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Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Morphophonology and tone in Nata
Andrei [email protected]
Dept. of LinguisticsUniversity of British Columbia
June 13, 2013
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 1
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Geography
I Nata is a Lacustrine Bantu language spoken in westernTanzania by about 6,000 people.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 2
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Geography
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 3
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.
I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.
I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.
I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.
I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.
I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.
I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.
I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.
I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.
I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.
I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.
I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.
I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.
I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.
I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.
I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.
I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.
I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.
I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.
I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.
I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I First, I describe the structure of nouns.
I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.
I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.
I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I First, I describe the structure of nouns.
I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.
I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.
I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I First, I describe the structure of nouns.
I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.
I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.
I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Roadmap
I First, I describe the structure of nouns.
I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.
I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.
I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(1) Schematic Nata noun
aug-{V, /0}-
pf-{CV, /0}-
stem{CV, CVCV, CVCVCV}
I Noun stems select for canonical prefixes;
I However, stems can be placed into specific noun classes forsemantic effect (e.g. C5 = diminutive).
I Noun class prefixes (pf) select for augments (aug).
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 6
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(1) Schematic Nata noun
aug-{V, /0}-
pf-{CV, /0}-
stem{CV, CVCV, CVCVCV}
I Noun stems select for canonical prefixes;
I However, stems can be placed into specific noun classes forsemantic effect (e.g. C5 = diminutive).
I Noun class prefixes (pf) select for augments (aug).
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 6
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(1) Schematic Nata noun
aug-{V, /0}-
pf-{CV, /0}-
stem{CV, CVCV, CVCVCV}
I Noun stems select for canonical prefixes;
I However, stems can be placed into specific noun classes forsemantic effect (e.g. C5 = diminutive).
I Noun class prefixes (pf) select for augments (aug).
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 6
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(2) Canonical Nata nouns
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata person’
b. a-Aug
Ba-PFC2
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata people’
a. O-Aug
mO-PFC3
rOrON-stemfire
‘fire’
b. E-Aug
mE-PFC4
rOrON-stemfire
‘fires’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(2) Canonical Nata nouns
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata person’
b. a-Aug
Ba-PFC2
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata people’
a. O-Aug
mO-PFC3
rOrON-stemfire
‘fire’
b. E-Aug
mE-PFC4
rOrON-stemfire
‘fires’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(2) Canonical Nata nouns
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata person’
b. a-Aug
Ba-PFC2
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata people’
a. O-Aug
mO-PFC3
rOrON-stemfire
‘fire’
b. E-Aug
mE-PFC4
rOrON-stemfire
‘fires’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(2) Canonical Nata nouns
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata person’
b. a-Aug
Ba-PFC2
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata people’
a. O-Aug
mO-PFC3
rOrON-stemfire
‘fire’
b. E-Aug
mE-PFC4
rOrON-stemfire
‘fires’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
(2) Canonical Nata nouns
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata person’
b. a-Aug
Ba-PFC2
naataN-stemNata.person
‘Nata people’
a. O-Aug
mO-PFC3
rOrON-stemfire
‘fire’
b. E-Aug
mE-PFC4
rOrON-stemfire
‘fires’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
I Monosyllabic and disyllabic noun stems are both common.I Trisyllabic noun stems are attested, but less common;
(3) Monosyllables
a. CVaa-ka‘house’
(4) Disyllables
a. CVCVO-mO-rOrO‘fire’
C¯
VVCVo-mu-naata‘Nata person’
(5) Trisyllables
a. CVCVCVa-sisıita‘toothbrush’
C¯
VVCVCVo-mo-sookani‘respected person’
CVCVVCVrii-BuruuNga‘egg’
C. VVCVVCVa-taaraari‘valley’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 8
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
I Monosyllabic and disyllabic noun stems are both common.I Trisyllabic noun stems are attested, but less common;
(3) Monosyllables
a. CVaa-ka‘house’
(4) Disyllables
a. CVCVO-mO-rOrO‘fire’
C¯
VVCVo-mu-naata‘Nata person’
(5) Trisyllables
a. CVCVCVa-sisıita‘toothbrush’
C¯
VVCVCVo-mo-sookani‘respected person’
CVCVVCVrii-BuruuNga‘egg’
C. VVCVVCVa-taaraari‘valley’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 8
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
I Monosyllabic and disyllabic noun stems are both common.I Trisyllabic noun stems are attested, but less common;
(3) Monosyllables
a. CVaa-ka‘house’
(4) Disyllables
a. CVCVO-mO-rOrO‘fire’
C¯
VVCVo-mu-naata‘Nata person’
(5) Trisyllables
a. CVCVCVa-sisıita‘toothbrush’
C¯
VVCVCVo-mo-sookani‘respected person’
CVCVVCVrii-BuruuNga‘egg’
C. VVCVVCVa-taaraari‘valley’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 8
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
C5
I Noun class 5 has a CVV prefix and no augment with disyllabic and larger stems.
