Morphological Process• Affixation• => prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix

• Non-affixal derivation/inflection• =>Compounding • => Reduplication• => Alternation• => Suppletion

Infix (Tagalog)

• tulong ‘help’• => tumulong ‘helped’• lipad ‘fly’• => lumipad ‘flew’• kain ‘eat’• => kumain ‘ate’

• uwi ‘return’• => umuwi ‘returned’ ([ʔumuwi])• gradwet ‘graduate’• => gumradwet or grumadwet ‘graduated’

• Infix = [-um-] after first consonant

Circumfix (Indonesian)

• Root Derived Form• baik ‘good’ kebaikan ‘goodness’• bersih ‘clean’ kebersihan ‘cleanliness’• cantik ‘beautiful’ kecantikan ‘beauty’• sulit ‘difficult’ kesulitan ‘difficulty’

• => [kə-] + Adj + [-an]

Total Reduplication• Indonesian• omong ‘talk’• omong-omong ‘chat’• duduk ‘sit’• duduk-duduk ‘sit around’

Partial Reduplication• Tagalog • tulong ‘help’• => tutulong ‘will help’• lipad ‘fly’• => lilipad ‘will fly’• kain ‘eat’• => kakain ‘will eat’

• uwi ‘return’• => uuwi ‘will return’• gradwet ‘graduate’• => gagradwet

• Reduplication = repeat first consonant and vowel

Compounding

• N-N: girlfriend, landlord, fire-fighter• A-N: blackbird, happy hour• P-N: overcoat, outhouse, underpass• N-A: trigger-happy, boy crazy

Characteristics of Compounds

• Stress change• good friend vs girlfriend

• Meaning change• black bird vs blackbird• black board vs blackboard

Alternation

• Singular Plural• mouse [ɑʊ] mice [ɑɪ]• goose [u] geese [i]• woman [ʊ] women [ɪ]• foot [ʊ] feet [i]

• Noun Verb• strife [f] strive [v]• teeth[θ] teethe [ð]• breath [θ] breathe [ð]• use [s] use [z]

Arabic Alternation• Singular Plural• nafs nufuus ‘soul’• bank bunuuk ‘bank’

Derivation by Stress• Verb Noun• conduct conduct• insert insert• reject reject• convict convict

Derivation by Tone• Mandarin• 教 [tçjɑʊ]

– level tone => ‘teach’– falling tone => ‘something taught’

• 將 [tçjɑŋ]– level tone => ‘lead’– falling tone => ‘one who leads’

Suppletion• go went• be is am are

• goodbetter• bad worse

Zero Derivations• Noun Verb• bike bike• skate skate• work work• winter winter

Morphological Types• Analytic (isolating)• => One morpheme per word

• Synthetic• => Polymorphemic words

Synthetic Types• Agglutinating• => Morphemes are easily segmentable.• => One meaning per form

• Fusional• => Not easily segmentable• => Multiple meanings per form

Fusional• Spanish• [hablo] ‘I am speaking.’• [habla] ‘S/he is speaking.’• [hable] ‘I spoke.’

Polysynthesis• Onondaga (Iroquoian)• Pet wa?-ha-htu?ta?• Pat Past-Agr-lose

• ne? ohwista?• the money• “Pat lost the money.”

• Incorporated• Pet wa?-ha-hwist-ahtu?ta?• Pat Past-Agr-money-lose• “Pat lost money.”