By:Nur Fadhilah Binti Mohd ShaherNur Nezanna Binti MohamedSiti Munirah Binti Salehuddin

Definition of MorphologyDefinition of MorphemeTypes of Morphemes;

Bound & Free Derivational & Inflection

Exercises

Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology)

(Source: Wikipedia)

a study and description of word formation (as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language

the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language

a study of structure or form

(Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com)

Morpheme (môr'fēm') n.

A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.

(Source:http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme)

oBound morphemes (affixes) must be attached to the word.

oThey are prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes (enlighten, embolden).

oSuch as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.

Example:    girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy

A root is a morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts.

Example: cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc..  • Free Root  Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc.• Bound Root  Morpheme: receive, remit,

uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc. 

•A stem is formed when a root morphemes is combined with an affix.

•Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem. 

Root      believe (verb) Stem    believe + able (verb + suffix)Word     un + believe + able (prefix +verb + suffix)   Root systemStem system + aticStem un + system + aticStem un + system + atic + alWord un + system + atic + al + ly

Derivational morphology changes the meaning of words by applying derivations.

Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a morpheme, which forms a new word, which is often of a different class.

It has clear semantic content.

Derivational morphemes include:- suffixes (e.g., 'ish,' 'ous,' 'er,' 'y,' 'ate,' and 'able') - prefixes (e.g., 'un,' 'im,' 're,' and 'ex').“

(Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999)

When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is derived.

The derived word may also be of different grammatical class than the original word.

Noun to Adjective

Verb to Noun Adjective to Adverb

Boy + -ish

Virtu + -ous

Picture + -sque

Alcohol + -lic

Clear + -ance

Sing + -er

Predict + -ion

exact + -ly

Noun to Verb Adjective to Noun

Verb to Adjective

Moral + -ise

Hast + -en

Free + -dom

Feudal +-ism

Creat + -ive

Read + -able

Divide to two classes: (a) triggers subtle changes in pronunciation

e.g: specific to specificity(b) tacked onto a base word without affecting the pronunciation e.g: baker, boyish, fullness

Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class.

Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.

Source: (wikipedia)

Change the form of a word but not its lexical category or its central meaning.

E.g: cats, collected, sleeps and louder

Inflectional examples in : number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood,

agreement.

For example in English, a morpheme inflect into four forms:

PRESENT

( -s )

PAST

(-ed )

PROGRESSIVE

( -ing )

PAST PARTICIPLE ( -en )

Waits waited waiting Had waited

Possessive ( -’s ) Disa’s hair is short

Comparative ( -er ) Disa has short-er hair than Karin

Superlative (-est) Disa has the short-est hair

Divide the following words into their morphemes. Indicate which morphemes are inflectional and which are derivational

Eg: mistreatment = treat (root) + mis- (derivational) + -ment (derivational)

AirsicknessPsychologyWaiting Car’s

Airsickness = sick (root) + air (derivational) + -ness (derivational)

Psychology = psych- or psyche (root) + o + logy (derivational)

Waiting = wait ( root ) + - ing (inflectional)

Car’s = car ( root )+ -’s ( inflectional )

WELL DONE

Analyze each of the items below morphologically. Determine

a.how many morphemes each item contains (1 or more than 1);

b. which are free and which bound;c.which one is the root; and what are the

remaining morphemes: prefixes or suffixes;d. which are derivational and which

inflectional 

Eg: A. sleep:1 morphemefreeroot: sleep-Suffix: noneDerivational : none Inflectional : none

B. dehumidifiersC. re-established D. security blanket E. apologise

dehumidifiers5 morphemesfree: humid  bound: de- (prefix), -ify, -er, -s (suffixes)root: humidderivational: de-, -ify, -er inflectional suffix  -s

re-establishedmorphemes: 3free: establish   bound: re-, -edroot: establishderivational:  re-    inflectional: -ed

security blanketmorphemes: 3free: secure, blanket  bound:  -ityroots: secure, blanketderivational: -ity    inflectional: none 

apologisemorphemes: 2free: bound: apology-, -iseroot: apologyderivational:  -ise  inflectional: none

GOOD JOB

THANKYOU