(6) Class 5 disyllables
a. /0-Aug
rıı-PFC5
BuriN-stemfeather
‘feather’
a. /0-Aug
rii-PFC5
muumuN-stemdumbness
‘dumbness’
a. /0-Aug
rii-PFC5
BaBaN-stemwing
‘wing’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 9
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
C9
I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.
(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems
a. a-Aug
n-PFC9
tSeraN-stempath
‘path’
a. a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sonaN-stemmosquito
‘mosquito’
I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemhouse
‘house’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
C9
I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.
(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems
a. a-Aug
n-PFC9
tSeraN-stempath
‘path’
a. a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sonaN-stemmosquito
‘mosquito’
I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemhouse
‘house’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
C9
I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.
(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems
a. a-Aug
n-PFC9
tSeraN-stempath
‘path’
a. a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sonaN-stemmosquito
‘mosquito’
I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemhouse
‘house’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
C9
I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.
(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems
a. a-Aug
n-PFC9
tSeraN-stempath
‘path’
a. a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sonaN-stemmosquito
‘mosquito’
I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
a. aa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemhouse
‘house’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
C10
I Noun class 10 has a CVV augment and a homorganic nasal prefix (not a TBU).
(9) Class 10 disyllabic stems
a. tSaa-Aug
n-PFC10
tSeraN-stempath
‘paths’
b. tSaa-Aug
/0-PFC10
sonaN-stempath
‘mosquitos’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 11
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Canonical nouns
I Canonical nouns display a three way contrast in tone position.
(10) a. Tone type I has a high tone associated to the secondsyllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word isheavy, in which case the high tone is associated to theheavy word initial syllable.
b. Tone type II has a high tone associated to the thirdsyllable of the word.
c. Tone type III has a high tone associated to the lastsyllable of the word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 12
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type I
I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.
(11) ‘millet’
a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)
b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)
c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)
(12) a. Class 9a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘hump’
b. Class 10tSaa-Aug
/0-PFC10
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘humps’
(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type I
I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.
(11) ‘millet’
a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)
b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)
c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)
(12) a. Class 9a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘hump’
b. Class 10tSaa-Aug
/0-PFC10
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘humps’
(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type I
I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.
(11) ‘millet’
a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)
b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)
c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)
(12) a. Class 9a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘hump’
b. Class 10tSaa-Aug
/0-PFC10
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘humps’
(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type I
I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.
(11) ‘millet’
a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)
b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)
c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)
(12) a. Class 9a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘hump’
b. Class 10tSaa-Aug
/0-PFC10
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘humps’
(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type I
I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.
(11) ‘millet’
a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)
b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)
c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)
(12) a. Class 9a-Aug
/0-PFC9
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘hump’
b. Class 10tSaa-Aug
/0-PFC10
sukuBiN-stemhump
‘humps’
(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug
/0-PFC9
kaN-stemlion
‘lion’
I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type I
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 14
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.
(14) ‘old man’
a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)
b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)
c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)
(15) a-Aug
N-PFC9
gOkOrON-stemelbow
‘elbow’
(16) e-Aug
Gi-PFC7
-kON-stemcalabash
‘calabash’
I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.
(14) ‘old man’
a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)
b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)
c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)
(15) a-Aug
N-PFC9
gOkOrON-stemelbow
‘elbow’
(16) e-Aug
Gi-PFC7
-kON-stemcalabash
‘calabash’
I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.
(14) ‘old man’
a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)
b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)
c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)
(15) a-Aug
N-PFC9
gOkOrON-stemelbow
‘elbow’
(16) e-Aug
Gi-PFC7
-kON-stemcalabash
‘calabash’
I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.
(14) ‘old man’
a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)
b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)
c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)
(15) a-Aug
N-PFC9
gOkOrON-stemelbow
‘elbow’
(16) e-Aug
Gi-PFC7
-kON-stemcalabash
‘calabash’
I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.
