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R E S O U R C E S A N D M A T E R I A L S
Marcelina MorenoIDIA 213AIU- LONDONFALL 2010
THE BUILDING CENTRESquire and PartnersArt’otel in HoxtonWoods and Bagot10 Trinity SquareRIBA
ECOLOGICAL HOME SYSTEMSNatural VentilationInsulationTypes of InsulationA Brief History of England’s WindowsDouble GlazingSlimlite Double GlazingSupplier Directory
TILINGLeighton HouseGuide to Tiles and TilingA Visit to tile showroomsTypical Tile PatternsSupplier DirectoryWall Tile Installation GuideFloor Tile Installation Guide
SANITARY WEARVisit to CP Hart ShowroomWaterproof Flooring ArticleBath ComparisonBasin ComparisonToilet ComparisonSupplier Directory
FABRICDesign Centre at Chelsea HarbourFabric CompositionCritera for Nonresidential TextilesWeights and ApplicationsFireproofingFabric AbbreviationsSupplier Directory
TIMBERHardwoods and SoftwoodsEngineered WoodsWood Flooring OptionsAlternative Flooring OptionsWet Rot, Dry Rot and WoodwormStone and Carpet Flooring OptionsConstructing a Wood Floor
FINALHampstead Garden Suburb5 Edmunds WalkPros /Cons and MoodboardsElevations & Curtain SketchSample BoardsSpecification SpreadsheetExample Renders
REFERENCES
CONTENTS
Within this section you’ll find a review of my visit to the building centre. While I was there I took an interest in
two different architectural firms, Squire and Partners
and Woods and Bagot. Both firms are currently in-volved with projects that are working to further the develop-
ment of London the Art’otel in Hoxton and 10 Trinity Square. I also had the opportunity to visit RIBA and found them to be most useful to my studies.
The Building Centre was developed to be an invaluable source of information for all areas of building. It is oper-ated from a trust, which is educational charity focused on the built environment. Perhaps the most valuable resource for me is the Information Centre located with-in. It provides access to 4000 plus product catalogues and brochures as well as access to a variety of current trade journals. In person is the best option as there are consultants on hand to help source products and information. They use a system called SPECIFINDER to access this info. But you can also access WWW.SPECIFINDER.COM which is free to use, but does require a registration. The other and least cost effective option is to call 09065 161 136 however, calls are charged at £1.50 per minute to cover postage and research costs.
The Building CentreStore StreetLondonWC1E 7BTT: +44 (0) 207 692 [email protected]
Opening Hours The Building Centre Monday to Friday: 9.30 am - 6.00 pm
Saturday: 10.00 am - 5.00 pm* *Information Centre closes at 2.00 pm on Saturdays
Bookshop Monday to Friday: 9.30 am - 6.00 pmSaturday: 11.00 am - 5.00 pm
The Building Centre is closed on Sundays, Bank Holidays, Easter Saturday and for the Christmas period from 24th December to the first working weekday of January.
Personally I found the 1:1500 scale model of London to be one of the most interesting parts of the whole building centre. It is always interesting to be able to view the city as a whole and see how the river is an in-tegral part of the city. I especially liked being able to see how the city is laid out. All too often I forget how close things actually are, the model was very help-ful in this, in addition to being interesting to look at.
There are several galleries within the building centre. The main gallery is currently home to the 2010 Sus-tainability Awards. As well as the Eco Zone, which fea-tures information about the development of the Royal Docks.
Downstairs there is a product gallery, which features many items from manufacturers of contemporary, in-novative and eco friendly products.
On the ground floor there is also an extensive book-store. The employees are knowledgeable and most helpful. Additionally they are willing to special order books that are not currently in stock.
There is also an adjacent gallery that features the cur-rent and proposed work of a variety of architectural firms in the London area. The projects range from the planned Olympic areas to hotel construction.
