Moro insurgency in the Philippines (1969-2015)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the insurgency of 19692015. For the insurgency of 18991913, see Moro Rebellion. For the pre-1899 conflict, see SpanishMoro conflict.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines

Moro insurgency in the PhilippinesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the insurgency of 19692015. For the insurgency of 18991913, seeMoro Rebellion. For the pre-1899 conflict, seeSpanishMoro conflict.[hide]This article has multiple issues.Please helpimprove itor discuss these issues on thetalk page.

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It has been suggested thatNorth Cotabato Conflictbemergedinto this article. (Discuss)Proposed since May 2012.

It has been suggested thatCivil conflict in the Philippinesbemergedinto this article. (Discuss)Proposed since February 2014.

Moro insurgency in the Philippines

Part of theCold War, theWar on Terror, andtheCivil conflict in the Philippines

Above: Filipino and US Troops during the PMC Balikatan ExerciseBelow: A member of theMoro Islamic Liberation Fronttraining with a light machine gun.

DateMarch29,1969 ongoing

LocationPhilippines(mainly inMindanao)

StatusOngoing

TerritorialchangesAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanaoformed in August 1, 1989

Belligerents

Philippines

Supported by:United States(advisors)[1]Australia[2]Malaysia(since 2001)[3][4][5][6]Indonesia[6][7]IMT:[6][show]Moro National Liberation Front[8]Moro Islamic Liberation Front(until 2014)

Former support:Egypt[7]Libya[9][10][11][12]Free Aceh MovementRajah Sulaiman MovementJemaah IslamiyahMILF rogue factions[13]Khilafah Islamiyah[14]

Supported by:al-Qaeda[15]Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom FightersIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Abu Sayyaf[16][17]Supported by:14K Triad(support to Abu Sayyaf)[18][19]

Commanders and leaders

Ferdinand Marcos(19691986)Corazon Aquino(19861992)Fidel V. Ramos(19921998)Joseph Estrada(19982001)Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo(20012010)Benigno Aquino III(2010present)Nur MisuariHabier MalikMuslimin SemaHabib Mujahab HashimAbul Khayr AlontoMurad IbrahimHashim SalamatKhadaffy JanjalaniAmeril Umbra KatoAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi(Leader of ISIL)Isnilon Hapilon[16]

Strength

125,000 soldiers[20]Moro Islamic Liberation Front: 1,000Unknown300[17][21]

Casualties and losses

Casualties for Operation Enduring Freedom: 20022010: 572 Filipino soldiers[22]18 American soldiers[23](since 2002)UnknownUnknownUnknown

160,000[24]

[show] v t eMoro insurgency in the Philippines

In 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between theGovernment of the Philippinesand Moro Muslim rebel groups.[25]TheMoro National Liberation Front(MNLF) was established byUniversity of the Philippinesprofessor Nur Misuari to condemn thekillings of more than 60 Filipino Muslimsand later became an aggressor against the government while theMoro Islamic Liberation Front(MILF), a splinter group from the MNLF, was established to seek an Islamic state within the Philippines and is more radical and more aggressive. Conflict dates back to 1899 during theuprising of the Bangsamoro peopleto resist foreign rule from theUnited States. Hostilities ignited again starting in the 1960s when the government started to resist upcoming rebellions by killing more than 60 Filipino Muslims and continues up to present.Casualty statistics vary for the conflict however the conservative estimates of theUppsala Conflict Data Programindicate that at least 6,015 people were killed in armed conflict between the Government of Philippines andASG, BIFM,MILF, andMNLFfactions between 1989 and 2012.[26]Contents[hide] 1Origins 2History 2.1Marcos (19691986) 2.2C. Aquino and Ramos (19861998) 2.3The North Cotabato conflict (2000) 2.4Estrada and Arroyo (19982010) 2.5Benigno Aquino III (2010present) 3See also 4References 5External linksOrigins[edit]Main articles:SpanishMoro conflict,Moro RebellionandPhilippine resistance against Japan Moro resistance on Mindanao and Sulu

