26
Morphology Cont

Morphology Cont

  • Upload
    xuxa

  • View
    60

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Morphology Cont. Functions pg 136-7 Clark. Derivational Morphemes that alter the meaning In English prefixes or suffixes Inflectional Grammatical relationship/information In English all suffixes. Inflectional of Derivational?. The {- e r} in “bigger” The {-ment} in “judgment” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: Morphology Cont

Morphology Cont

Page 2: Morphology Cont

Functions pg 136-7 Clark

• Derivational– Morphemes that alter the meaning – In English prefixes or suffixes

• Inflectional– Grammatical relationship/information– In English all suffixes

Page 3: Morphology Cont

Inflectional of Derivational?• The {-er} in “bigger”• The {-ment} in “judgment”• The {un-} in “unkind”• The {-ing} in “walking”• The {-er} in “golfer”• The {-en} in “darken”

Page 4: Morphology Cont

Hierarchy

• Words are formed in steps

• When more than one affix = more than one step

• Represent hierarchical structure with “trees”– Shows steps

Page 5: Morphology Cont

Trees

• Un.think.able– Think thinkable unthinkable

A

A

un think able

Page 6: Morphology Cont

Ambiguity• What does unlockable mean?

– Meaning 1: capable of being unlocked– Meaning 2: can’t be locked

• {un-1} A A (‘not’)– Unhappy, unthinkable

• {un-2} V V (reverse the action of V)– Untie, undo, unscrew

Page 7: Morphology Cont

A closer look at ambiguity

un- lock -able un- lock -able

V A

A A

can be unlocked cannot be locked

Page 8: Morphology Cont

Allomorphy• English Plural• Written two ways

– “cats”, “dogs”, “bicycles”, “wars”– “bushes”, “walruses”, “watches”

• Pronounced three ways– [s]– [z]– [´z]

Page 9: Morphology Cont

Allomorphy• “cows”• “flamingos”• “toads”• “partridges”• “snakes”• “ostriches”• “giraffes”• “apes”

Page 10: Morphology Cont

Allomorphy

• [s]

• [z]

• [´z]

Page 11: Morphology Cont

Allomorphy/z/

{-z} {-s} {´z}

• z s / voiceless consonant __• z ´z / frication __• z z / elsewhere

Page 12: Morphology Cont

How to do a morphology problem

– Examine your data• Don’t be confused by unfamiliar symbols. You are looking for

patterns in form and meaning.

– Choose two similar items• Maybe they differ by only one or two symbols

– Check the glosses for those items• The glosses for those similar items will differ slightly (perhaps in

tense or subject).

– Make a hypothesis• Hypothesize as to the difference in form and its relationship to

the difference in meaning.

– Test your hypothesis• Use other data to confirm or reject your hypothesis

Page 13: Morphology Cont

Kanuri (a language spoken in Western Africa)

gana “small”

kura “big”

kurugu “long”

numkura “bigness”

numgana “smallness”

numkurugu “length”

First, examine your data…

Page 14: Morphology Cont

Choose two similar items

ganakurakurugunumkuranumgananumkurugu

Page 15: Morphology Cont

Check the glosses for those items

gana

kura “big”

kurugu

numkura “bigness”

numgana

numkuruguCan you make a hypothesis based on this pair of words?

Page 16: Morphology Cont

Test your hypothesis

gana “small”

kura “big”

kurugu “long”

numkura “bigness”

numgana “smallness”

numkurugu “length”

Page 17: Morphology Cont

Conclusion

Page 18: Morphology Cont

Hanunoo (a language spoken in the Philippines)

usa “one”usahi “make it one!”duwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”upat “four”upati “make it four!”unum “six”unumi “make it six!”

Page 19: Morphology Cont

Choose two similar items‘usa‘usahiduwaduwahi‘upat‘upati‘unum‘unumi

Page 20: Morphology Cont

Check the glosses for those items

‘usa‘usahiduwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”‘upat‘upati‘unum‘unumi Can you make a

hypothesis??

Page 21: Morphology Cont

Test your hypothesis‘usa “one”‘usahi “make it one!”duwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”‘upat “four”‘upati “make it four!”‘unum “six”‘unumi “make it six!”

Page 22: Morphology Cont

Make a new hypothesis and test it

‘usa “one”‘usahi “make it one!”duwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”‘upat “four”‘upati “make it four!”‘unum “six”‘unumi “make it six!”

Page 23: Morphology Cont

Conclusion

Page 24: Morphology Cont

Arabic

fasara “she/he discovered”fassara “she/he explained”thakara “she/he remembered”thakkara “she/he reminded”bala’a “she/he reached”balla’a “she/he brought”

Page 25: Morphology Cont

Conclusion

• Infix– reduplicate C2– “causative” action is shifted from doer to

receiver

Page 26: Morphology Cont

Homework

• Due Monday 9/27