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Morpho-phonology of the Nominal Suffix in Taiwan Hakka Dialects
Michael M. Opper
Phondi Talk 10/15/2010
Objectives
• Talk about the phonological fundamentals of four Taiwan Hakka dialects
• Compare the Nominal Suffix NS in Taiwan Hakka dialects with a particular emphasis on Guanxi Sixian
Hakka Dialects and Chinese
• Hakka is one of seven Chinese languages
• Spoken primarily in Northern Guangdong and Western Fujian
• Roughly three million speakers in Taiwan; fifty million worldwide
Some Features of Hakka Dialects
• All Hakka dialects have a nominalizing suffix. It is cognate to SC 兒 and has been commonly written with the “dummy character” 仔
• Lack [y]• Lack yángshǎng 陽上 ; only one shǎng tone• Register distinction in píng and rù; sometimes qù• Words with sonorant initials in higher registers• Unique words for son ‘lai6’ and mother ‘oi1’
Taiwan Hakka Dialects
• Sixian spoken by roughly 50% of Taiwan Hakka
• Hailu spoken by more than 20%
• Raoping spoken by less than 20%
• Others spoken by less than 10%
Dialects Surveyed
• Zhutian Sixian
• Guanxi Sixian
• Xinzhu Raoping
• Yangmei Hailu
Taiwan Hakka Phonology
• C(G)VX structure for heavy syllables
• CV structure for light syllables (the NS)
• Rimes (Finals) V:- {a, e, i, o, u, ɨ} VX- V {e, o, a}, X {i, u, p, t, k, m, n, ŋ}
• Dialects differ mainly in Onsets (Initials) and Tonemes
Zhutian Sixian OnsetsBilabials Labiodentals Dentals Velars Glottals
Unaspirated Voiceless Stops
p 包冰 t 刀等 k 歌经 Ø [ʔ] 嬰有
Aspirated Voiceless Stops
pʰ 泡喷 tʰ 同定 kʰ 苦圈
Unaspirated Voiceless Affricates
ts 子走
Aspirated Voiceless Affricates
tsʰ 次在
Fricatives f 福 v 碗 s 双船 h 号限
Nasals m 尾忘 n 牛难 ŋ 饿元
Lateral Approximant l 梨流
Zhutian Sixian Tones
24 – MH
31 – ML
44 - HH
32 - ML
11 – LL
X 55 - HH
Guanxi Sixian OnsetsBilabials Labiodentals Dentals Velars Glottals
Unaspirated Voiceless Stops
p 包冰 t 刀等 k 歌经 Ø [ʔ] 嬰矮
Aspirated Voiceless Stops
pʰ 泡喷 tʰ 同定 kʰ 苦圈
Unaspirated Voiceless Affricates
ts 子走
Aspirated Voiceless Affricates
tsʰ 次在
Fricatives f 福 v 碗 s 双 z 药 h 号限
Nasals m 尾忘 n 牛难 ŋ 饿元
Lateral Approximant l 梨流
Guanxi Sixian Tones
24 – MH
31 – ML
44 – HH
32 – ML
11 – LL
X 55 –HH
Xinzhu Raoping OnsetsBilabials Labiodentals Dentals Velars Glottals
Unaspirated Voiceless Stops
p 包冰 t 刀等 k 歌经 Ø [ʔ] 嬰矮
Aspirated Voiceless Stops
pʰ 泡喷 tʰ 同定 kʰ 苦圈
Unaspirated Voiceless Affricates
ts 子走
Aspirated Voiceless Affricates
tsʰ 次在
Fricatives f 福水 v 忘 s 四 z 蛳 h 号限
Nasals m 尾 n 牛难 ŋ 饿元
Lateral Approximant l 梨流
Xinzhu Raoping Tones
11 – LL 53 – HM
33 – MM
44 – HH
55 – HH
X 31 – ML
Yangmei Hailu OnsetsBilabials Labiodentals Dentals Post-Alveolars Velars Glottals
Unaspirated Voiceless Stops
p 包冰 t 刀等 k 歌经 Ø [ʔ] 嬰矮
Aspirated Voiceless Stops
pʰ 泡喷 tʰ 同定 kʰ 苦圈
Unaspirated Voiceless
Affricates
ts 子走 tʃ 张
Aspirated Voiceless Affricates
tsʰ 次在 tʃʰ 抽
Fricatives f 福 v 忘 s 四伞 ʃ 食 ʒ 有 h 号限
Nasals m 尾 n 牛难 ŋ 饿元
Lateral Approximant
l 梨流
Yangmei Hailu Tones
53 –HM
13 – LM
21 – ML 55 – HH
55 – HH
X 33 – MM
32 – ML
The Nominal Suffix NS
• Heavy syllables: CVX, Light syllables (such as the NS): CV
• CVXCV will either have an unparsed syllable (CVX)CV or an ill-formed foot (CVX)(CV).
