Mos & Metallurgy Lab

8/11/2019 Mos & Metallurgy Lab

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METALLURGY & MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB MANUAL

METALLURGY &MECHANICS OF

SOLIDS LAB

MANUALDEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

`

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINERING &

TECHNOLOGY,

HIMAYATSAGAR, HYD-32


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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

METALLURGY LAB

1. STUDY OF METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPE

2. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN

3. PREPARATION OF MOUNTED SAMPLE

4. IRON-IRON CARBIDE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM

5. INTRODUCTION TO CAST IRON

6. EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF PLAIN CARBON STEEL

7. EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OFBRASS

8. EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF COPPER STRUCTURE

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB

1. STUDY OF UNIERSAL TESTING MAC!INE "U.T.M.#

2. DEFLECTION OF BEAM3. COMPRESSION TEST

4. I$OD TEST

5. C!ARPY TEST6. !ARDNESS TEST

7. SPRING TEST



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METALLURGYLAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS



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METALLURGY LAB

1. STUDY OF METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPE

2. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN

3. PREPARATION OF MOUNTED SAMPLE

4. IRON-IRON CARBIDE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM

5. INTRODUCTION TO CAST IRON

6. EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF PLAIN CARBON STEEL

7. EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OFBRASS

8. EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF COPPER STRUCTURE

Experiment No STUDY OF METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPE

Aim! " To St#$% t&e Met'((#r)i*'( Mi*ro+*ope



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Intro$#*tion! " T%& '&()**+,/)* '/,0/0& (%& '0( '0,()( (00* 0

(%& '&()**+,(. I( /0( ) 0&/(& ) ) &9&-&/&. I( ,'),9+/(0 (0 ,&&)* (%& &()* 0 (%& 0&/(. T%& /*),(9 ) (%& &:(&( (0

;%/% (%& &()* ),& ,&&)*& && 0 (%& &,&& (0 ;%/% (%&& 0(/)*

9(&' ),& /,&)(&.

Prin*ip(e! " A %0,0.

,. T#-e+! "T%& &,(/)**9 '0)*& (+& /0() &9&&/&? 0&/(& )

*)& ,&*&/(0,. T%& (+& *&(% ),& ,0' 16@ '' (0 25@ ''.

.. Ro#)& / 0ine 0o*#+ A$1#+tment+ - T%& *' 0 '/,0/0& /),,9 (%&

/0),& & )+('&( (0 )/*()(& (%&

2. O-1e*ti3e T%& 09 (+& /),,& ,&0* 0& &/& /),,9 (%&(%,&& 0&/(&. T% &)*& +/> /%)& 0 (%& 0&/(& ;%/% %&* 0,

) +/> ,&0* (%& (,+/(+,& 0 '&()*? (%& ')/)(0 0 *&& &*),& 0 0/)* *&(% 0 (%& *& +&

T&e import'nt propertie+ o0 'n o-1e*ti3e 're-

4 M')ni0%in) Po5er

,4 Re+o(3in) Po5er6

I( (%& ,0&,(9 9 ;%/% ) 0&/(& %0; (/(*9 ,&,&&(&(;0 ')** ))/&( 0 (%& (,+/(+,& 0 (%& 0&/(. T% ++)**9

&:,&& ) +'&, 0 *& &, '' (%)( /) & &),)(& ;%/% &&0 (%& +'&,/)* 0&,)(0,? (%& ;)&*&(% 0 (%& *%( +&. R&0*+(0 ),(/+*),*9 '0,()( +, (%& '/,0/09 0 (%& '/,0 /0((+&( 0

'&()* /0( 0 & *)')(0 ;(% /0,& ,&0*+(0 ;%/% )&), )0& +0,' ),&)? ;%&,& ) ) 0&/(& ;(% %%&, +'&,/)* )&),)/&

,&&)* &&&, )(+,& 0 (%& (,+/(+,&.

5. E%epie*e - I( )'&? ) ( &), (0 (%& &9&. I( ')& + 0 ),0+



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P0;&, +/% ) 5? 1@? 15 &(/.

U+e+ T%& '&()**+,/)* '/,0/0& +&+* +)*(9 /0(,0* &),('&( I+(,& (0 0&,& (+9

1# D&,&()* %)& 2# P0,0(9 0, &&/(.A** (%&& %)& ) ,&)( &&/( 0 '&/%)/)* ,0&,(& 0 ')(&,)*

Li+t o0 Mo$ern Mi*ro+*ope+

# )(0 R09)* M/,0/0&.# ) L)& !0/> M/,0/0&.

# G*) *& M/,0/0&.# B)>&, &,& M/,0/0&.

# L&(, M/,0/0&.

Experiment No6 ,PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN

Aim To Prep're Spe*imen 0or met'((o)r'p&i* ex'min'tion6



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Intro$#*tion M&()**0,)%/ 0, '/,0/09 /0( 0 (%& '/,0/0/

(+9 0 (%& S(,+/(+,)* /%),)/(&,(/ 0 ')(&,)* 0, ) )**09. T%& '/,0/0& (%+ (%& '0( '0,()( (00* 0 ) '&()**+,( ,0' 0(%? /&(/

(&/%/)* (+9 0( &;. I( 0*& (0 &(&,'& ,) ); 0;&, );. I (%& ')(&,)* %),? (%& &/(0 ')9 &

0()& 9 +& 0 ) ),)& /+( 0 ;%&&*. T% ;%&&* (% > 0+()*& /+(( ),)& ,0()( )( %% &&. T%& &/'& %0+* &>&( /00* +, (%& /+(( 0&,)(0.

Ro#)& Grin$in) %&&&, 0*& (%& &/'& %0+* & 0 ) )/,0 (%& +,)/& 0 ) *)( '00(% *&. T%&0( %), ')9 & ,0+% ,0+ 0 ) &*( )&, ;(% &/'& >&( /00* 9

,&+&( ;)(&, +, (%& , 0&,)(0. I )** , 0*% 0&,)(0? (%& &/'& %0+* & '0& &,&/+*), (0 (%&

&:( /,)(/%& (% ;** )/*()(&? ,&/0(0 0 ()& ;%& (%& &&&,/,)(/%& ),& ,&*)/& 9 %)**0;&, 0& /%),)/(&,(/ 0 (%& &, ),)&.T%& ,0+% , /0(+& +(* (%& +,)/& *)( ,&& ,0' ;,&

,+%& )** /,)(/%& +& (0 %)/>); 0, /+(0 ;%&&* ),& 0 *0&, *&.