The aftermath of the First Battle of Bud Dajo

Fronts and captures in BasilanThe Moros had a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for 400 years. The origin of the war between the Moros and Filipinos started during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. During theSpanishMoro conflict, Spain repeatedly tried to conquer the MoroSultanate of Sulu,Sultanate of Maguindanao, and theConfederation of sultanates in Lanao. The violent armed struggle against the Japanese, Filipinos, Spanish, and Americans is considered by current Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation).[27]The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state.[28]Following theSpanish-American Warin 1898, another conflict sparked in southernPhilippinesbetween the revolutionaryMuslims in the Philippinesand theUnited States Militarythat took place between 1899 and 1913. Filipinos opposed foreign rule from theUnited Statesthat claimed thePhilippinesastheir territory. On August 14, 1898, after defeating Spanish forces, theUnited Stateshad established a military government in the Philippines under GeneralWesley MerrittasMilitary Governor.[29]American forces took control from the Spanish government inJoloon May 18, 1899, and atZamboangain December 1899.[30]Brigadier GeneralJohn C. Bateswas sent to negotiate a treaty with theSultan of Sulu, Jamalul Kiram II. Kiram was disappointed knowing that the American forces would take over since he expected to regain sovereignty after the defeat of Spanish forces in the archipelago. Bates' main goal was to guaranteeMoroneutrality in thePhilippine-American War, and to establish order in the southern Philippines. After some negotiation, the Bates Treaty was signed which was based on an earlier Spanish treaty. The Bates Treaty did ensure the neutrality of theMuslims in the southbut it was actually set up to buy time for the Americans until thewar in the northended.On March 20, 1900, General Bates was replaced byBrigadier GeneralWilliam August Kobband the District of Mindanao-Jolo was upgraded to a full department. American forces in Mindanao were reinforced and hostilities with theMoro peoplelessened although there are reports of Americans and other civilians being attacked and slain by Moros.Insurrection began in 1900 and lasted for a year. The American forces then move push inside the settles of Moro people.Kobbwas replaced byGeorge Whitefield Davisas the commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo and put up better relationships with the Moro people.It continued for more than three decades which resulted in significant loss of life.[citation needed]Military governors were appointed by theUnited Statesto ensure peace and stability within the region. The conflict ended at the term of Major GeneralJohn J. Pershing, the third and final military governor of Moro Province, although major resistance continued inBud DajoandMount BagsakinJolo.Repeated rebellions by the Moros against American rule continued to break out even after the main Moro Rebellion ended, right up to theJapanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. During the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, the Moroswaged an insurgency against the Japanese on Mindanao and Suluuntil the Japanese were defeated and driven out.History[edit]Marcos (19691986)[edit]UnderPresidentFerdinand Marcos, 68 Filipino Muslim military trainees weremurdered in Corregidorallegedly by soldiers of theArmed Forces of the Philippines.[31][32]The trainees were believed to be a part of an upcoming rebellion.[32]By then,University of the Philippinesprofessor Nur Misuari formed theMoro National Liberation Front(MNLF) to condemn the killings of the 68 Filipino Muslims and to seek the establishment of aBangsamoro nationthrough force of arms.