarrow market is well-developed in Europe. However, Richters HerbCatalogue states that the flower market is limited and that special equipment would be required to becompetitive on the international market.In Quebec, the annual production of dried organic flowers is 100 kg, with an annual growth rate of about 15%.In 2003, the price per kilogram was $16.50 and one kg of yarrow essential oil sold for approximately $2,583.


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Spanish chamomile

(Anacyclus pyrethrum)

It is also known aspellitory or Mount Atlas daisy is a perennial herb much like chamomile in habitat andappearance. It is found in North Africa, elsewhere in the Mediterranean region, in the Himalayas, in North India,and in Arabian countries.

The variety depressus (sometimes considered a separate species,Anacyclus depressus), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown as aspring-blooming, low-water ornamental.Culinary Uses. None reportedTraditional Medicine. This herb contains an essential volatile oil and analkaloid, pellitorin or pyrethrin. It hasalkamides, lignane (includingsesamine), inulin (fructosan) and tannins. Alkamides includesdeca-2,4- dienacid-isobutylamide, anacycline, and dehydroanacycline.

Medicinally, pellitory root has a pungent efficacy in relieving toothache and promoting a free flow ofsaliva. An oils is prepared by a method known as pit extraction. This oil can be applied over the penisto get firm erection.

It induces heat, tingling and redness when applied to the skin. It is believed that application of this herb tothe skin stimulates the nerve ends that may result inredness, and irritation accompanied by a hot, burningsensation.Root of this herb is a valuable sialogogue. It is often used as a tonic to the nervous system. It ispowerfullyirritant. It is also used for rheumatic conditions, and to aid in digestion. Also useful fortoothaches (use as agargle). Other applications includetreatment for epilepsy, paralysis, hemiplegia, and for sore throat and tonsils.Some herbalistssuggest that this herb may be useful for diabetes. Boil 35 grs. in water. It is given as drink indiabetes.Vector Control. It contains pyrethrin, and It is used as an insecticide. Roots are also used as insecticide andanti-mycosis. In mixture with cade oil, the powder is used against moth or ringworm. The oleat prepared bymixing the powder of the rot with olive oil is used to treat phtiriasis and vermin of the head and pubis.Industrial Use. This herb contains an essential volatile oil and an alkaloid, pellitorin or pyrethrin. It hasalkamides, lignane (including sesamine), inulin (fructosan) and tannins. Alkamides includesdeca-2,4-dien acid-isobutylamide, anacycline, and dehydroanacycline.


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Basil

(Ocimum bacilicum)Basil is of the familyLamiaceae (mints), is a tender low-growing herb. Basil is a culinary herb prominentlyfeatured in Italian cuisine, and also plays a major role in the Southeast Asian cuisines ofThailand, Vietnam,Cambodia, and Laos. The plant tastes somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, sweet smell.

There are many varieties of basil. That which is used in Italian food is typically called sweet basil, as opposed toThai basil,lemon basil and holy basil, which are used in Asia. While most common varieties of basil are treatedas annuals, some areperennial in warm, tropical climates, including African Blue and Holy Thai basil.Basil is originally native to Iran,India and other tropical regions ofAsia, having beencultivated there for more than 5,000 years.Culinary Uses . Basil is commonly used fresh in cooked recipes. It is generally added atthe last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavour. The fresh herb can be kept for ashort time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after beingblanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavour, and whatlittle flavour remains tastes very different, with a weak coumarin flavour, like hay.Basil is one of the main ingredients in pestoa green Italian oil-and-herb sauce. Its othertwo main ingredients are olive oil and pine nuts.

The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth","Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". The Chinese also use fresh or dried basils in soups andother foods. In Taiwan, people add fresh basil leaves to thick soups. They also eat fried chicken with deep-friedbasil leaves. Basil is commonly steeped in cream or milk to create an interesting flavor in ice cream orchocolates.Basil is sometimes used with fresh fruit and in fruit jams and saucesin particular with strawberries, but alsoraspberries or dark-colored plums. Arguably the flat-leaf basil used in Vietnamese cooking, which has a slightlydifferent flavour, is more suitable for use with fruit.Traditional Medicine.Scientific studies have established that compounds in basil oil have potent antioxidant,anti-cancer, antiviral, and anti-microbial properties. In addition, basil has been shown to decrease theoccurrence of platelet aggregation and experimental thrombus in mice. It is traditionally used for supplementarytreatment of stress, asthma and diabetes in India. In Siddha medicine, it is used for treating pimples on the face,