Interme$i'te Po(i+&in) A(&, (%& ,&0+ ,0/&& (%& &/'& 0*% 0 ) &,& 0 &'&,9 )&, /0() +//&&*9 &, ),)&

" S- C# . T%& ,( )&, ++)**9 0. 1 (%) 1 @? 2@? 3@? )**9 4@.. T%&



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(&,'&)(& 0*% 0&,)(0 + &'&,9 )&, ++)**9 0& ,9.!0;&&, /&,() /)& +/% ) ,&),)(0 0 0( ')(&,)* ? S*/0 C),&

%) ,&)(&, ,&'0)* ,)(& ) ( ,& 0& ? /) & +& ;(% )*+,/)( ? ;%/%,&&( 0&,%00( 0 (%& )'*&? ''? (0(%0& 0(&,'&)(& *& +/% ) ,0) /*0(%? **), /*0(%? /)) /*0(%

)**9 (0 ) && *& +/% ) &*&( 9(%&(/ /*0(%& ),& )*0 ))*)*& 0,

&&,)* +,0& 0 ;%/% (;0 +&, (%& (,)* )'& 0 )')* '/,0 /*0(%),& '0( ;&*9 +&

Et*&in) T%& +,0& 0 &(/% (0 ')>& (%& ')9 (,+/(+,)*

/%),)/(&,(/ 0 (%& '&()* 0, )**09 *&. T%& ,0/& %0+* & +/% (%)((%& ),0+ ),( 0 (%& '/,0(,+/(+,& ')9 & /*&),*9 &,&()(&. T% (0 +&/( (%& 0*%& +,)/& (0 /%&'/)* )/(0.

I (%& )**09 /0'0& 0 (;0 0, '0,& %)&. T%& /0'&(&(),&,&&)*& +, &(/% 9 ) ,&&,&()* )(()/> 0 0& 0, '0,& 0 (%&

/0((+&( 9 (%& ,&)&( &/)+& 0 &,&/& /%&'/)* /0'0(0 0

(%& %)&. I +0,' *& %)& )**09 /0()/( 0()& ) (%& ,)0+),& ),& ')& *& &/)+& 0 &,&/& (%& ,)(& )( ;%/%

),0+ ,) ),& )(()/>& 9 (%& ,&)&( T% &,&/& (%& ,)(& 0)(()/> 9 ,&)&( ;%/% ')*9 )0/)(& ;(% )*& 0 (%& &,&( ,)

(,+/(+,& &/(0 (0 (%& *)& 0 (%& 0*%& +,)/&. B&/)+& 0 /%&'/)*)(()/> 0 (%& /%&'/)* ,&)&( (%& ,) 0+),9 )&), ) )**&9 (%&0*%& +,)/& *%( ,0' (%& '/,0/0& %(( (%& & 0 (%&& )**&9

;** & ,&*&/(& +( 0 (%&M/,0/0& ')> (%& ,) 0+),& )&), ),> *&

T%& &/(0 0 (%& ),0,)(& &(/% ,&)&( &(&,'& 9 '&()*

0,)**09 (%& &// (,+/(+,& &,& 0, &;.



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Experiment No6 ".PREPARATION OF MOUNTED SAMPLE

Aim! Prep'r'tion o0 Mo#nte$ +'mp(e+ 5it& t&e &e(p o0

mo#ntin)Pre++7*o($ +ettin) re+in+6



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T&eor%- S&/'& (%)( ),& &,9 ')** 0, );>;),*9 %)& %0+* &'0+(& (0 )0,(&? (&,'&)(& )* 0*% ;,& ')** ,0 (&&*?

%&&( '&()* &/'&? (% &/(0 &(/. '+( & ),0:')(&*9 '0+(& ) +()*& ')(&,)* 0, ,*9 )'& ) '&/%)/)* '0+(

S9(%&(/ *)(/ ')(&,)* )*& ) &/)* '0+( ,& ;**9&* ) '0+( 0 +0,' /0&&(


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Experiment No6 2

IRON"IRON CARBIDE E8UILIBRIUM DIAGRAM



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Aim" T0 (+9 (%& I,0-I,0 C),& E+*,+' ),)' ) ),0+)**0(,0/ /%)& ()> *)/& ,0 )( &,&( (&'&,)(+,&

/0'0(0 0 /),0.

T&eor%!T%& (&'&,)(+,& )( ;%/% (%& )**0(,0/ /%)& ()>& *)/& ,0?

*+&/& 9 )**0(( &*&'&( .T%& '0,()( /),0. T%& 0,(0 0(%& ,0-/),0 )**09 9(&' ;%/% ),& 0 (+&. T% (%& ),( &(;&&

+,& ,0 0 (&,(()* /0'0+ ,0 /),& "F&03# /0() 6.67 0/),0 9 ;&%( ),)' %0; (%,&& %0,0; ) (%&

&*() ,&0 0 ,-&,,(& 0* 0*+(0 .T%& %0,& *)/&. A9

*+ (%)( ,&&(? ;%& (% *& ,&)/%& '+( >0; 0*9 &,9 &



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&(')(& 0 (%& (;0 %)&? )'&*9 )+(&(& ) /&'&((&. T%& &+(&/(/':(+,& %) && & (%& )'& *)+(& &+)(0 =

L+ ----)+(&(& K /&'&((& "&+(&/(/ ':(+,&-*)+(.

T%& &+(&/(/ ':(+,& 0( ++)**9 && (%& '/,0/0&.M/,0(,+/(+,& 0 )+(&(& 0( ()*& )( ,00' (&'&,)(+,& ) '+(

+&,0 )0(%&, ,&)/(0 +, /00*.

E#te*toi$ re'*tion= T%&,& ) ')** 0* 0*+(0 ),&) (0 (%& *&( 0 (%&

*& C!. ;& >0; (%)( J1@ C ,&,&&( (%& /%)& (%& /,9()* (,+/(+,&0 +,& ,0 ,0' F.C.C",# (0 B.C.C")*%)#.T%& ),&) ) 0* 0*+(0 0 (%&

')** )'0+( /),0 0*& (%& B.C.C")*%)# F& ) /)**& F&,,(&.T%& )'&(&, %0; (%, %0,0; ) (&&*) (%0& /0() '0,& (%) 2 ),& >0; ) /)(-,0. T%& (&&* ,)&

+,(%&, + & 9 (%& &+&/(0 /),0 /0(&:( @.8 /. S(&&*/0() *& (%) @.8 ),& /)**& %90 &+(&/(0 (&&*. S'*),*9 /)(-

,0 ;(% *& (%) 4.3 / ),& %90 &+(&/(0 /)(-,0 ) )0& 4.3 /

),& %90 &+(&/(/ /)(-,0.