[32]Mindanao, the home of the Moro Muslims, is rich in natural resources and minerals. The American colonial government and subsequently the Philippine government followed a policy of demographic swamping by settling massive amounts of Filipino Christian settlers from the Visayan islands and Luzon onto Moro Muslim lands in Mindanao. The policy resulted in a massive wave of Filipino Christians settling on Mindanao where the population of Filipino Christian settlers now outnumbers the native Moro Muslims by the millions. This was an additional factor in aggravating conflicts between the native Moro Muslims and Filipino Christian settlers as disputes over land increased. Another complaint of the Moros is the extraction of Mindanao's natural resources and wealth by the central government while the Moro population live in mass poverty.In 1969, the MNLF waged armed conflict against thePhilippine government.[32]During one of the fierce battles of the insurgency in 1974,Jolowasburned downand news of the tragedy galvanized otherMuslimsaround the world to pay greater attention to the conflict. Over 10,000 Moro and Chinese civilians were killed by the Philippine Armed Forces when they burned Jolo to the ground. Two years later, thePhilippine governmentand the MNLF signed the Tripoli Agreement, declaring ceasefire on both sides. Within the agreement provided thatMindanaowould remain a part of thePhilippinesbut 13 of its provinces would be under theautonomous government for the Bangsamoro people.[32]President Marcos went against the agreement and violence ensued.The Philippine government encouraged Filipino Christian settlers in Mindanao to form militias calledIlagato fight the Moros. The Ilaga engaged in massacres and atrocities and were responsible forManili massacreof 65 Moro Muslim civilians in a Mosque on June 1971, including women and children. The Ilaga also engaged in cannibalism, cutting off the body parts of their victims to eat in rituals.Other massacres committed by the Philippine armed forces against Moro civilians include the November 1971Tacub massacre, 1974Malisbong massacre, October 1977Patikul massacre, February 1981Pata Island massacre.[33][34][35][36][37][38]On September 24, 1974, in theMalisbong massacretheArmed Forces of the Philippinesslaughtered 1,766 Moro Muslim civilians who were praying at a Mosque in addition to mass raping Moro girls who had been taken aboard a boat.In 1977, Shiekh Salamat Hashim established theMoro Islamic Liberation Front(MILF), a splinter group of the MNLF seeking to establish an Islamic state.[39]Conflicts between these rebel groups and theArmed Forces of the Philippineswould continue until the end of the regime of President Marcos.C. Aquino and Ramos (19861998)[edit]Earlier in her term,PresidentCorazon Aquinoarranged a meeting with MNLF chairman Nur Misuari and several MNLF rebel groups inSulu, which paved the way for a series of negotiations. In 1989, theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(ARMM) was created under Republic Act No. 6734 or the ARMM Organic Act, pursuant to the1987 Constitution.[40]In 1991, Abdurajak Janjalani, a former teacher who studiedIslamin theMiddle East, formed theAbu Sayyaf Groupafter reportedly meetingOsama bin LadeninAfghanistanin the 1980s. Janjalani recruited former members of the MNLF for the more radical and theocratic Abu Sayyaf.[32]Under thePresidencyofFidel V. Ramos, several negotiations and peace talks[25]were held and the ARMM was solidified and was to have its own geopolitical system.[32]The North Cotabato conflict (2000)[edit]Background1000MILFrebels under the command ofUmbra Katohave seized control of thirty five villages in theNorth Cotabatoprovince. 2000 Philippine troops with helicopters and artillery were sent in to the seized area on August 9 to liberate it from the rebels. The MILF had wanted North Cotabato to be included in theAutonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. The government and MILF had been negotiating for the inclusion of the province in the Muslim Autonomous Region but theSupreme Courthad struck down the proposal after hearing concern from local Christian leaders in the region.ConflictThe rebel troops were ordered to leave the area by their commanders but the contingents under Kato refused to leave the villages they had occupied and instead dug in. ThePhilippine Armyresponded on August 9 by bombarding them. The next day, the government forces moved to retake the villages recapturing two of them from the rebels.[41][42]Estrada and Arroyo (19982010)[edit]