but noted that intake of the seeds in large quantities is harmful for the brain. Basil, like other aromatic plantssuch as fennel and tarragon, contains estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in rats and mice. Whilehuman effects are currently unstudied, the rodent experiments indicate that it would take 1001000 times thenormal anticipated exposure to become a cancer risk.Vector Control. Basil repels flies and mosquito. It avoids the entrance of insects into home, when they areplanted near doors or windows either in ground or pots. In garden plots it is planted besides the tomatoes plantsto repel attacking insects. To repel the flying insects in a room, a basil clay pot is placed causing mosquitoes toleave the room because they do not like the odor being expelled by the plant. A leaf-extract ofOcimumbasilicum (sweet basil) was used in formulating an aerosol and mosquito coil, and their efficacy tested againstadult mosquitoes. The formulations had potencies of 93 4 and 95 5% for the aerosol and coil, respectively.The efficacy of the formulations depended on the duration of fumigation. The formulations also included thesynergist, piperonyl butoxide. The plant can, therefore, serve as a substitute for some expensive synthetic

insecticides which have toxic residual effects.Industrial Uses. When soaked in water the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous, and are used inAsian drinks and desserts such as fallooda or Sherbet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Blue_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Blue_basilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogenesis


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Cloves

(Syzygium aromaticum)They are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to Indonesia andnow harvested in Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India and Vietnam.

The clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height rangingfrom 812 m, having large square leaves and sanguine flowers in

numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they developinto a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves areharvested when 1.52 cm long, and consist of a long calyx,terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petalswhich form a small ball in the center.

Culinary use. Cloves are used as a spice in cuisines all over the world. Cloves can be used in cooking eitherwhole or in a ground form, but as they are extremely strong, they are used sparingly. Cloves are used in Indiancuisine, in almost all rich or spicy dishes, for sweet or spicy dishes, but rarely in everyday cuisine. Dried clovesare also a key ingredient in Indian spiced tea. In the US, it is often sold under the name of "chai" or "chai tea".In Mexican cuisine, cloves are best known as "clavos de olor", and often used together with cumin andcinnamon. Due to the Indonesian influence, the use of cloves is widespread in the Netherlands. Cloves are used

in cheeses, often in combination with cumin.Traditional Medicine. Cloves are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, and westernherbalism and dentistry, where the essential oil is used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Clovesare used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis. Cloves arealso said to be a natural anthelmintic. Cloves are also an important incense material in Chinese and Japaneseculture. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy when stimulation and warming are needed, especially fordigestive problems. Topical application over the stomach or abdomen are said to warm the digestive tract. Theuse of a clove in toothache is also said to decrease pain. It also helps to decrease infection in the teeth due to itsantiseptic properties. Clove oil, applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth, also relieves toothache.In Chinese medicine cloves are considered acrid, warm and aromatic, entering the kidney, spleen and stomachmeridians, and for warming the middle, direct stomach qi downward, to treat hiccough and to fortify the kidneyyang. Because the herb is so warming it is contraindicated in any persons with fire symptoms and according to

classical sources should not be used for anything except cold from yang deficiency. As such it is used informulas for impotence or clear vaginal discharge from yang deficiency, for morning sickness together withginseng and patchouli, or for vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach coldness. This would translate tohypochlorhydria. Clove oil is used in various skin disorders like acne, pimples etc. It is also used in severeburns, skin irritations and to reduce the sensitiveness of skin. Cloves may be used internally as a tea andtopically as an oil for hypotonic muscles, including for multiple sclerosis. Western studies have supported theuse of cloves and clove oil for dental pain. However, studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction,as a mosquito repellent and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive. Clove may reduce bloodsugar levels. Tellimagrandin II is a ellagitannin found in S. aromaticum with anti-herpesvirus properties.Vector Control.Cloves along with citronella, can be one of the most effective natural ingredients to use as aninsect repellent. In lab and field tests, undiluted clove oil repelled multiple species of mosquitoes for up to twohours. However, undiluted clove oil may also cause skin rash in sensitive people.

Industrial Use. The spice is used in a type of cigarettes in Indonesia. They have been smoked throughoutEurope, Asia and the United States. In 2009, clove cigarettes were outlawed in the US. Clove essence iscommonly used in the production of many perfumes. During Christmas, it is a tradition in some Europeancountries to make pomanders from cloves and oranges to hang around the house. This spreads a nice scentthroughout the house and acts as holiday decorations.