DEFINITIONS OF STRUCTURES=

CENENTITE= T% ,0 /),& 0, F&3C /0() )0+( 6.67C 9 ;&%(.

I( %), ) ,((*& /0'0+ ;(% *((*& (&*& (,&(%. I( (%& %),&(

(,+/(+,& ;(% (%& ,%0'/ (,+/(+,&.

AUSTENTINE= T% )'& & (0 0* 0*+(0. I( 0* 0*+(0 0

/),0 0*& ,0 '): 0*+*(9 2C )( 2@65 F. I( 0( ()*& )(,00' (&'&,)(+,& ) 0*& (0 /0() )+(&(& 0*9 +&, /0()

/0(0.

LEDEBURITE= T% &+(&/(/ ':(+,& 0 A+(&(& ) /&'&((&.

L&&+,(& /0() ),0+ 4.3C ) 0,'& )( (&'&,)(+,& 0 2@65 F.

FERRITE= T% (%& )'& & 0* 0*+(0. I( 0*0*+(0 0 ')** )'0+( /),0 0*& ,0. T%& '):'+' 0*+*(9

@.@25C )( 1335 F ) ( 0*& 0*9 @.@@8C )( ,00' (&'&,)(+,&.

T% (%& 0(&( (,+/(+,&.



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PEARLITE= T% &+(&/(0 ':(+,& /0() @.8@C ) 0,'& )(1333 F 0 &,9 *0; /00*. I( &,9 & *)'&**), ':(+,& 0 &,,(& )

/&'&(*& ;%(& &,,(& )/> ,0+ ')>& + '0( 0 &+(&/(0 ':(+,&/0() (%& *)(& 0 /&'&(*&.

MARTEN SITE= T% +&, )(+,)(& 0*+(0 0 /),0 (,)& 09/&(&,& (&(,)0)* (,+/(+,&. T% ;&( ()*& /0(0 ) ) &&,9

)*&. T%& /),0 ;** & ,&/()(& ) /),& ) ,0 &/0'& B.C.C.T%&,& ;** & +0 /0)*&/&/& ) (&'&,)(+,& ,&.

TROOSTITE= !&)( ,)& ,0' 45@ F (0 75@ &*0 /),&/%)&, (0 0,(%0,%0'/ /&'(&((&. L0; /),0 '),(& (& &/0'&

B.C.C. F&,,(& ) ,&()& )+(&(& (,)0,'& (0 +,&. T%& /),& ),&

(00 ')** ) &(,&. S(,+/(+,& &(/%&, ,)*9 (0 ) *0/> ') /)**&TROOSTITE (%& +/(*(9 /,&)& *%(*9? +( (0+/%& ,&') *0;.

SORBITE= I ,)& 0 75@-12@@ F (%& /&'&((& ),(/+*), /0(+& (0,0; .T%& /0)*&/&/& 0 /),& ),(/+*), )**0; '0,& 0 &,,(& (0 & &

/)+ )'*& (0 &(/% *%(&, (%) *0;&, (&'&,)(+,& ,0+/(. T% ,)/,&)& %),& ) (0+%&.



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Experiment No6 9

INTRODUCTION TO CAST IRON

AIM= T0 &(&,'& (%& (,+/(+,& 0 & /)( ,0 &/'& +

'&()**+,/)* '/,0/0&.

APPARATUS= S&/'&? '&()**+,/)* '/,0/0&? &(/%)(? &'&,9 )&,.

MAGNIFICATION= 45@X.

TYPES= T%&,& ),& ')*9 (%,&& (9& 0 /)( ,0?


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%),& (%0+% (%& &&/( 0( ) '),>& 0 %),& ) ( 0 (&*&(,&(% /& ,&9 /)( ,0 (%& *&)( &:&& (9& 0 /)(. A0(%&,

'&()* %0+* & /%0& 0*9 ;%& (%& '&/%)/)* ) %9/)* ,0&,(& 0,&9 /)( ,0 ),& )&+)(&.

U&= G,&9 ,0 ;&*9 +& ,)'& ),0+ (%& %)& 0G,)%(& ;(% )/>,0+ 0 &,,(& ;(% *((*& )'0+( 0 &),*(&

MATERIALS - GREY CAST IRON

,6 Sp&eroi$'( or No$#('r C'+t Iron !

I 0+*), /)( ,0 ,)%(& ,&&( (%& 0,' 0 F*)>& (9 )**. O,S%&,0. T%&& (9 (&,,+( (%& /0(+(9 0 (%& ')(,:? ,&+*(

%% (,&(% ) (0+%&. !&/& (%&9 ),& +& /,)& %)( &),/9*&, *0/>? %&&( '&()* / &(/. ) (%&9 ,&+,& 0 %&)( (,&)('&(.

C0'0(0 = C ---- 3 (0 3.5

P ---- @.@25 (0 2.25

S----- 2 (0 2.5

M ---- @.15 (0 @.65

S [email protected] (0 @.@4



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P,0&,(&

S(,&(% 38 (0 8@''2

E*0)(0 6 (0 2@

!),& 1@@-3@@B!M

Exp No !96,

MAGNIFICATION 1@@X

ETC!ENT BEFORE

OBSER:ATION - M/,0(,+/(+,& R&&* S%&,0 O*9

MATERIALS - N0+*), 0, S.G 0, D+/(*& C.I

MAGNIFICATION 1@@X

ETC!ENT 2 N()*

OBSER:ATION - M/,0(,+/(+,& R&&* 0+*), ,0 %0;

%&,0 0 ,)%(& ) ')(,: 0 &,*(& ;(% *((*& )'0+( 0 &,,(&.

B&/)+& 0 %)& 0 ,)%(& ( >0; ) N0+*), C)( I,0. T% (9& 0/)( ,0 %) &((&, '&/%)/)* ,0&,(&. T%&& ),& ')& 0 &*&/(&

/0'0(0 0 /)( I,0 ;(% (%& )(0 0 0+*


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;%(& */) (,+/(+,&. T%& +& 0 %(& /)( ,0 '0(*9 ) ,); ')(&,)*0, ')**&)*& /)( ,0.

C0'0(0 = C ----2.3 (0 3

P ---- @.1 (0 @.2

S----- @.5 (0 1.3

M ---- @.5 (0 1

S [email protected] (0 1

P,0&,(&

S(,&(% 14@ (0 175''2

!),& 35@ (0 5@@B!M

Exp6 no6 96.

MAGNIFICATION 1@@X

ETC!ENT BEFORE

OBSER:ATION - P0*90')* ,) 0 0,')* "&,,( ;(% 0'&/*+0 ),& && .T%& ),> ),&) ),& +& (0 (%& &,&()* 0,&()(0 0

,).