Political map of theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(ARMM)During his termPresidentJoseph Ejercito Estradahe declared an "all-out war" against theMILFon March 21, 2000 although a series of negotiations for cessation of hostilities were held.[39]Apparently, several conflicts in and aroundMindanaoerupted and clashes between thePhilippine Militaryand the rebel groups resulted in massive loss of lives.During his term, these rebel groups kidnapped threeItalianpriests, two were later released and one was shot dead;[43][44]seized the municipal hall ofTalayan,MaguindanaoandKauswagan,Lanao del Norte; the bombing of the ferry Our Lady of Mediatrix atOzamiz; and the takeover of Narciso Ramos Highway. All these incidents resulted in massive loss of investments abroad, especially in the area ofMindanao.As a result, theArmed Forces of the Philippineslaunched a successful campaign against these rebel groups and 43 minor camps, 13 major camps including the MILF headquarters, and Camp Abubakar[45]fell. MILF suffered heavy losses and the head of MILF, Sheikh Salamat Hashim, fled the country and sought refuge inMalaysia. On October 5, 2000, 609 rebels surrendered inCagayan de Oro, along with renegade town mayor Mulapandi Cosain Sarip.[46]These was followed by another massive surrender of 855 rebels on December 29, 2000.PresidentJoseph Ejercito Estradathen ordered that thePhilippine flagbe raised inMindanaowhich symbolized victory. It was raised on July 9, 2000 near aMadh'haband again the next day along withPresidentJoseph Ejercito Estrada, which held a feast inside a classroom just meters away from a mosque.[45]As a result, several Islamic rebel groups retaliated,bombing several key locationswithin theNational Capital Regionon December 30, 2000. It resulted in 22 deaths and hundreds of people injured. Saifullah Yunos, one of the perpetrators was arrested inCagayan de Oroas he was about to board a plane bound to Manila in May 2003.[47]In 2004, two members of theJemaah Islamiyahwere arrested, namely Mamasao Naga and Abdul Pata as they were identified byFathur Rahman al-Ghozias responsible for the train bombing.[48]al-Ghozi was also arrested, but was later killed in a firefight when he tried to escape the prison on October 13, 2003.On May 27, 2001, theAbu Sayyafseized twenty hostagesfrom an upscale resort inPalawan. Four of the hostages managed to escape.[49]The kidnapping group composed of 40 gunmen then seized the Dr. Jose Torres Memorial Hospital and St. Peter's Church compound in the town ofLamitaninBasilan[50]and claimed to have taken captive 200 people although 20 people were confirmed to be taken captive inside the hospital, including the staff and the patients.[51][52]There was a crossfire between theArmyand theAbu Sayyafrebels inLamitanfollowing the takeover of Dr. Jose Torres Memorial Hospital which resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, including the army captain.[52]Up to 22 soldiers were reportedly to have been killed in an effort to rescue the hostages.Five more captives escaped during the battle at Lamitan. Two of the captives were killed prior to the siege in Lamitan, including the beheading of one.[49]TheAbu Sayyafthen conductedseries of raids, including one at a coconut plantation[53]where the rebel groups hacked the heads of two men usingbolo knives. The owners and a security guard was also held captive and the rebel groups burnt down two buildings, including achapela week after the battle inLamitan.[53]Another raid was conducted in August 2, 2001 on Barangay Balobo inLamitan,Basilan. After three days, thePhilippine Armyrescued numerous hostages[54]after they overtook the hideout of the militants where 11 bodies were found beheaded.[55]Other hostages were either released or had escaped.[54]On June 13, 2001, the number of hostages was calculated at around 28 as three more people were found beheaded inBasilan,[56]including that of Guillermo Sobero.[57]They were beheaded since thePhilippine Armywould not halt the rescue operation.[57]The Burhams were still on the group of 14 still held captive according to three hostages who escaped on October 2001.[57]On June 7, 2002, after a year of being held captive, a rescue mission was conducted and resulted in the deaths of Martin Burnham and a nurse named Ediborah Yap[58]after being caught in the crossfire. Martin was killed by three gunshots in the chest while Gracia was wounded in her right leg. By this time Nur Misuari ordered his supporters to attack government targets to prevent theholding of electionson ARMM on November 2001, ushering his exit as the governor of the region.