(14) ‘old man’
a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)
b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)
c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)
(15) a-Aug
N-PFC9
gOkOrON-stemelbow
‘elbow’
(16) e-Aug
Gi-PFC7
-kON-stemcalabash
‘calabash’
I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.
(14) ‘old man’
a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)
b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)
c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)
(15) a-Aug
N-PFC9
gOkOrON-stemelbow
‘elbow’
(16) e-Aug
Gi-PFC7
-kON-stemcalabash
‘calabash’
I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type II
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 16
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type III
I Tone type III has a high tone associated to the last syllable of the word.
(17) Type III‘deep pan’
a. e-ke-hurErOc7 (sg)
b. e-Be-hurErOc8 (pl)
c. /0-rii-hurErOc5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-hurErOc6 (dim pl)
(18) a-Aug
/0-PFC9
ñakwaahaN-stemarmpit
‘armpit’
(19) Type III‘twin’
a. e-Gi-sarec7 (sg)
b. /0-rii- sarec5 (dim sg)
(20) Type II‘plate’
a. e-Ge-soontSoc7 (sg)
b. /0-rii- soontSoc5 (dim sg)
I In class 5/9, disyllabic stems have the same surface tone realization in tone types II and IIIsince the final syllable is also the third syllable of the word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 17
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type III
I Tone type III has a high tone associated to the last syllable of the word.
(17) Type III‘deep pan’
a. e-ke-hurErOc7 (sg)
b. e-Be-hurErOc8 (pl)
c. /0-rii-hurErOc5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-hurErOc6 (dim pl)
(18) a-Aug
/0-PFC9
ñakwaahaN-stemarmpit
‘armpit’
(19) Type III‘twin’
a. e-Gi-sarec7 (sg)
b. /0-rii- sarec5 (dim sg)
(20) Type II‘plate’
a. e-Ge-soontSoc7 (sg)
b. /0-rii- soontSoc5 (dim sg)
I In class 5/9, disyllabic stems have the same surface tone realization in tone types II and IIIsince the final syllable is also the third syllable of the word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 17
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type III
I Tone type III has a high tone associated to the last syllable of the word.
(17) Type III‘deep pan’
a. e-ke-hurErOc7 (sg)
b. e-Be-hurErOc8 (pl)
c. /0-rii-hurErOc5 (dim sg)
d. a-ma-hurErOc6 (dim pl)
(18) a-Aug
/0-PFC9
ñakwaahaN-stemarmpit
‘armpit’
(19) Type III‘twin’
a. e-Gi-sarec7 (sg)
b. /0-rii- sarec5 (dim sg)
(20) Type II‘plate’
a. e-Ge-soontSoc7 (sg)
b. /0-rii- soontSoc5 (dim sg)
I In class 5/9, disyllabic stems have the same surface tone realization in tone types II and IIIsince the final syllable is also the third syllable of the word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 17
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Type III
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 18
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone types across classes
(21) Three types in class 11
a. Type Io-Aug
ru-PFC11
bErEN-stemmillet
‘millet’
a. Type IIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
sıriN-stemrope
‘rope’
a. Type IIIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
teeteN-stemspine
‘spine’
(22) Three types in class 7
a. Type Ie-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sekuN-stemdoor
‘door’
a. Type IIe-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sımaN-stemwell
‘well’
a. Type IIIe-Aug
Gi-PFC7
sareN-stemtwin
‘twin’
I Tone type is not determined by noun class.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone types across classes
(21) Three types in class 11
a. Type Io-Aug
ru-PFC11
bErEN-stemmillet
‘millet’
a. Type IIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
sıriN-stemrope
‘rope’
a. Type IIIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
teeteN-stemspine
‘spine’
(22) Three types in class 7
a. Type Ie-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sekuN-stemdoor
‘door’
a. Type IIe-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sımaN-stemwell
‘well’
a. Type IIIe-Aug
Gi-PFC7
sareN-stemtwin
‘twin’
I Tone type is not determined by noun class.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone types across classes
(21) Three types in class 11
a. Type Io-Aug
ru-PFC11
bErEN-stemmillet
‘millet’
a. Type IIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
sıriN-stemrope
‘rope’
a. Type IIIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
teeteN-stemspine
‘spine’
(22) Three types in class 7
a. Type Ie-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sekuN-stemdoor
‘door’
a. Type IIe-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sımaN-stemwell
‘well’
a. Type IIIe-Aug
Gi-PFC7
sareN-stemtwin
‘twin’
I Tone type is not determined by noun class.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone types across classes
(21) Three types in class 11
a. Type Io-Aug
ru-PFC11
bErEN-stemmillet
‘millet’
a. Type IIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
sıriN-stemrope
‘rope’
a. Type IIIo-Aug
ro-PFC11
teeteN-stemspine
‘spine’
(22) Three types in class 7
a. Type Ie-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sekuN-stemdoor
‘door’
a. Type IIe-Aug
Ge-PFC7
sımaN-stemwell
‘well’
a. Type IIIe-Aug
Gi-PFC7
sareN-stemtwin
‘twin’
I Tone type is not determined by noun class.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Nata as a stress system
I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.