MATERIALS - ARMCO "PURE IRON#

MAGNIFICATION 1@@X

ETC!ENT 2 NITAL

OBSER:ATION - P&),*(& ),,)& ) 9(&')(/ ),,)9 "),>,&0# ) )/>,0+ 0 /&'&((&

MATERIALS - ;%(& /)( ,0



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Experiment No6 0( 0 ;%(& )/> ,0+ ;%/% /) & 0&,& 0 (%& &/'&?

&0,& &(/% ),& 0:& ++,& (%& &/'& &(/%& 0, 15 &/0.

(%& &(/%)( N)()* "(,/ )/ 1.5'* &(%&, )*/0%0*#. A(&, &(/% (%&

&/'& ,0&,*9 ;)%&. N0; &/'& ,& ;(% ) ,&, ) (%&

&/'& 0&,& +&, (%& '/,0/0&.

EUTECTIOD STEEL=

S(&&* /0() @.8 C ),& /)**& E+(&/(0 (&&*. T%& '/,0(,+/(+,&

,&&)* ) &,9 & *)(& *>& 0, *)'&**), ':(+,& 0 &,,(& ) /&'&((&.

T%& &,&& 0 && && 0 ,)(& 0 /00* (%& ;%(& &,,(&

)/>,0+ 0, ')(,: ;%/% ')>& + '0( 0 (%& &+(&/(0 ':(+,&?

/0() (%& *)(& 0 /&'&((&.

P,0&,(&= T&*& (,&(% - 1?2@?@@@

E*0)(0 - 2@ 2 /%&

!),& - R0/> ;&** C2@

R0/>;&** 375 - 1@@

B!N 25@ 3@@



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U&= E+(&/(0 (&&* +& (0 ')>& >&? /+(( && &(/ . )*0 ')>

,? %&), *)&? ;? /%&*? /0* &(? %)''&,? ')** /) &.

6MEDIUM CARBON STEEL! M&+' /),0 (&&* /0() @.4 C. (%&/%)& *0;? '&+' ) %% /),0 (&&* ),& ')*9 +& (0 (%& ,&*)(&

)'0+( 0 &,,(& ) &),*(&. T%& /*0&, (%& /),0 /0(&( (0 &+(&/(0

/0'0(0? (%& '0,& &),*(& ;** & ,&&( (%& '/,0(,+/(+,&. T%&

'&+' /),0 (&&* /0()? ),0:')(&*9 5@ &),*(&. T% *)9&, 0

&,,(& ),& ),'& &)/% & 0 (%& /&'&((& *)(&. P,0/& /0(+& 9

(%& 0,')(0 0 )*(&,)(& *)9&, 0 (%& /&'&((& ) &,,(& (0 & (%& &

*)9&, 0( ':(+,& >0; ) &),*(&.

P,0&,(&=

T&*& (,&(% - 75?@@@ P.

9&* 0( - 44?@@@P

R&+/(0 ), ),&) -48

E*0)(0 -3@

B!N -165

U&=

M0( 0 (%& /0''0 %) (00*? +/% ) *&,? 0& & ,&)/%& ) /,&;

,&, ) ')& ,0' '&+' /),0 (&&*.

,6LO; CARBON STEEL! I (% @.2C 0*& (%& )/& 0 (%& F.C.C

,0 ()>& *)/& )( 1666 F ), +,& ,0 ) &/,&)& (&'&,)(+,& ;(%

/,&) /),0 /0(&(. T%& /),0 ;%/% /0'& 0+( ,0' 0 (%& 0*+(0

0*& (%& ,&') )+(&(&. S0 (%)(? ) /00* ,0,&& )

(%& )'0+( 0 &,,(& /,&)&? (%& ,&') )+((& ,&)/%& /),0.

+( )0& +&, /,(/)* (&'&,)(+,& (%& '/,0(,+/(+,& /0( 0 25)+(&(& ) 75 &,,(&. T%& ,&') 25 0 )+(&(& ) /0()

@.8C 0; &:&,&/& &+(&/(0 ,&)/(0.

P,0&,(&=

A,0:')(& (&*& (,&(%=4@?@@@"@.75# K 12?@@@ "@.25# 6@?@@@ P



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Y&* 0( -36?@@@P

R&+/(0 ),&) - 64

E*0)(0 $ - 37

B!N -115

U&= )*&? &),? /,)> %)(? /0&/( ,0? ,)*;)9 )*&? % *)(&?

')** 0,.

EXPERIMENT -


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MATERIAL= MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

EXPERIMENT " 0 &,,(& ";%(& 0,.

T%& &/'& *0; /),0 (&&* /0() @.15C. (%& (&&* )+((&

)( J@@ @C ), 1 %0+, ) /00*& (%& +,)/& 0, 48 !,. (%& 0 &),*(&

*& ) (%& &,/&()& 0 /),0 )*0 *&.

MATERIAL= LO CARBON STEEL



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Experiment No6 =

EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF BRASS

AIM:T0 &(&,'& (%& (,+/(+,& 0 & ,) '&()* ) )**09 +

'&()**+,/)* '/,0/0&.

APPARATUS= M&()**+,/)* '/,0/0&? 0*% ')/%&? ,&,?

'&/)(& /0((0? &(/%)(.

PROCEDURE:

1. F,(*9 0() ) *)( +,)/& 0 (%& &/'& 9 **.

2. S+0,( (%& 0*% (%& )&,? )'*9 0 ) *)( *) *)(&.

3. P0*% (%& &/'&? +&, &,9 *%( ,&+,& ,&+*( 0,;),,&/(0 0*9.

4. O&,& (%& /,)(/%& 0 &/'&? (%& /,)(/%& %0+* 0( & &,9

&& +( )( (%& )'& ('&? (%&9 %0+* & +0,'*9 )'& ,&/(0.

%& (%& )0& /0(0 )()/(0,9. G0 (%& &:( &, )&,.

5. A(&, 0*% 0 4@ )&,. )% 0+, %) ) &/'& (0 0 &

0*% 0 (%& 0*% ;%&&* ,( +& 02? 0;&, 0 ;%&&* ) ;)%

0 (%& &/'& (0 ,&'0& 02? &0,& 0 (%& &/0 ;%&&*. F)**9 +&

')&+' 0;&, ) ),)& 0 )0(%&, 0*% ;%&&*. A*;)9 >&& (%&/*0(% ;&(? 0(%&, ),)& 9(&' ')9 & +((+(&.