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Fennel oil

(Foeniculum vulgare)It is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species in the genus by most botanists). It is a

member of the family Apiaceae. It is a hardy, perennial herb, with yellowflowers and feathery leaves. It is generally considered indigenous to theshores of the Mediterranean, but has become widely naturalised elsewhere

and may now be found growing wild in many parts of the world, especiallyon dry soils near the sea-coast, on river-banks, along roadsides, in pastures,and in other open sites. Fennel is a perennial herb. Fennel is widelycultivated, for its edible, strongly-flavoured leaves and fruits, which are oftenmistermed "seeds". Fennel can be found in many regions: northern Europe,United States, Southern Canada, Asia and Australia. It propagates well byseed, and is considered an invasive species and a weed in Australia and the

United States.Culinary Uses. The bulb, foliage, and seeds of the fennel plant are widely used in many of the culinarytraditions of the world. Fennel pollen is the most potent form of fennel, but also the most expensive. Driedfennel seed is an aromatic, anise-flavoured spice, brown or green in colour when fresh, slowly turning a dullgrey as the seed ages. For cooking, green seeds are optimal. The leaves are delicately flavored and similar in

shape to those of dill. The bulb is a crisp, hardy root vegetable and may be sauteed, stewed, braised, grilled, oreaten raw. Fennel features prominently in Mediterranean cuisine, where bulbs and fronds are used, both raw andcooked, in side dishes, salads, pastas, vegetable dishes such as artichoke dishes in Greece, and risottos. Manyegg, fish, and other dishes employ fresh or dried fennel leaves. Florence fennel is a key ingredient in someItalian and German salads, often tossed with chicory and avocado, or it can be braised and served as a warm sidedish. It may be blanched or marinated, or cooked in risotto.Florence fennel or finocchio is a selection with a swollen, bulb-like stem base that is used as a vegetable.Traditional Medicine. Fennel contains anethole, which can explain some of its medical effects: it, or itspolymers, act as phytoestrogens. Fennel is chiefly used medicinally with purgatives to allay their side effects,and for this purpose forms one of the ingredients of the liquorice powder. Fennel water has properties similar tothose of anise and dill water: mixed with sodium bicarbonate and syrup, these waters constitute the domestic'gripe water', used to ease flatulence in infants; it also can be made into a syrup to treat babies with colic or

painful teething. Long term ingestion of fennel preparations by babies is a known cause of thelarche. For adults,fennel seeds or tea can relax the intestines and reduce bloating caused by digestive disorders. Essential oil offennel has these properties in concentration. Fennel tea, also employed as a carminative, is made by pouringboiling water on a teaspoonful of bruised fennel seeds. Ancient Romans and in the Indian subcontinent, fennelseeds said to improve eyesight. Extracts of fennel seed have been shown in animal studies to have a potentialuse in the treatment of glaucoma. Some people use fennel as a diuretic, and it may be a potential drug fortreatment of hypertension. There are historical anecdotes that fennel is a galactogogue. This use, although notsupported by direct evidence, is sometimes justified by the fact that fennel is a source of phytoestrogens, whichpromote growth of breast tissue. There is a single case report of fennel tea ingested by a breastfeeding motherresulting in neurotoxicity for the newborn child. Syrup prepared from fennel juice was formerly given forchronic coughs.Vector Control. It is one of the plants which is said to be disliked by fleas, and powdered fennel has the effect

of driving away fleas from kennels and stables. Several studies have shown some constituents of fennel oil tohave mosquitoe repellent properties. The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel,Foeniculum vulgare, against adults ofSitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus chinensis andLasioderma serricorneusing direct contact application and fumigation methods could be useful for managing field populations ofSoryzae, C chinensis andL serricorne.Industrial Uses. Fennel seed is a common ingredient in Italian sausages and meatballs and northern Europeanrye breads. It was one of the three main herbs used in the preparation of absinthe, an alcoholic mixture whichoriginated as a medicinal elixir in Switzerland and became, by the late 19th century, a popular alcoholic drink inFrance and other countries.


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Garlic

(Allium sativum)It is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rajjyo.The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With theexception of the single clove types, the bulb is divided into numerous fleshysections called cloves.

