Morten Seljeskog / Morten.Seljeskog@sintef

Technology for a better society

Copenhagen seminar 3 December 2015, Campus of University Aalborg Copenhagen A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen SV

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Morten Seljeskog / [email protected]


o Hazardous emissions, overview• This analysis is performed as part of the CenBio project. CenBio – the Bioenergy Innovation

Centre – is one of the eight Norwegian Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research. It is an 8 years research project started in 2009.

o Comparison of two standard test methods for small scale room heating appliances• Particulate measurements performed by SP Fire Research Norway in cooperation with

SINTEF Energy AS, as part of a project funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency

• Influence of some of the most important variables, inherent to EN13240 DIN+ HF (heated filter) method and the NS3058-59 FFDT (Full Flow Dilution Tunnel) method, regarding the amount of measured particulate matter PMt collected gravimetrically

o Elemental/Black carbon emissions, methods and results

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Content


o A life cycle analysis (LCA) of old and new wood stove technology operated on low and nominal load was performed, considering environmental and economic aspects

o The environmental analysis is a state-of-the-art life cycle assessment (LCA), where greenhouse gases as well as other air pollutants affecting human health and having environmental impacts were included.

o The analyses are based on empirical and experimental data from the CenBio project partners, describing the current situation in Norway.

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Hazardous emissions, overview

Abbrev. Environmental impact / stressor

GWP Global Warming Potential

FEP Freshwater Eutrophication Potential

HTP Human Toxicity Potential

ODP Ozone Depleting Potential

POFP Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential

TAP Terrestrial Acidification Potential

NOX Nitrous Oxides Emissions

PM Particulate Matter Emissions

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

CO Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Technology for a better society 4




Recommended

g/kg

CH4 20.88 high 7.35 high 7.17 high 1.65 high

UHC CH4 equ. 52.20 high 12.89 high 37.76 high 2.87 high

NMVOC g/kg 31.32 high 5.54 high 30.59 high 1.22 medium

PMtotal g/kg 35.11 low 3.80 low 11.09 low 2.01 low

PM 2.5 g/kg 30.20 medium 3.45 medium 10.42 medium 1.95 medium

PM 10 g/kg 33.71 medium 3.47 medium 10.98 medium 1.97 medium

CO g/kg 126.06 low 57.54 low 103.05 low 45.15 low

SO2 g/Kg 1.40 high 0.41 high

N2O g/kg 0.03 high 0.04 high

OC g/kg 19.18 medium 2.21 medium 5.82 medium 1.41 medium

EC g/kg 0.96 medium 1.20 medium 0.68 low 0.59 low

Efficiency 67.33 medium 64.67 medium 72.46 low 69.41 low

old new

4 kW 8 kW 4 kW 8 kW

Collected input data, based on previous experiments and experience


o Results from the environmental analysis show• Switching from old to new wood stove technology with staged air

combustion gives a decrease in all emissions and impacts

• The effect of the stove load is even more important for many of the impacts and emissions

• GWP (Global Warming Potential) can be reduced by more than 80 % (BAT + nom. load.)

• PM can be reduced by more than 90 %, going from old to new technology (BAT + nom. load.)

• Combustion in the wood stove is the main contributor to all impacts and emissions except ODP (Ozone Depleting Potential) and FEP (Freshwater Eutrophication Potential), where transportation dominates

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OSPL = Old Stove Partial Load

NMVOC = Non-methane volatile organic compounds




Comparison of two standard test methods for small scale room heating appliances


o The most significant differences in how particulate emissions are measured according to NS 3058/Method 28 (US) and EN13240 DIN+ are:

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DIN+ 13240 NS 3058-59

Unit mg/Nm3 g/kg dry wood

Period 30 min. after 3 min. Time from charging the stove until complete combustion of test fuel

Fuel Hardwood (beech, birch) Softwood (spruce)

Measured Chimney FFDT

Particles Solid Solid + condensable

Draft 12 Pa forced Natural draft

Moisture 16 ± 4 % (dry basis) 16-20 % (dry basis)

Fuel load Acc. to manufacture 112 ± 11 kg/m3 of the firebox volume

Filter temp. ≥ 70°C ≤ 35°C

Filter size 90 mm 100-103 mm

Tested heat output Nominal heat output (specified by manufacturer) 4 burn rate categories, low -> max


Factor Characteristic affecting emissions Effect

Fuel Moisture Lowers combustion temperature

Ash content Increases particulate emissions

Amount of gasifying substances Pyrolysis control more difficult, flame needs a lot of space

Log size Affects firing and gasification rate

Wood type Affects gasification rate

Appliance Firebox size, shape and materials Affects draft conditions and combustion temperature

Flue gas outlet dimensions Affects draft conditions

Air supply Affects the amount and mixing of combustion air

Smokestack Stack height, size and shape Affects draft conditions

Combustion conditions Natural draft Affects combustion control Flue gas residence time

Affects emission burnout

Combustion temperature Affects emission burnout

Air supply and mixing Affects flue gas and air mixing

Flue gas after treatment After treatment appliances Affects emission quantity, and appliance operation and use

Operating conditions Combustion rate Affects gasification rate and amount of combustion gases

Fuel loading rate Affects combustion rate and momentary power

Control devices Affects fuel, air and appliance power control

Appliance user Operation habits, garbage burning Affects several combustion factors

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Birch vs spruce

1.1 kg vs 1.7 kg

x3

x2

Birch vs spruce

Birch vs spruce


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Birch vs spruce

HF vs FFD

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11.5% 13.1%

40.9%

85.8%

5.2%

30.0%

62.8%

41.7%

69.6%

47.1%

26.9%

14.5%10.8%

7.6%

37.4%

27.2%

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20%

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40%

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LOW LOW-NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM HIGH HIGH

NS Spruce NS Spruce DIN+ Birch DIN+ Spruce NS Birch NS Spruce NS Birch NS Spruce

Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average

RSD

(%

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METHOD AND WOOD SPECIE

Comparison of methods - DIN+ vs NS3058-59, RSD (%)

Part. conc. as DIN+ RSD (%)

Part. conc. as FFDT RSD (%)Only two exp.


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• Take into consideration how the mass of the test fuel is defined rather than following the manufacturers recommendation

• Measure PM + condensables -> emission factors

• Perform filter sampling over the complete batch period(s)

• Assure that sufficient mass of particulate matter is collected on the filter to improve the relative standard deviation -> repeatability

• Measure at varying burn rates, min nom max, if the stove allows for this

• Perform a sufficient number (3-5?) of repeated tests to assure statistically sound values?

• If several methods exists, they should apply the same type of filters (quartz?) with specified pore size.

• Make use of a filter discharge routine

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Any new method should preferably…


Morten Seljeskog / [email protected]

SINTEF Energi AS/SINTEF Energy Research, Kolbjørn Hejesvei 1a, 7465 TRONDHEIM

Tel: +47 73 59 37 29 / Cell: +47 901 10 630 / Fax: +47 73 59 28 89

Black carbon emissions from wood stoves


Elemental/Black carbon emissions, methods and results

www3.epa.gov/blackcarbon


www3.epa.gov/blackcarbon/2012report/Chapter2.pdfElem

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Distribution of BC emissions between sectors, 2011. Per cent

Emissions of Organic Carbon (OC) to air by source in Norway. 1990-2011. Per cent

Source: Statistics Norway 2014

Emissions of Black carbon and Organic carbon in Norway 1990-2011, WOOD STOVES


ASPECTS TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING NEW STOVES



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Morten Seljeskog / Morten.Seljeskog@sintef