MAGNIFICATION:1@@X

ETC!ANT:2 &, +*%)(&

OBSRE:ATION: T%& &/'& ) +,& ,) )&)*&. T%&

'/,0(,+/(+,& 0* 0*+(0 0 ,). T%& *%( ),( ),& +& (0 0:&.

T%)( 0,'&

MATERIAL = BRASS



25/53

LIET 24

Experiment No6 >

EXAMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF COPPER STRUCTURE

Aim= T0 &(&,'& (%& (,+/(+,& 0 & /0&, '&()* ) )**09 +'&()**+,/)* '/,0/0&.

APPARATUS= M&()**+,/)* '/,0/0&? 0*% ')/%&? &'&,9

)&,? '&/)(& /0((0? &(/%)(? ;,&,.

PROCEDURE=

1. F,(*9 0() ) *)( +,)/& 0 (%& &/'& 9 .

2. S+0,( (%& 0*% )&, 0.1 0 ) *)( *) *)(&.

3. P0*% (%& &/'& +&, &,9 *%( ,&+,& ,&+*( 0,;),

,&/(0 0*9.4. O&,& (%& /,)(/%& 0 &/'& (%& /,)(/% & +0,'*9 )'&

,&/(0? ;%& (%& )0& /0(0 )()/(0,9 0 (0 &:( &,

)&,.5. A(&, 0*% 0 4X@ )&, ;)% 0+, %) ) &/'& (0 0

& 0*% 0 (%& 0*% ;%&&* ,( +& S02 0;&, 0 ;%&&*

) ;)% 0 (%& &/'& (0 ,&'0& S02 &0,& 0 (0 &/0

;%&&*. F)**9 +& ')&) 0;&, ) ),)&? )0(%&, 0*%

;%&&* )*;)9 >&& (%& /*0(%& ;&(? 0(%&, ),)& 9(&' ')9 &

+(,+/(+,&.

MAGNIFICATION = 1@@ X

ETC!ANT = 2 PER SULP!ATE

OBSER:ATION = T%& &/'& ) +,& /0&, )&)*& (%&

'/,0(,+/(+,& 0* 0*+(0 0 /0&, (%& *)/> 0( ),& +& (0 /+,0+

0:& (%)( 0,'& ,0** 9 0:&.

MATERIAL = COPPER.



26/53

LIET 25

MECHANICS OF

SOLIDS LAB



27/53

LIET 26

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB

1. STUDY OF UNIERSAL TESTING MAC!INE "U.T.M.#2. DEFLECTION OF BEAM3. COMPRESSION TEST

4. I$OD TEST

5. C!ARPY TEST6. !ARDNESS TEST

7. SPRING TEST

EXPERIMENT NO6

UNI:ERSAL TESTING MACHINE

AIM! " S(+9 0 U&,)* T&( M)/%& "U.T.M.#



28/53

LIET 27

OB?ECT= - T0 S(+9 (%& ),0+ /0'0&( ),( 0 (%& U&,)* T&(

M)/%& "U.T.M.# (&( ,0/&+,& 0 ),0+ ,)/(/)*H (0 & &,0,'&.

APPARATUS= - U&,)* T&( M)/%& ;(% )** )(()/%'&( .&. %&),

(&( )(()/%'&(? & )(()/%'&(? (&0 ,? /0',&0 (&(

)(()/%'&( &(/.

THEORY!- T%& U&,)* T&( M)/%& /0( 0 (;0 +(.

1# L0) +(? 2# C0(,0* )&*.

LOADING UNIT!"

I( /0( 0 ') %9,)+*/ /9*&, ;(% ,0+( )& &. T%& (0

;%/% '0& + ) 0;. T%& /%) ,& 9 &*&/(,/ '0(0, ;%/% ((&

0 *&( %) &. T%& /,&; /0*+' ')()& (%& )& /) & ,0()(&

+ )0& ),,)&'&( 0 /%). E)/% /0*+' )& (%,0+% (%& ')

+( ;%/% ((& (%& *0;&, /,0 %&). T%& *0;&, ()*& /0&/(& (0

') (0 (%,0+% ) )** (%& )** &)( 0& (0 &+,& ):)* *0).

T%&,& ) /0&/(0 &(;&& *0;&, ()*& ) +&, %&) )&'*9 (%)(

'0& + ) 0; ;(% ') (0. T%& '&)+,&'&( 0 (% )&'*9

/),,& 0+( 9 +'&, 0 &), ;%/% *& 0&, (%& /0*+'. T%& (&(

&/'& &)/% :& (%& 0 >0; ) )/> 0H. T0 : + (%& &/'&

(%(*9? (%& '0&'&( 0 )/> 0 )/%&& %&*/)**9 9 %)*&.

CONTROL PANEL!"

I( /0( 0 0* ()> %) ) %9,)+*/ 0* *&&* %( *) 0, /%&/> (%&

0* *&&*. T%& +' *)/&'&( (9& (0 +' %) ,&& *+&,

(%0& &+,& 0, /0(+)(0 0 %% ,&+,&. T%& +' :& (0 (%& ()>

,0' 0((0'. T%& +/(0 &*&,9 )*& ),& ((& (0 (%& +' &), ()>

E*&/(,/ '0(0, ,& (%& +' '0+(& 0 0+, (+ ;%/% ((& 0

(%& ,%( & 0 (%& ()>. T%&,& ) ),,)&'&( 0, *00 0, (%(&

0 (%& )*&. T%& 0+, )*& 0 /0(,0* )&* /0(,0* (%& 0* (,0>& (%&

%9,)+*/ 9(&'. T%& *0) 9(&' ;0,> ) &/,& &*0;. T%& ,&(+,

)*& /*0&? 0* &*&,& 9 (%& +' (%,0+% (%& *0; /0(,0* )*& (0

(%& /9*&, (%& (0 0& +. P,&+,& (),( &&*0 &(%&, (%&

&/'& ,&)> 0, (%& *0) %) '):'+' )*+& /0(,0**& ;(% (%&

)& 9)'&(&, /0( ) /9*&, ;%/% (%& (0 ,&/,0/)(&.

T%& ;(/%& %)& +&, ) *0;&, +% )( (%& /0(,0* )&* 0, (%&

0;;), +;), '0&'&( 0 (%& '0)*& %&). T%& 0 0 ;(/%



29/53

LIET 28

,0& 0 (%& /0(,0* )&* (%& *0( *)' %0; (%& (,)'0 0

') +*9.

METHOD OF TESTING!"