Culinary Uses. The cloves are used for cloning, consumption (raw or cooked), orfor medicinal purposes, and have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor thatmellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. The leaves, and flowers(bulbils) on the head are also edible, and being milder in flavor than the bulbs, theyare most often consumed while immature and still tender. Additionally, theimmature flower stalks of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketedfor uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries.Traditional Medicine. In test tube studies garlic has been found to haveantibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. However, these actions are less clearin humans. In 1858, Louis Pasteur observed garlic's antibacterial activity, and itwas used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World WarII. Garlic is also claimed to help prevent heart disease (including atherosclerosis,

high cholesterol, and high blood pressure) and cancer. Animal studies, and some early investigational studies inhumans, have suggested possible cardiovascular benefits, reduced accumulation of cholesterol on vascular wall,and aortic plaque deposits. Another study showed that supplementation with garlic extract inhibited vascularcalcification in human patients with high blood cholesterol. However the National Institutes of Health (NIH) inthe United States in 2007 found that the consumption of garlic in any form did not reduce blood cholesterollevels in patients with moderately high baseline cholesterol levels. The findings underscore the hazards ofmeta-analyses made up of small, flawed studies and the value of rigorously studying popular herbal remedies."In 2007, the BBC reported that Garlic may have other beneficial properties, such as preventing and fighting thecommon cold. This assertion has the backing of long tradition in herbal medicine, which has used garlic forhoarseness and coughs. The Cherokee also used it as an expectorant for coughs and croup. Garlic has beenfound to reduce platelet aggregation and hyperlipidemia. It is also alleged to help regulate blood sugar levels.Regular and prolonged use of therapeutic amounts of aged garlic extracts lower blood homocysteine levels and

has shown to prevent some complications of diabetes mellitus. People taking insulin should not consumemedicinal amounts of garlic without consulting a physician. Garlic has been used reasonably successfully inAIDS patients to treat cryptosporidium in an uncontrolled study in China. It has also been used by at least oneAIDS patient to treat toxoplasmosis.Garlic supplementation in rats, along with a high protein diet, has been shown to boost testosterone levels.Garlic is known for causing halitosis as well as causing sweat to have a pungent 'garlicky' smell.Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other plants in the allium family. Garlic can also causeindigestion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It thins the blood (as does aspirin). There have been several reportsof serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic usesand acne treatment,.However, garlic has been consumed for several thousand years without any adverse long-term effects,suggesting that modest quantities of garlic pose, at worst, minimal risks to normal individuals.

Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, andhypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications.Vector Control.Because of the Allyl methyl sulfide in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as amosquito repellent. However, there is no evidence to suggest that garlic is actually effective for this purpose.Other studies have found a repellent effect of garlic oil against haematophagous arthropods. Moreover it hasfound insecticide properties forC. maculates.Industrial Use. The sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an adhesive in mending glass and china.Clinical trials found that a mouthwash containing 2.5% fresh garlic shows good antimicrobial activity, althoughthe majority of the participants reported an unpleasant taste and halitosis.
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Alfalfa

(Medicago Sativa)It is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop. In the UK,Australia,South Africa and New Zealand it is known as lucerne and as lucerne grass in south Asia. It resembles cloverwith clusters of small purple flowers.Alfalfa is a cool seasonperenniallegume living from three to twelve years, depending on variety and climate.

The plant grows to a height of up to 1 metre (3 ft), and has a deep root systemsometimes stretching to 4.5 metres (15 ft). This makes it very resilient,especially to droughts. It has a tetraploid genome.This plant exhibits autotoxicity, which means that it is difficult for alfalfa seedto grow in existing stands of alfalfa. Therefore, it is recommended that alfalfafields be rotated with other species (for example, corn or wheat) beforereseeding.Culinary Uses. Humans also eat alfalfa sprouts in salads and sandwiches.Dehydrated alfalfa leaf is commercially available as a dietary supplement inseveral forms, such as tablets, powders and tea. Alfalfa is believed by some tobe a galactagogue, a substance that induces lactation.Traditional Medicine. Alfalfa has been used as an herbal medicine for over

1,500 years. Alfalfa is high in protein, calcium, plus other minerals, vitamins inthe B group, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K.In early Chinese medicines, physicians used young alfalfa leaves to treatdisorders related to the digestive tract and the kidneys. In Ayurdevic medicine, physicians used the leaves fortreating poor digestion. They made a cooling poultice from the seeds for boils. At the time, alfalfa was alsobelieved to be helpful towards people suffering from arthritis and water retention.Vector Control. The nectar of the alfalfa flower attracts the male mosquitoes, killing them from the toxicproperties of the nectar. This plant has a high attraction to mosquitoes. This property was utilized in Russia,thru a campaign, to control mosquitoes in highly infected regions.Industrial uses. Its primary use is as feed for dairy cattlebecause of its high protein content and highlydigestible fiberand secondarily for beef cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.
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Lavender

(Lavandula angustifolia)The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, sub shrubs and small shrubs. The native range extends across theCanary Islands, North and East Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabiaand India.