[32]Misuari would be later arrested in 2007 inMalaysiaand was deported back to thePhilippinesfor trial.[32]On July 2004, Gracia Burnham testified at a trial of eight Abu Sayyaf members and identified six of the suspects as being her erstwhile captors, including Alhamzer Limbong, Abdul Azan Diamla, Abu Khari Moctar, Bas Ishmael, Alzen Jandul and Dazid Baize. FourteenAbu Sayyafmembers were sentenced tolife imprisonmentwhile four wereacquitted. Alhamzer Limbong was later killed in aprison uprising.[59]These rebel groups, especially theAbu Sayyafconducted several terror attacks, namely thebombings at Zamboangain October 2002; thebombing of SuperFerry 14on February 2004; thesimultaneous bombings in Central Mindanaoon October 2006; thebeheadings of several Philippine Marineson July 2007; theBatasang Pambansa bombingon November 2007; and the 2009bombings in Mindanao.Numerous clashes erupted between thePhilippine Armyand the rebel groups, such as the clash on June 14, 2009 that killed 10 rebels.[60]Since 2001, thePhilippinesand theUnited Stateshave been on a campaign to battle this insurgency, known asWar on Terror. To combat the insurgency, theUnited Statesand thePhilippinesconducted theOperation Enduring Freedom Philippines,[61]a part of the worldwide campaign against terrorism known asOperation Enduring Freedom.Benigno Aquino III (2010present)[edit]See also:Zamboanga City crisisIn 2013, two main camps of theAbu Sayyafgroup were overrun by forces of theMoro National Liberation Front(MNLF) in its latest offensive inPatikul.[62]According to MNLF leader Nur Misuari, the MNLF offensive against the Abu Sayyaf is because of the MNLF opposition to the Abu Sayyafs human rights abuses which goes againstIslam.During the term ofPresidentBenigno Aquino III, a series of peace talks for the cessation of hostilities was held, including the meeting ofMILFChair Al Haj Murad Ibrahim inTokyo,Japanwhich was lauded on both sides.[32]Norwayalso joined the International Monitoring Team (IMT) on January 2011, overseeing the ceasefire agreement between the government and MILF onMindanao. Despite the peace talks, a series of conflicts erupted. on September 10, 2011, Jal Idris, a hardcore member ofAbu Sayyaf, was arrested by government forces after a crossfire between thePhilippine Armyand the rebel group[63]TheArmed Forces of the Philippinesalso killed threeAbu Sayyafmilitants in a stand-off[64]the following day after the arrest of Jal Idris.Terrorism continued throughout President Benigno's term, notable cases include when 4 merchants and a guide were killed byAbu Sayyafbanditsin January 2011.[65]and later a soldier who was killed in a clash against the rebels.[66]In August 2011, rebel factions attacked a village inSulu, killing 7 Marines and taking 7 civilians captive. They later freed 2 of the hostages after a ransom was paid.[67]Also, several areas ofMindanaowere bombed in August by the government, and a Filipino businesswoman was abducted in September 2011[68]who was later freed after the three gunmen were gunned down by theArmed Forces of the Philippines.[69]On October 20, 2011, the MILF was blamed for an attack on 40 government soldiers in the province ofBasilan, which lead to the deaths of 19 soldiers and 6 MILF fighters.[70]This thereby violated the ceasefire agreement between the government and MILF. This caused outrage in the government, which lead to the continuation of the war againstterrorism in the country.On the website of the Moro National Liberation Front, Nur Misuari declared its support for China against the Philippines, in theSouth China Sea dispute, calling both China and the Moro people as victims of Philippine colonialism, and noting China's history of friendly relations with the Moros.[71]The MNLF website also denounced America's assistance to the Philippines in their colonization of the Moro people in addition to denouncing the Philippines claims to the islands disputed with China, and denouncing America for siding with the Philippines in the dispute, noting that in 1988China "punished" Vietnamfor attempting to set up a military presence on the disputed islands. The website also pointed out that the Moros and China maintained peaceful relations, while on the other hand the Moros had to resist other colonial powers, having tofight the Spanish,fight the Americans, andfight the Japanese, in addition to fighting the Philippines.