Initi'( A$1#+tment! " &0,& (&( )+( (%& &+*+' ;(% ,&&/( (0/))/(9 0 (%& (&( .&. 8 T0& 1@ T0& 2@ T0& 4@ T0& &(/. F0, &:= -

A &/'& 0 6 (0& /))/(9 & '0,& )//+,)(& ,&+*( 0 1@T0&

/))/(9 ,)& (&) 0 2@ T0& /))/(9 ,)&. T%&& ,)& 0 /))/(9

),& )+(& 0 (%& )* ;(% (%& %&* 0 ,)& &*&/(0, >0. T%& /0(,0*

;&%( 0 (%& &+*+' ),& )+(& /0,,&/(*9. T%& > %0+* & &,(&

& %0*&, 0 ,&/0, )&, ),0+ (%& ,+' (%& (&( ,0/&

(),(& && +0 (%& (9& 0 (&( ) '&(0& &*0;.

TENSION TEST!"

S&*&/( (%& ,0&, 0 ) /0'*&(& +&, ) *0;&, /%&/> )+('&(.

A*9 0'& G,&&/& (0 (%& ()&,& +,)/& 0 &/'& 0, ,00&. T%&

0&,)(& (%& +&, /,0 %&) , 0&,)(0 %)*& , (%& +&, & 0

(&( &/'& +**9 (0 (%& ,00&. && (%& *0;&, *&( )*& +**9 /*0&

0(0. O& (%& ,%( )*& /*0& ( )(&, *0;&, ()*& *%(*9 *(&.

A+( (%& *0;&, 0( (0 0. T%

&/&),9 (0 ,&'0& (%& &) ;&%( 0 (%& *0;&, ()*&. T%& *0/> (%& 0

(% 0(0 9 0&,)( 0 ;0,> %)*&. T%& 0& (%& *&( /0(,0*

)*&. T%& ,(&, 0 )* )+& )( ;%/% (%& &/'& ,&)> *%(*9 ,&(+,)/> /0,,&0 *0) >0; ) ,&)> *0) '):'+' *0)

>0; ) (%& +*(')(& *0).

COMPRESSION TEST!"

F: +&, ) *0;&, ,&+,& *)(& (0 (%& +&, ()(0),9 %&) *0;&,

()*& ,&&/(&*9. P*)/& (%& &/'& 0 (%& *0;&, *)(& 0,&, (0 ,.

T%& )+(


30/53

LIET 29

(%& )/> 0 (%& & ()*& )( &,&( 0(0. T%& *)/& (%& &/'&

0 & ()*& )*9 (%& *0) 9 & )(()/%'&( )( (%& +&,

()(0),9 %&). T%& &,0,' (%& (&( (%& )'& ')&, ) &/,&

(&0 (&(.

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST!"

P*)/& (%& &/'& 0 (%& *0;&, ()*& *( ( + *%(*9. A+( (%& & && 0 (%& &/'&. T%&

&:(&0'&(&, ;** & 0; :& (0 (%& &/'& 9 , ,&+,&. S&(


31/53

LIET 30

)* )+& "8# ,&) %0+* & ()>& ) &*0)(0. I( &,9 '0,()(

(0 0(& 0**0; (%& ,)/(/& 0 ,&'0 (%& &:(&0'&(&, ,0' (%&

&/'& &0,& (%& &/'& ,&)> 0(%&,;& (%& (,+'&( ;** &

(0()**9 )')&. A ) )&(9? ;%*& (&( (%& (,+'&( ')9 & >&(

%) ,0' ) :& +0,( 9 ) *%(*9 *00& (%,&).

TEC!NICAL DATA=-

M&)+, R)&= @ 3 ''.

L&)( C0+(= @. @1 ''.

G)+& L&(% )+()*& ,0'= 3@ 12@ ''

S&/'& S


32/53


33/53

LIET 32

AIM! "T0 &(&,'& 90+H '0+*+ 0 &*)(/(9 0 ')(&,)* 0 &)'

'*9 +0,(& )( &.

APPARATUS! "

6D&*&/(0 0 &)' )),)(+ 2.&%(

3. B&)' 0 &,&( /,0-&/(0 ) ')(&,)* ")9 ;00& ) S(&&*

&)'#

4. !)&, 5. D)* /)(0,

DIAGRAM!"

F+,& 1

THEORY!"

I ) &)' '*9 +0,(& )( (%& & ) /),,& ) /0/&(,)(& *0) )(

( /&(&,? (%& &)' & /0/)& +;),. T%& ()/& &(;&& (%&

0,)* 0(0 0 (%& &)' ) ( 0(0 )(&, & )( &,&(

0( )*0 (%& *&(% 0 (%& &)'? & '):'+' )( (%& /&(&, (%

/)&. T% &,&/& >0; ) &*&/(0H I (% ),(/+*), (9& 0 *0)

(%& '):'+' )'0+( 0 &*&/(0 "9'):# & 9 (%& ,&*)(0?

9'): L348 EI "#

E L348 V I ------------- "#



34/53

LIET 33

V

%&,& V - &*&/(0 )( L2H ()/& ,0' (%& *&( & 0

(%& &)'

L0) )/( )( (%& /&(&,? N

L L&(% 0 (%& &)' &(;&& (%& +0,( ''

E Y0+H '0+*+ 0 ')(&,)* 0 (%& &)'? N''2

I S&/0 '0'&( 0 ),&) 0 (%& /,0- &/(0 ".&.? '0'&( 0

I&,()# 0 (%& &)'? )0+( (%& &+(,)* ):? ''4

I312 Y 2

BENDING STRESS

%&,&? M B& '0'&(? N-''

I M0'&( 0 &,()? ''.4

W B& (,&? N''2? )

Y D()/& 0 (%& (0 &, 0 (%& &)' ,0' (%& &+(,)*

):

PROCEDURE!

1. M)>& (%& ),,)&'&( 0 (%& &(+ ) %0; (%& +,& 1.



35/53

LIET 34

2. P*)/& (%& &)' 0 (%& >& && 0 ) (0 ,0&/( &+)**9 &90 &)/%

>& &&. S&& (%)( (%& *0) )*& )( (%& /&(,& 0 (%& &)'

3. N0(& (%& ()* ,&) 0 )* /)(0, )( ()/& 0 L4H ,0' *&( & 0

(%& &)'

4. A ) ;&%( 0 @.5 > ) )) 0(& (%& ,&) 0 (%& )* /)(0, )(

(%)( )'& 0(.

5. G0 0 ()> ,&) 9 ) @.5> &)/% ('& (** 90+ %)& ''+'

&%( ,&).

6. F (%& &*&/(0 "V# &)/% /)& 9 +(,)/( (%& ()* ,&) 0

D)* /)(0,.