Lavenders are widely grown in gardens. Flower spikes are used for dried flowerarrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris.Dried and sealed in pouches, they are placed among stored items of clothing to give afresh fragrance and to deter moths.Culinary use. Flowers also yield abundant nectar from which bees make a high-quality honey. Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the Mediterranean, andis marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and aresometimes used as cake decorations. Lavender flavors baked goods and desserts (it pairs especially well withchocolate), as well as used to make "lavender sugar". Lavender flowers are occasionally blended with black,green, or herbal tea, adding a fresh, relaxing scent and flavour.Though it has many other traditional uses in southern France, lavender is not used in traditional southern Frenchcooking. In the 1970s, an herb blend called herbes de Provence and usually including lavender was invented by

spice wholesalers and lavender has more recently become popular in cookery.Lavender lends a floral and slightly sweet flavor to most dishes, and is sometimes paired with sheep's-milk andgoat's-milk cheeses. For most cooking applications the dried buds (also referred to as flowers) are used, thoughsome chefs experiment with the leaves as well. Only the buds contain the essential oil of lavender, which iswhere the scent and flavour of lavender are best derived.The French are also known for their lavender syrup, most commonly made from an extract of lavender. In theUnited States, both French lavender syrup and dried lavender buds make lavender scones and marshmallows.Medicinal use. Lavender is used extensively in herbalism and aromatherapy. Essential oil of lavender hasantiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was used in hospitals during WWI to disinfect floors and walls.According to folk wisdom, lavender has many uses. Infusions of lavender soothe and heal insect bites. If appliedto the temples, lavender oil soothes headaches. In pillows, lavender seeds and flowers aid sleep and relaxation.An infusion of three flowerheads added to a cup of boiling water soothes and relaxes at bedtime. Lavender oil

(or extract of Lavender) heals acne when used diluted 1:10 with water, rosewater, or witch hazel; it also treatsskin burns and inflammatory conditions.Vector Control. Bunches of lavender repel insects. It can be prepared to repel ants in plants: 300 grams oflavender leaves in a liter of boiling water. Once it is cool it can be sprayed to plants. An insect repellent creamcan be prepared by mixing lavender oil with body oil or cream, it is an excellent and pleasant lotion. Lavendercan be used as a home remedy, as an anti mosquito lotion.Industrial Uses. . It yields an essential oil with sweet overtones, and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes,

cosmetics, and topical applications. These extracts are also used as fragrances for bath products.


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Pennyroyal

(Mentha pulegium)It is a plant in the mint genus, within the family Lamiaceae. Crushed Pennyroyal leavesexhibit a very strong fragrance similar to spearmint. Pennyroyal is a traditional culinaryherb, folk remedy, and abortifacient. The essential oil of pennyroyal is used in

aromatherapy, and is also high in pulegone, a highly toxic volatile organic compoundaffecting liver and uterine function.Culinary Uses. Pennyroyal was commonly used as a cooking herb by the Greeks andRomans. The ancient Greeks often flavored their wine with pennyroyal. A large number ofthe recipes in the Roman cuisine use pennyroyal, often along with such herbs as lovage,oregano and coriander. Although still commonly used for cooking in the Middle Ages, itgradually fell out of use as a culinary herb and is seldom used so today.Traditional Medicine. Pennyroyal tea is the use of an infusion made from the herb. The infusion is widelyreputed as safe to ingest in restricted quantities. It has been traditionally employed and reportedly successful asan emmenagogue (menstrual flow stimulant) or as an abortifacient. The most popular current use of the tea is tosettle the stomach. Other reported medicinal uses through history include treatment for fainting, flatulence, gallailments, gout, and hepatitis (presumably Hepatitis A), and as a lung cleanser, a gum strengthener and, when

ground with vinegar, a tumor remedy.Pennyroyal essential oil is extremely concentrated. It should not ever be taken internally because it is highlytoxic; even in small doses, the poison can lead to death. The metabolite menthofuran is thought to be the majortoxic agent. Complications have been reported from attempts to use the oil for self-induced abortion. The oil canbe used for aromatherapy, a bath additive and as an insect repellent. There are numerous studies that showpennyroyal's toxicity to humans and animals.Since the U.S. Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in October 1994, allmanufactured forms of pennyroyal have carried a warning label against its use by pregnant women. Thissubstance is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Vector Control. As an easily-made poison, pennyroyal has had a long historical use. Early settlers in colonialVirginia used dried pennyroyal to eradicate pests. So popular was pennyroyal, that the Royal Society publishedan article on its use against rattlesnakes in the first volume of its Philosophical Transactions.