77 Wicklow StreetLondonWC1X 9JY
T: 0207278555Email: [email protected]
Squire and Partners have a variety of projects in-cluding office, residential, master planning, refurbishment, hotel, public. As well as having an International Division, which is best known for their work in central London includ-ing Berkley Homes in Potters Field and 100 Wigmore Street Based on the belief that discussion and collabora-tion result in the best design solutions. Here is an excerpt from their introduction brochure “our approach to design assumes that every site has its own history, character and needs. Studying and interpreting this information forms the basis of everything we do. We recognize and celebrate the richness and variety of the world around us, and enjoy the way it helps to shape out architecture. As a result of the above they produce work that is refined, crafted and purpose made. This has also resulted in being nominated for the 2010 Brick Link to Project award for their work on Berwick Street. As well as their work at 40 Portman Square garnered a nomination for a Natural Stone Award
Squire and Partners
Recently they were commissioned to build the flagship Art’otel in Hoxton for the international contemporary hotel family. The firm has drawn on the local history of the building site has dictated the external design of the building. As a compliment to the brick surrounding the building will be clad in bronze colored anodised aluminium, which is perforated with rectangles in a variety of sizes. The drum is horizontally separated into sections, with subtle slices cutting through the building skin providing openings, which highlight views of the local and wider area.
Oxford House76 Oxford StreetLondonW1D 1BS
T: 02076376880Email: [email protected]
Woods Bagot
Woods Bagot are a global architectural firm with offices all over the world. They cover a variety of fields, but their primary focus including office and hotel work. They operate based on the following 5 core values; include, enable, care, engage and intrepid In 2009 they were nominated by the British Council for Offices (BCO) Corporate Workplace and won for their design for Evershed LLP, headquarter offices. Their work is based on the belief that discussion and collaboration result in the best design solutions. In their own words “At Woods Bagot we draw on our experience and research base to create unique design responses in the areas of architecture, consulting, interior design and urban design services.” As a result of the above they provide authentic designs, which easily solve the needs of each project such as The Grosvenor House building and The Hilton at Trafalgar Square
They were recently commissioned to design and build 10 Trinity Square in London. The former Port of London Authority, which is overlooking the Tower of London and the River Thames. The firm seems the ideal choice as they also specialize in the restoration and re-use of London’s historic building and they have been involved in a number of historic building conversions to hotel use They are taking a modern approach to the original ro-tunda design ,which was badly damaged during World War II, and will be replaced with a central rotunda with a glazed dome. The new rotunda will also provide a central and archi-tectural focus. The hourglass form will also allow for the use of natural light. The use of glazing will allow for light to be ra-diated up and outwards from the central dome and provide natural light to the hotel rooms
“The Royal Institute of British Architects champions better buildings, communities and the environment through architecture and our members.” They do this by providing the building standards, they also pro-vide training, support and recognition for their mem-bers. By doing this it allows for RIBA members to be constantly at the peak of their profession.
RIBA also works closely with the British Government, in an effort to improve the overall design quality of public buildings, new homes and new communities.
66 Portland PlaceLondonW1B 1AD Tel: 020 7580 5533www.architecture.comBookshop Monday - Friday 9.30am-5.30pmSaturday 10am-5pm
RIBA British Architectural LibraryTel: 090 6302 0400 Monday closed Tuesday 10am - 5pm Wednesday 10am - 5pm Thursday closed Friday 10am - 5pm Saturday 10am - 1.30pm Sunday closed
RIBA Architecture Study Rooms Tuesday - Friday 10am - 5pm Saturday - Monday closed
RIBA also has the hold on one of the largest and most important collections of architectural drawings. Their collection also contains some of the most extensive photographs and archives in the world. The Library is open to member as well as non members who can use the study and teaching rooms.