7. C)*/+*)(& (%& & (,&& ) Y0+H M0+*+ 0, &,&( *0)

+ ,&*)(0

W MYI EL3748 V I

8. D,); ) ,)% &(;&& *0) "# ) &*&/(0 "V#.O (%& ,)% /%00&

)9 (;0 /0&&( 0( ) &(;&& (%&& 0( (%& /0,,&0

)*+& 0 EH.

OBSER:ATION TABLE !"

S.N

0.

L0)

"N#

B&'0'&(

M L4 ?N-''

B&(,&

W MYIN''2

D&*&/(0 0 (%&

&)'Y0+

M0+*+

EHN''2I()* F)*V

"''#

RESULT!



36/53

LIET 35

6 T%& 90+H '0+*+ 0, (&&* &)' 0+ (0 &----- N''2) ,0'

,)% ------- N''2.

,6 T%& 90+H '0+*+ 0, ;00& &)' 0+ (0 &----- N''2)

,0' ,)% ------- N''2

PRECAUTION

1. M)>& +,& (%)( &)' ) *0) ),& *)/& )( ,0&, 0(0.

2. T%& /,0- &/(0 0 (%& &)' %0+* & *),&.

EXPERIMENT NO!".



37/53

LIET 36

COMPRESSION TEST

AIM" T0 D&(&,'& (%& C0',&& S(,&(% ) C,+% L0) 0 (%&

B,/>

APPARATUS! B,/>? &,&, C)*&,? S/)*&? E(/.

FORMULA! "

C0',&& (,&(% 0 /0/,&(& L0) "#

A,&) 0 S&/'& "/'2#

DIAGRAM!"

THEORY! " B,/> ),& +& /0(,+/(0 0 &(%&, *0) &), ;)** 0,

0,(0 ;)** /)& 0 ,)'& (,+/(+,&. I ) &), ;)** (0()* ;&%(

,0' *) ) +&, *00, /0'& ,&/(*9 (%,0+% ,/> ) (%& (

(,)&,& (0 (%& 0+)(0. I /)& (%& ,/> ),& *0)& ;(% /0',&&



38/53

LIET 37

)(+,& 0 0,/& 0 0(%&, %) /)& 0 ,)'& (,+/(+,& ,/> ),& +& 0*9

0, /0(,+/(0 0 0,(0 ;)**? *)9&, /0'& ,&/(*9 0 (%& *0;&, *)9&, 0,

;)**. I (% /)& ,/> ),& *0)& ;(% /0',&& )(+,& 0 0,/&. !&/&

0, )&*9 '&)+,& &0,& + (%& ,/> )/(+)* ,)/(/& (%&9 %)& (0 &

(&(& *)0,)(0,9 0, (%&, /0',&& (,&(%.

PROCEDURE! "

1. C%&/> (%& 0* *&&* + (0 (%& '),>.

2. C%&/> )** &*& 0( ),& ,'*9 (%(. E+,& (%)( &*& 0&(

&( +/>*& +& (0 0&, (%(&.

3. P,& (%& 0&,)( !)*& (%& ,)/>&( 0 (%& +' 0, +% ( (

)//0,*9.

4. L00& (%& D (/> ) (%(& (%& ,&+,& R&*&)& )*&.

5. && (%& &/'& (0 & (&(& &(;&& (%& +&, ) *0;&, *)(&

*&) ) ')** )/& &(;&& (%& (0 *)(& ) (%& &/'& )9

5''.

6. T)>& ) /0'0,()*& ()/& ) (),( 0&,)( +' 9 '0 (%&

*0 %)*& )/>;), ) 0,;), *0;*9 ) ,'*9. U&, !%

,&+,&? +& 0(% 90+, %). T%& (0 0 (%& )/> '0& + )

(0+/%& (%& (0 +,)/& 0 (%& +&, *)(&. P,&+,& +* + ) (%&

&/'& &( *0)&.

7. C0(+& +' (** (%& *)/> &&*& "* )/># *&) (%& ,&-

0(&, )( ) /&,() ,&). T%& ,&) /)(& 9 (%& ,& 0(&,

(%& '):'+' ,&()/& 0&,& 9 (%& ,/> .& C0',&& S(,&(%

0 (%& ,/>.



39/53


40/53

LIET 39

AIM! " T0 D&(&,'& (%& ')/( (,&(% 0 (&&* 9 I


41/53


42/53

LIET 41

PROCEDURE!"

(o$ te+t

1. (% (%& (,> %)''&, "&+*+'# )& (&( 0(0? ,'*9 %0* (%&

(&&* &/'& ')/( (&( ')/%&H /& +/% );)9 (%)( (%& 0(/%

)/& (%& %)''&, ) %)* & ) %)* )0& (%& (0 +,)/& 0 (%&

/&.

2. B, (%& (,> %)''&, (0 ( (0 '0( (,> 0(0 +*& (

)*,&)9 (%&,&? ) *0/> ( )( (%)( 0(0.

3. B, /)(0, 0 (%& ')/%& (0 (%& &/'&

(%,0+% ( '0'&(+'? (%& (0()* &&,9 0( )0,& 9 (%& &/'&.

T%& ( /0(+& (0 ;. A( ( (0'0( %&%( )(&, ,&)> (%&

&/'&? (%& /)(0, (0 '0? ;%*& (%& &+*+' )** )/>. N0(&

(%& /)(0, )( (%)( (0'0( )* 0(0.

5. A) , )/> (%& %)''&, (0 ( *& 0(0 ) )/>.

I@OD TEST

M):'+' I')/( E&,9 0 &+*+' - 164 0+*&

M'+' )*+& 0 /)*& G,)+)(0 - 2 0+*&



43/53

LIET 42

A*& 0 D,0 0 P&+*+' - J@@

OBESER:ATION!"

Io$ Te+t6

I')/( )*+& 0 - M* S(&&* N-'

RESULT=-T%& &&,9 )0,& 0, M* S(&&* 0+ 0+( (0 &

0+*&.

PRECAUTION!"

1. M&)+,& (%& '&0 0 (%& &/'& /),&+**9.

2. !0* (%& &/'& "*


44/53

LIET 43

EXPERIMENT NO!"9

CHARPY TEST

AIM! " T0 D&(&,'& (%& ')/( (,&(% 0 (&&* 9 C%),9 (&(.