I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:
(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)
a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence
b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence
I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with
a high tone and no more than one syllable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Nata as a stress system
I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.
I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:
(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)
a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence
b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence
I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with
a high tone and no more than one syllable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Nata as a stress system
I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.
I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:
(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)
a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence
b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence
I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with
a high tone and no more than one syllable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Nata as a stress system
I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.
I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:
(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)
a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence
b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence
I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with
a high tone and no more than one syllable.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone is morphological
I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.
I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.
I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.
I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone is morphological
I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.
I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.
I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.
I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone is morphological
I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.
I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.
I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.
I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tone is morphological
I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.
I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.
I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.
I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I Tone/Head: For every metrical head, the left edge of thehead must be associated with the left edge of a high tone.Assign a violation mark to any head that is not associated toa high tone.
I Foot-Type: Iamb: For every foot, the right edge of thefoot must be the right edge of a head.
I Ft-Type: Iamb & Tone/Head are undominated
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 22
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I Tone/Head: For every metrical head, the left edge of thehead must be associated with the left edge of a high tone.Assign a violation mark to any head that is not associated toa high tone.
I Foot-Type: Iamb: For every foot, the right edge of thefoot must be the right edge of a head.
I Ft-Type: Iamb & Tone/Head are undominated
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 22
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I Tone/Head: For every metrical head, the left edge of thehead must be associated with the left edge of a high tone.Assign a violation mark to any head that is not associated toa high tone.
I Foot-Type: Iamb: For every foot, the right edge of thefoot must be the right edge of a head.
I Ft-Type: Iamb & Tone/Head are undominated
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 22
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 23
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.
I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.
I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.
I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.
I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.
I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.
I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.
I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.
I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.
I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.
I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.
I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.
I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 25
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I FootBinarity-µ:A foot consists of exactly two moras.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two moras.
I FootBinarity-σ :A foot consists of exactly two syllables.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two syllabes.
I Non-initiality: Word initial syllables must not be parsedinto feet. Assign a violation mark to any syllable which isleftmost in a word and is parsed into a foot.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 26
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I FootBinarity-µ:A foot consists of exactly two moras.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two moras.
I FootBinarity-σ :A foot consists of exactly two syllables.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two syllabes.
I Non-initiality: Word initial syllables must not be parsedinto feet. Assign a violation mark to any syllable which isleftmost in a word and is parsed into a foot.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 26
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
I FootBinarity-µ:A foot consists of exactly two moras.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two moras.
I FootBinarity-σ :A foot consists of exactly two syllables.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two syllabes.
I Non-initiality: Word initial syllables must not be parsedinto feet. Assign a violation mark to any syllable which isleftmost in a word and is parsed into a foot.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 26
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Constraints
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 27
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I In the type I cophonology, winning candidates never violate FootBin-µ orAllFt-L.
(24) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 28
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I Any syllabic foot that satisfies left alignment is worse than the optimal candidatebecause it would be at least trimoraic and therefore violate FootBin-µ.
I Any moraic foot that violates left alignment is worse than the optimal candidate.
(25) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 29
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I With monosyllabic stems in class 9 the augment becomes a long vowel.I This long vowel can be parsed into a bimoraic foot.
(26) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 30
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I For larger stems in class 9 there is only one mora preceding the noun stem.I Therefore, the first two moras of a word includes the first vowel of the noun stem.I Morphology aside, the tableau in (27) is identical to the case shown in (24) except
for the stem initial long vowel in the later.
(27) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 31
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I It is crucial that AllFt-R and AllFt-L are evaluated gradiently.I If AllFt-L did not assign a violation mark per syllable intervening between edges,
the candidates in (28a,c) would be equal with respect to violations; in that case,AllFt-R would incorrectly select the candidate in (28c) as the winner.
(28) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 32
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I In class 9, where the class prefix is not a tone bearing unit, the augment is notparsed in the optimal candidate due to Non-Initiality.