• The NS cannot be a prosodic word, it affixes to a phonological word to avoid foot-based requirements
• Requires an onset
The Nominal Suffix NS
• Always e² in Zhutian Sixian (Common Sixian suffix) *** add examples
• ɤ in Xinzhu Raoping and Yangmei Hailu, becomes a syllabic nasal following nasals with the same place of articulation *** add examples
• Underlying /l/ in Guanxi Sixian
Guanxi Sixian NSRoot-Final Segment Suffix Form Examples
[-p] /pl̩ �/ /hap8.pl̩ �/ ‘box’
[-t] /tl̩ �/ /mat7.tl̩ �/ ‘socks’
[-k] /kl̩ �/ /kok8.kl̩ �/ ‘rice patty’
[-m] /mɤ/ /zit8.tjam3.mɤ/ ‘a little bit’
[-n] /nɤ/ /mun1.nɤ/ ‘mosquito’; /se5.ŋin2.nɤ/ ‘child’
[-n] /n�/ /l̩an2.n�/ ‘basket’
[-ŋ] /ŋ�#/ /kʰwai5.tʰoŋ1.ŋ�#/ ‘chopsticks box’
[ŋ�#] /ŋɤ/ /ŋ�#2.ŋɤ/ ‘fish’
[-i] /jŋ�#/ /pʰi1.jŋ�#/ ‘quilt’; /mi1.tʰjoi5.jŋ�#/ ‘rice bag’; /tʰjoi5.jŋ�#/ ‘belt’
[-i] /jɤ/ /pwoi1.jɤ/ ‘heat rash’ /moi5.jɤ/ ‘woman’
[-i] /jl̩ �/ /koi5.jl̩ �/ ‘scab’; /kʰwai5.jl̩ �/ ‘chopsticks’; /l̩ai2.jl̩ �/ ‘son’
[-a] /l̩ �/ /tsaː1.l̩ �/ ‘car’
[-o] /wl̩ �/ /tjao5.wl̩ �/ ‘bird’
[-u] /wŋ�#/ /hu1.wŋ�#/ ‘beard’
***switch bracket typesRoot+{suff1, suff2}Identified the problem, not solved it!!Do not emphasize OT analysis, cop out!
Guanxi Sixian NS
• Four surface forms: the syllabic lateral [lJ ], the syllabic dental nasal [nJ ], the syllabic velar nasal [ŋ̍L ] and the mid-high back unrounded vowel [ɤ].
• I hypothesize that the underlying form is /l/, only surfaces unchanged in a specific environment: after [aː]: e.g. /tsʰaː+l/ [tsʰaː.lJ ]
Guanxi Sixian NS
• Vowel final roots show a remarkable amount of free variation.
• Spreading of the non-low vowels: e.g. /tjao-l/ [tjao.wlJ ] and /koi-l/ [koi.jlJ ].
• In some forms, the /l/ becomes [ŋ̍L ]: e.g. /pʰi.jŋ̍L /. • the /l/ becomes the back vowel [ɤ]: e.g. /pwoi.jɤ/• Since /a/ has no glide counterpart, there is a ban
on epenthesis, and there is a strict adherence to right-alignment of roots with syllables, [tsʰaː.lJ ] is the only option.
Gemination
• There is a strong pressure for every syllable to have an onset.
• There is also a strong pressure for the rightmost segment of every root to be aligned with the right edge of a syllable.
Constraints for Geminates
onset Every syllable must have an onset
align-R(Root, ) The right edge of every root must align with the
right edge of some syllable.
dep Do not epenthesize
*gem Do not have geminates
Constraints for hap.pl (con’t)/hap-l̩/ onset align-R dep max *gem
☞ (a) hap.pl̩ � *
(b) hap.l̩ � *!
(c) haː.pl̩ � *!
(d) hap.l̩ɤ *!
(e) hap *!
Constraint Variation for Nasals
/mun-l̩/ align-R dep max onset *gem
☞ (a) mun.n * *
(b) mun.nɤ *! *
(c) muː.nn *! *
(d) mun *!
/mun-l̩/ align-R onset max dep *gem
(a) mun.n *! *
☞ (b) mun.nɤ * *
(c) muː.nn *! *
(d) mun *!
Explain that these variants occur because of confusion
from the dialects