APPARATUS! " 1. I')/( (&( ')/%& 2. A (&&* &/'& 75 '' X

1@'' X 1@''

THEORY!"A ')/( (&( & (0+%& 0 ')(&,)* (%)( )*(9 0

')(&,)* (0 )0, &&,9 +, *)(/ &0,')(0. S()(/ (&0 (&( 0+ 0(/%& &/'& 0 0( )*;)9 ,&&)* (%& +/&(*(9 0 ) '&()* (0

,((*& ,)/(+,&. T% '0,()( )/(0, &(&,'& 9 ')/( (&(.

T0+%& ()>& (0 )//0+( 0(% (%& (,&(% ) +/(*(9 0 (%& ')(&,)*.

S&&,)* &&&, ')(&,)* %)& (0 ;(%() ')/( 0, +&*9 )*&

*0) ;%*& &,/&. I')/( (,&(% ),& &&,)**9 *0;&, ) /0'),& (0

(,&(% )/%&& +&, *0;*9 )*& *0). O )** (9& 0 ')/( (&(?

(%& 0(/% ), (&( ),& '0( &:(&&*9 +&. T%&,&0,&? (%& ')/( (&(

'&)+,& (%& &&,9 &/&),9 (0 ,)/(+,& ) ()), 0(/% ), 9 )*9

) '+*& *0). T%& (&( '&)+,& (%& 0(/% (0+%& 0 ')(&,)* +&,

%0/> *0). )*+& 0()& ,0' (%& (&( ),& 0( 0 '+/% +(*(9 (0

& ,0*&' ,&/(*9 ) ),& %%*9 ),(,),9. S(** ( '0,()( (0 0(&

(%)( ( ,0& ) 00 ;)9 0 /0'), (0+%& 0 ),0+ ')(&,)* 0,

(0+%& 0 (%& )'& ')(&,)* +&, &,&( /0(0. T% (&( /) )*0

& +& (0 )& (%& +/(*& ,((*& (,)(0 (&'&,)(+,& 0 (%& ')(&,)*

0//+,, +& (0 *0;&, 0 (&'&,)(+,&.



45/53

LIET 44

PROCEDURE !"

C&'rp% Te+t

1. (% (%& (,> %)''&, "&+*+'# )& (&( 0(0? ,'*9 %0* (%&

(&&* &/'& ')/( (&( ')/%& /& +/% ) ;)9 (%)( (%& 0(/%

)/&H (%& %)''&, ) %)* & ) %)* )0& (%& (0 +,)/& 0 (%&

/&.

2. B, (%& (,> %)''&, (0 ( (0 '0( (,> 0(0 +*& (

)*,&)9 (%&,&? ) *0/> ( )( (%)( 0(0.

3. B, /)(0, 0 (%& ')/%& (0 (%& &/'&

(%,0+% ( '0'&(+'? (%& (0()* &&,9 0( )0,& 9 (%& &/'&.

T%& ( /0(+& (0 ;. A( ( (0'0( %&%( )(&, ,&)> (%&

&/'&? (%& /)(0, (0 '0? ;%*& (%& &+*+' )** )/>. N0(&

(%& /)(0, )( (%)( (0'0( )* 0(0.

5. T%& &/'& *)/& 0 +0,( 0, )* 0 (%)( (%& *0; 0 %)''&,

00(& (0 (%& 0(/%.

CHARPY TEST

M):'+' I')/( E&,9 0 &+*+' - 3@@ 0+*&

M'+' )*+& 0 /)*& G,)+)(0 - 1 0+*&

A*& 0 D,0 0 &+*+' - 141@



46/53

LIET 45

OBSER:ATION!"

C%),9 (&(

I')/( )*+& 0 - M* S(&&* N-'

RESULT!"

T%& &&,9 )0,& 0, M* S(&&* 0+ 0+( (0 & 0+*&.

PRECAUTION!"

1. M&)+,& (%& '&0 0 (%& &/'& /),&+**9.

2. !0* (%& &/'& ,'*9.

3. N0(& 0; ,&) /),&+**9.



47/53

LIET 46

EXPERIMENT NO!"&( (%& A* T)*&.2. T+, (%& /,&; ,0 (** (%& ')** )* 0(&, ,&) 3 ) &, *)/>

)* 0(&, ,&) && *&&, 0(0 AH3. T+, (%& *&&, (0 0(0 B.

4. T%& 0(&, &&*& '0& ) (0. A) 0 )/> (0 0(0 A )

0(& 0; (%& ,&) 0 (%& 0(&, B*)/> /)*&.

5. I( & (%& R0/>;&** !),&.

6. F0, B,&** T&( S&*&/( 187.5 L0) ) /%)& (%& I&(0, (0

2.5'' B)**. R&) (%& B,&** !),& R& D)*.

OBSER:ATION TABLE

S.N0 S&/'&R&)

1

R&)

2

R&)

3M&)

1 M* (&&*

2 B,)3 A*+'+'

RESULT=- T%& %),& 0 (%& '&()* 0+ (0 &

M* (&&*

B,)

A*+'+'

PRECAUTION!"



50/53

LIET 49

1. B,&** (&( %0+* & &,0,'& 0 '00(%? *)( &/'& ,0' ;%/%

,( ) /)*& %)& && /*&)&.

2. T%& (&( %0+* 0( & ')& 0 &/'& 0 (% (%)( (%& ',&0

%0; (%,0+% (%& '&()*? 0, %0+* ',&0 & ')& (00 /*0& (0

(%& && 0 ) &/'&.

EXPERIMENT NO:-7



51/53

LIET 50

SPRING TEST

AIM: To determine the stiffness of the spring & mod!es of the rigidit" of the spring #ire$

APPARATUS:

% 'pring testing M()hine* + A spring* , -enire )(!iper.s s)(!e$

THEORY:

'prings (re e!(sti) mem/er #hi)h distort nder !o(d & reg(in their origin(! sh(pe #hen

!o(d is remo-ed$ The" (re sed in r(i!#("s* motor )(rs* s)ooters* motor )")!es et)$ A))ording to

their ses springs (re perform the fo!!o#ing fn)tions% To store energ" (s in )!o)0 springs$

+ To (/sor/ sho)0 or imp()t !o(ding (s in )(rri(ge springs$

, To (pp!" for)es to )ontro! motions (s in /r(0es (nd )!t)hes$1 To me(sre the for)es in spring /(r$

2 To )h(nge -(ri(tion )h(r()teristi)s of no$ (s in f!e3i/!e mo-ing of motors

The spring is s(!!" m(de of either high )(r/on stee! 45*67%89 or medim )(r/on stee!$ r(ss

%;


52/53

LIET 51

TABULAR COLUMN FOR READING AND CALCULATION

I ) Tension Test

'$no Lo(d 4>

?N.

Def!e)tion 4mm 'tiffness 4@ >


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Mos & Metallurgy Lab