[72]TheZamboanga City crisiserupted on September 9, 2013, when a MNLF faction known by other groups as the Rogue MNLF Elements (RME), under the Sulu State Revolutionary Command (SSRC), led by Ustadz Habier Malik and Khaid Ajibon attempted to raise the flag of the self-proclaimedBangsamoro RepublikatZamboangaCity Hall (which had earlier declared its independence on August 12, 2013 in Talipao, Sulu), and took civilians hostage. This armed incursion was met by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), which sought to free the hostages and expel the MNLF from the city. The standoff degenerated into urban warfare, and had brought parts of the city under a standstill for days. On September 28, the government declared the end of military operations in Zamboanga City after successfully defeating the MNLF and rescuing all the hostages.On January 24, 2014, the Philippines government chief negotiatorMiriam Coronel Fererand MILF chief negotiatorMohagher Iqbalsigned a peace agreement inKuala Lumpur. The agreement would pave the way for the creation of the new Muslim autonomous entity called "Bangsamoro" under a law to be approved by the Philippine Congress.[73]The government aims to set up the region by 2016. The agreement calls for Muslim self-rule in parts of the southern Philippines in exchange for a deactivation of rebel forces by the MILF. MILF forces would turn over their firearms to a third party to be selected by the MILF and the Philippine government. A regional police force would be established, and the Philippine military would reduce the presence of troops and help disband private armies in the area.[74]On July 23, 2014,Abu Sayyafleader Isnilon Hapilon swore loyalty toAbu Bakr al-Baghdadiin a video, along with the rest of the organization, giving ISIL a presence in the Philippines.[16][17]In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people to ransom, in the name of ISIL.[75]See also[edit] SpanishMoro Wars Moros during World War II Moro Rebellion Moro attacks on Malaysia Peace process with the Bangsamoro in the Philippines History of Philippines Terrorism in the Philippines Communist insurgency in the Philippines Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the PhilippinesReferences[edit]1. Jump up^Defense.gov News Article: Trainers, Advisors Help Philippines Fight Terrorism2. 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Sy Egco (May 26, 2003)."Rizal Day suspect caught".Manila Standard Today. RetrievedFebruary 15,2007.48. Jump up^Benjamin Pulta; Miko Santos (December 30, 2003)."Govt seeks re-raffling of LRT bombing case".Sun.Star. RetrievedFebruary 8,2007.[dead link]49. ^Jump up to:ab"Philippines hostage search begins".BBC News. May 27, 2001. RetrievedMarch 23,2010.50. Jump up^"Abu Sayyaf kidnappings, bombings and other attacks".GMA News. August 23, 2007. RetrievedMarch 22,2010.51. Jump up^"Philippines hostage crisis deepens".BBC News. June 2, 2001. RetrievedMarch 23,2010.52. ^Jump up to:ab"Abu Sayyaf bandits kill two hostages, escape military siege".CDNN. June 4, 2001. Archived fromthe originalon May 16, 2008. RetrievedMarch 23,2010.53. ^Jump up to:ab"Philippines offer averts beheading".BBC News. June 11, 2001. RetrievedMarch 23,2010.54. ^Jump up to:ab"Hostages rescued in the Philippines".BBC News. August 5, 2002. RetrievedMarch 23,2010.55. 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Jump up^"Five killed by suspected Abu Sayyaf bandits in Basilan".Manila Bulletin. January 12, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon September 15, 2012. RetrievedMay 8,2012.66. Jump up^"One Soldier killed in Basilan clash". Philippine Star. RetrievedMay 7,2014.67. Jump up^"2 kidnapped traders freed in Philippines". The Mindanao Examiner. August 28, 2011.68. Jump up^"Gunmen Abduct Filipino Businesswoman in Southern Philippines, Officials Say".startribune.com. September 4, 2011.69. Jump up^"Philippine Troops Kill 3 Militants, Rescue Trader".Associated Press.newsrt.us. September 19, 2011.70. Jump up^"19 Soldiers slain in Basilan".Inquier.net.[1]. October 20, 2011.71. Jump up^RRayhanR (October 8, 2012)."HISTORICAL AND "HUMAN WRONG" OF PHILIPPINE COLONIALISM: HOW NOT TO RESPECT HISTORIC-HUMAN RIGHTS OF BANGSAMORO AND CHINA?".mnlfnet.com. Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction). RetrievedMay 16,2014.72. Jump up^RRayhanR (August 11, 2012)."IMPACT OF POSSIBLE CHINA-PHILIPPINES WAR WITHIN FILIPINO-MORO WAR IN MINDANAO".mnlfnet.com. Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction). RetrievedMay 16,2014.73. Jump up^Reuters(September 10, 2014)."Philippines Aquino asks Congress to enact Muslim autonomy law".The Rakyat Post(Kuala Lumpur).Archivedfrom the original on September 15, 2014.74. Jump up^"Philippine peace breakthrough".Bangkok Post. January 25, 2014.75. Jump up^http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/24/islamists-philippines-threaten-kill-german-hostages-isis