Pennyroyal oil should not be used as a natural flea repellent due to its toxicity to pets, even at extremely lowlevels. Romans used to burn pennyroyal because they believe the smoke kept insects away from home,especially fleas which were killed by the smoke. Today we can use pennyroyal to avoid or repel the attack ofskin parasites, (especially fleas, flies, louses or mosquitoes). This can be achieved by rubbing a branch of thisplant over legs or any other body part.Another way to produce a natural repellent is by preparing a coction with two spoons of dry leaves in half litterof water, let it cool and store in a spray bottle. Once prepared you can spray the area where you will stay. Inthis way a natural repellent is obtained. In case of walking thru a place infested with mosquitoes or fleas, thecoction can be applied in some skin portions to keep away these parasites.Industrial Uses. The oil can be used for aromatherapy, a bath additive and as an insect repellent.


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Catnip

(Nepeta)Itis a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. The members of this group areknown as orcatmint because of their effect on catsnepeta pleasantly stimulates cats'pheronomic receptors, typically resulting in temporary euphoria. The genus is native toEurope, Asia, and Africa. It is now also common in North America. Most of the species

are herbaceous perennial plants, but some are annuals. They have sturdy stems withopposite heart-shaped, green to grayish-green leaves. The flowers are white, blue, pink orlilac and occur in several clusters toward the tip of the stems. The flowers are tubular andspotted with tiny purple dots. Nepeta species can be subshrubs, herbaceous perennials orannual herbs. They are usually aromaticCulinary Uses. By 1265 it was a grown in kitchen gardens in England. In 15th centuryEngland, catnip leaves were used for rubbing meats before cooking, and in mixed greensalads. Before Chinese tea became available, catnip tea was consumed in England. Catnip has a minty, pungent,bitterish taste. Fresh-picked leaves can be used for teas. The principal culinary use of catnip is as a tea, which issaid to have sedative and sleep-inducing properties. Fresh or dried leaves can also be used for flavoring saucesstews, soups, and cooked foods.Traditional Medicine. Catmints are also used in herbal medicine for their mild sedative effect on humans.

Catnips is high in Vitamins A, B Complex and C. It also contains magnesium, manganese, phosphorous,sodium and traces of sulfur. At present is thought to be good for different ailments: headaches due to migraine,fevers, as sleep inducer, to induce sweating without increasing body temperature, for children convulsions, toprevent colds, for restlessness, as pain killer, fatigue, and circulation improvement, miscarriage prevention andsymptoms flu related.Vector Control. Oil isolated from catnip by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particularmosquitoes, cockroaches and termites. It has bee demonstrated that is an excellent repellent for Aedes Aegypti.I also has been demonstrated to be effective to repel german male roaches.Research suggests that in a test tube, distilled nepetalactone, the active ingredient in catnip, repels mosquitoesten times more effectively than DEET, the active ingredient in most insect repellents, but that it is not aseffective a repellent when used on the skin. Additionally, catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use withdomesticated cats are available to consumers. Catnip oil can be used as natural insecticide. Thymol extracted

from catnip can be used as fungicide and preservative. Thymol is a crystalline phenol with aromatic odor andantiseptic properties.Industrial uses. Catnip oil can be used as natural insecticide.


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Common Rue

(Ruta graveolens)It is also known as Herb-of-grace, is a species of rue grown as an herb. It is native to southern Europe. It issometimes grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, especially because ofits bluish leaves, and also sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil

conditions. It also is grown as both a medicinal herb and as a condiment.Culinary Uses. Rue does have a culinary use if used sparingly, however itis incredibly bitter and severe gastric discomfort may be experienced bysome individuals. Although used more extensively in former times it is nota herb that typically suits modern tastes, and thus its use declinedconsiderably over the course of the 20th century to the extent that it istoday largely unknown to the general public and most chefs, andunavailable in grocery stores. Rue leaves and berries are an important partof the cuisine of Ethiopia and rue is also used as a traditional flavouring in Greece and other Mediterraneancountries. In Istria, there is a grappa/rakija recipe that calls for a sprig of rue. The plant produces seeds that canbe used for porridge. The bitter leaf can be added to eggs, cheese, fish, or mixed with damson plums and wine toproduce a meat sauce.