I Since FootBin-σ is highly ranked in the type II cophonology, syllables with longvowels are parsed the same as syllables with short vowels.
I If the type II cophonology ranked FootBin-µ over FootBin-σ , we would expectthat the second syllable of the word, /ataaraari/, would be parsed into a bimoraicfoot in the optimal candidate *[a(taa)raari].
(29) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 33
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I The tableau in (30) demonstrates that the type II cophonology selects the type II/III ambiguous form in the correct context;I This follows from the crucial ranking of Non-Initiality over AllFt-L.I Since the first syllable of the word is not parsed in the optimal candidate, the last two syllables are parsed into a foot which
satisfies AllFt-R, which is highly tanked in the tone type III cophonology. Note that AllFt-R is violated by the winningtrisyllabic candidate in (29a).
(30) .
I Compare the tableau in (30) to the tableau in (??);I note that both (30a) and (??a) satisfy Non-Initiality and AllFt-R (as well as FtBin-σ).I Were the form in (30) put into the cophonology for tone type III, the same optimal candidate would be selected;I likewise, were the form in (??) put into the cophonology for tone type II, the same optimal candidate would be selected.
(31) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 34
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Tableaux
I For type III, winning candidates always satisfy FootBin-σ and AllFt-R.
(32) .
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 35
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Review
I Each tone type is instantiated by one cophonology.
I Noun stems are indexed to a particular cophonology.
I Noun stem cophonologies influence the optimal form of theentire inflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 36
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Review
I Each tone type is instantiated by one cophonology.
I Noun stems are indexed to a particular cophonology.
I Noun stem cophonologies influence the optimal form of theentire inflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 36
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Review
I Each tone type is instantiated by one cophonology.
I Noun stems are indexed to a particular cophonology.
I Noun stem cophonologies influence the optimal form of theentire inflected noun.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 36
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.
I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)
I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.
I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)
I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.
I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)
I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.
I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)
I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.
I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)
I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).
I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I Since noun stems are not the only morphemes which can beindexed to roots, Nata could have affixes which shift thetone type of a word.
I This appears to be the case in the verbal system where certaintense and aspect morphology can change the tone type of averb.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 38
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I Since noun stems are not the only morphemes which can beindexed to roots, Nata could have affixes which shift thetone type of a word.
I This appears to be the case in the verbal system where certaintense and aspect morphology can change the tone type of averb.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 38
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I Since nouns get their tone type from noun stems, we expectthat deverbal nouns will inherit the tone type of verb stemsthey contain.
I Specifically, TAM and nominalizing morphology could beindexed to a cophonology.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 39
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Implications
I Since nouns get their tone type from noun stems, we expectthat deverbal nouns will inherit the tone type of verb stemsthey contain.
I Specifically, TAM and nominalizing morphology could beindexed to a cophonology.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 39
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Residue
I Noun stem reduplication appears to violate culminativity.I This process results in a meaning like ‘an authentic X’, where X is the
meaning of the noun stem.I Nouns derived via this process have a high tone on the final syllable of the
noun as well as high tone on the same syllable that bears high tone in theunreduplicated form.
(33) Noun stem reduplication
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
GarukaN-stemold.man
‘old man’
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
GarukaN-stemold.man
-Garuka-redold.man
‘authentic old man’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 40
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Residue
I Noun stem reduplication appears to violate culminativity.I This process results in a meaning like ‘an authentic X’, where X is the
meaning of the noun stem.I Nouns derived via this process have a high tone on the final syllable of the
noun as well as high tone on the same syllable that bears high tone in theunreduplicated form.
(33) Noun stem reduplication
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
GarukaN-stemold.man
‘old man’
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
GarukaN-stemold.man
-Garuka-redold.man
‘authentic old man’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 40
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Residue
I Noun stem reduplication appears to violate culminativity.I This process results in a meaning like ‘an authentic X’, where X is the
meaning of the noun stem.I Nouns derived via this process have a high tone on the final syllable of the
noun as well as high tone on the same syllable that bears high tone in theunreduplicated form.
(33) Noun stem reduplication
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
GarukaN-stemold.man
‘old man’
a. o-Aug
mu-PFC1
GarukaN-stemold.man
-Garuka-redold.man
‘authentic old man’
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 40
Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion
Thank you to Joash Gambarage, Doug Pulleyblank, KathleenCurrie Hall, Carla Hudson Kam, to the members of the 2012-2013field methods course and to the members of this audience.
Morphophonology and tone in Nata 41