Traditional Medicine. In European folk medicine, rue is said to relieve gas pains and colic, improve appetiteand digestion, and promote the onset of menstruation, uteral contractions, and preventing the Black Death. Forthis reason the refined oil of rue has been cited by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder and the gynecologistSoranus, as a potent abortifacient (inducing abortion). Rue contains pilocarpine which is used in horses toinduce abortion, and is a traditional abortifacient among Hispanic people in New Mexico. Rue can also be madeinto an ointment for external use against gout, arthritis, rheumatism and neuralgia. Brushing against it with cutscan result in burn like bubbles (Chronic actinic dermatitis). Rue is also grown as an ornamental plant, both as alow hedge and so the leaves can be used in nosegays. Most cats dislike the smell of it and therefore it can beused as a deterrent to them.Vector Control. A good insect repelent can be prepared by smashing 200 grams of Rue, add some sage leavesin a litre of water, let it rest for 48 hours and then use it. In Mxico and several Central American countrieseven today it is common practice to treat pests with plants known for their insecticidal properties as far back as

the era of the Aztecs and Mayans. A case in point is the use of a mixture of corn and beans with chili peppers(Capsicum frutescens; Solanaceae), rue (Ruta graveolens; Rutaceae) or garlic (Allium cepa; Alliaceae).Industrial Uses.None reported.


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Rosemary

(Rosmarinus officinalis )It is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region.It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs.

Since it is attractive and tolerates some degree of drought, it is also used inlandscaping, especially in areas having a Mediterranean climate. It isconsidered easy to grow for beginner gardeners, and is pest-resistant.Rosemary grows on friable loam soil with good drainage in an open sunnyposition, it will not withstand water logging and some varieties may besusceptible to frost. It grows best in neutral - alkaline conditions pH (pH 7-7.8)with average fertility. Rosemary is easily pruned into shapes and has beenused for topiary.Culinary Uses. The fresh and dried leaves are used frequently in traditionalMediterranean cuisine; they have a bitter, astringent taste and are highlyaromatic, which complements a wide variety of foods. A tisane can also be made from them. When burned theygive off a distinct mustard smell, as well as a smell similar to that of burning which can be used to flavor foods

while barbecuing. Rosemary is extremely high in iron, calcium, and Vitamin B6.Traditional Medicine. Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving memory. One modern study lendssome credence to this reputation. When the smell of rosemary was pumped into cubicles where people wereworking, those people showed improved memory, though with slower recall. The results of a study suggest thatcarnosic acid, found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes andneurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Lou Gehrig's. Rosemary contains a number of potentiallybiologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. Otherbioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves). When rosemary is harvestedappropriately and used within recommended guidelines, side effects are minimal. A few instances of allergicskin reactions to topical preparations containing rosemary have been reported. Recent European research hasshown that rosemary interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet, which indicates that it should not be usedinternally by persons with iron deficiency anemia.

Toxicity studies of the plant on rats has shown hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities, however,precaution is necessary for those displaying allergic reaction or prone to epileptic seizures. Rosemary essentialoil may have epileptogenic properties, as a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use withseizures in otherwise healthy adults or children. Rosemary essential oil is potentially toxic if ingested. Largequantities of rosemary leaves can cause adverse reactions, such as coma, spasm, vomiting, and pulmonaryedema (fluid in the lungs) that can be fatal. Avoid consuming large quantities of rosemary especially if pregnantor breastfeeding.Natural medicine relates Rosemary with stimulant, tonic, antioxidant and cleansing properties. It is consumedas infusion to favor digestion, to treat food poisoning, disinfect wounds or disinfect polluted water.Its high iron content prevents anemia and its use to treat arthrosis, by applying it as Rosemary alcohol. Halitosisis improved with mouthwash using the liquid prepared by a mixture of water and dried leaves.The essential oil is used as muscle relaxant applying it as local massage for rheumatism and joint pain.

Vector Control. The strong aroma of Rosemary is excellent to drive away fleas and the oil is a good mosquitorepellent. This property has been used for centuries. It is an economical and attractive way to improvelandscaping and to have at hand a natural mosquito repellent. Laboratory bioassay results indicated that purerosemary oil could cause complete mortality of spider mites and whiteflies at concentrations that are notphytotoxic to the host plant.Industrial uses. Rosemary extract has been shown to improve the shelf life and heat stability of omega-3 richoils, which are prone to going rancid. In cosmetics it is used for capillary treatment, body and facial creams, andas a base for multiple perfumes. It was used externally and prepared by mixing fresh rosemary tops into spiritsof wine.


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Elderberry

(Sambucus nigra)It is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe, northwest Africa southwest Asia, and western North

America. It is most commonly called Elder, Elderberry, BlackElder, European Elder, European Elderberry, European BlackElderberry, Common Elder, or Elder Bush when distinction

from other species ofSambucus is needed. It grows in a varietyof conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarilyin sunny locations. As a horticultural or ornamental plant thespecies, subspecies, and cultivars are used in Wildlife gardens,

Natural landscaping themed public landscapes and private gardens.Culinary Uses. The dark blue/purple berries can be eaten when fully ripe but are mildly poisonous in theirunripe state. All green parts of the plant are poisonous, containing cyanogenic glycosides. The seeds of redelderberries are toxic and must be removed before eating red elderberries or food products from red elderberries.The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make jam, jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce. Also whencooked they go well with blackberries and with apples in pies. The flowers can also be dipped into a light batterand then fried to make elderflower fritters. In Scandinavia and Germany, soup made from the elder berry (e.g.the GermanFliederbeersuppe) is a traditional meal.

Traditional Use. This plant is traditionally used as a medicinal plant: root extracts are used to treat bronchitis,cough, upper respiratory cold infections, fever. A small (N=60) double blind clinical trial published in 2004showed reduction in both duration and severity of flu-like symptoms for patients receiving elderberry syrupversus placebo.Elderberry flowers for relief of congestion, specifically as an expectorant to relieve dry cough and make itproductive. The dried flowers are simmered for 15 minutes; the resulting flavorful and aromatic tea is pouredthrough a coffee filter. Some individuals find it better hot, others cold, and some may experience an allergicreaction. The flowers can be used to make an herbal tea as a remedy for inflammation caused by colds andfever. It is one of the best sweat producer, blood cleansers, diuretic and antinflammatory. In compress form isused to treat skin conditions, eczema and other dermatitis. Some authors recommend it for hemorrhoid treatmentand light burns, conjunctivitis, eye washing for quit smoking (cigarettes made with elderberry leaves)Vector Control. The strong-smelling foliage was used in the past, tied to a horse's mane, to keep flies away

while riding. Burn leaves are used as insecticides and infusion of leaves for mosquito repellent.Industrial Uses. The flower heads are commonly used in infusions, syrup or cordial, soft drink, and berries toprepare soup, wine, liqueur and brandy.


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Sage

(Salvia officinalis)It is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with approximately 700-900 species of shrubs,herbaceous perennials, and annuals. It is one of several genera commonlyreferred to as sage. The genus is distributed throughout the Old World and

the Americas, with three distinct regions of population: Central and SouthAmerica (approx. 500 species); central Asia/Mediterranean (250 species);eastern Asia (90 species).Common sage is grown in parts of Europe for distillation of an essential oil,though other species, such as Salvia fruticosa may also be harvested anddistilled with it.Cuisine Uses. As a kitchen herb, sage has a slight peppery flavor. InWestern cooking, it is used for flavoring fatty meats, Sage Derby cheese,poultry or pork stuffing, Lincolnshire sausage, and in sauces. Sage is alsoused in Italian cooking, in the Balkans, and the Middle East.Traditional Medicine. Modern evidence shows possible uses as an anhidrotic, antibiotic, antifungal,astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, hypoglycemic, and tonic. In a double blind, randomized and placebo-

controlled trial, sage was found to be effective in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.The strongest active constituents of Sage are within its essential oil, which contains cineole, borneol andthujone. Sage leaf contains tannic acid, oleic acid, ursonic acid, ursolic acid, cornsole, cornsolic acid, fumaricacid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, niacin, nicotinamide, flavones, flavonoid glycosides, and estrogenicsubstances. Caution is indicated when using sage in conjunction with central nervous system stimulants ordepressants.Vector Control. The plant is used in perfumes and cosmetics and as a natural insect repellent. It is used incombination with other chemicals in spray and cream repellents. The essential oils have shown to beinsecticides.Industrial Uses. The plant is used in perfumes and cosmetics and


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Pyrethrum

(Chrysanthemum)There are several Old World plants of the genus Chrysanthemum which are cultivated as ornamentals for theirshowy flower heads. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made fromthe dried flower heads ofC. cinerariifolium and C. coccineum. Both genera aremembers of the daisy (or aster) family, Asteraceae. They are all perennial plants

with a daisy-like appearance and white petals.C. cinerariifolium is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin inthat region of the Balkans (Dalmatia). It looks more like the common daisy thanother pyrethrums. Its flowers, typically white with a yellow center, grow fromnumerous fairly rigid st

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Mosquitoe Repellent Plants Final 31 August