Palladio and His Legacy: A Transatlantic JourneySeptember 2, 2010 - January 30, 2011
One of the current features at RIBA is a tribute to Andrea Palladio, whose work has been a ma-jor influence in the history of British architecture. Palladio and Britain celebrates this contribu-tion to architecture through the collections of the RIBA British Architectural Library. Through the exhibit you’ll be able to discover the life, travels, studies and buildings of Andrea Palladio and witness the birth of Palladianism. Since I’ve previously studied Palladianism and Neo-Palladianism it was interesting to take a further look at the houses and interiors of Palladian and Neo-Palladian Britain and find out about the architects who built them. There was also a fantastic section wherein the question of “How is Palladio seen today?” is addressed. There are discussions from contemporaries who talk about Palladio’s drawings, books and works. I would say it’s an exhibit not to be missed.
Underground Journeys: Charles Holden’s designs for London Transport26 January 20111:15 PM - 2:00 PM I was excited to learn that RIBA is hosting this exhibit at the V&A. This look at Charles Holden’s classic designs for the London seems like an interest-ing way to view something I use on a daily basis. It’s interesting to think that at the time this was a modern take on the classic tube station. Com-pared today’s modern station the classic designs of Holden. I’m looking forward to the many other RIBA sponsored events that will take place in London this coming year.
This section focuses on ecological home systems, which can help to make a home more energy efficient and lower monthly gas and electric bills. I also included a section
on natural ventilation and show the ways to keep the
house air flowing. Insulation in its many forms and func-
tion is also included. Next up taking a look at the brief his-tory England’s windows, all of which lead up to the
modern double glazing options available today as well as a section on Slimlite double glazing, which is the per-fect option for historic windows. I’ve also included a supplier directory.
Geothermal Water SystemsGeothermal Thermal Heating Systems utilize geothermal power for heating. Thermal efficiency is high because there is no need for en-ergy conversion for this type of system. The system runs in a ther-mal loop at a constant core temperature by drilling wells vertically or horizontally allows for this heat transfer to pipes. These fluid from the pipes which either cooling or heating is extracted. Geother-mal can cope with average ambient temperatures around the same temperatures as a conventional heat pump, like a conventional heat pump, it will need to be able to provide a supplemental source if temperatures dip below freezing
The panels most commonly installed by homeowners, consisting of eight panels cost between £10-12K and cost is dependant on the orientation of the roof and the number of people who will be using the system panels can cost between £3600 (SE-SW 2 people) £4200 (E-W 2 people) On 1st February 2010, the Government announced that households who install certified Solar Thermal Hot Water Sys-tems will be eligible to receive hundreds of pounds every year, The scheme is called the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) . Solar cells have about a 15% efficiency rate in converting that energy. There-fore solar panels deliver only 19 to 56 W/m≤ or 0.45-1.35 kWh/m≤/day of that average power. But that does not make solar energy in-efficient. The energy output of a 1 KW solar energy unit is roughly equivalent to the burning of 170 pounds of coal and 300 pounds of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere.
Solar Panels
Is a method of warming a building by allowing the floor to act like a massive radiator. Unlike radiators, under floor heating systems do not need to run at high temperatures. Typically, the temperature of the wa-ter in an under floor heating system pipe is 45 – 65c (compare this to approximately 80c flow and surface temperature of a radiator system) warming the floor to a temperature of 25 – 28c, which is comfortable to walk on. Under floor heating heats from the floor upwards allowing an even distribution of heat and maximising comfort levels.Under floor heating can result in a 15-40% energy saving over tradition-al heating methods. Compared with radiators, there is no noise with under floor heating. Under floor Heating helps to reduce the number of dust mites in your home because moisture content levels are too low. This can aid sufferers of asthma and other breathing complications.
Under floor Heating
One of the major benefits of skirted heating systems os their low & high temperature performance, making them ideal and suitable for heat pumps, solar and conventional boiler systems. They are also considered to be rapid, controllable response times, which means that they heat the room in minutes and can be tightly controlled on & off, reducing your fuel bills. Additionally they are ideal for retrofitting and can easily be combined with the existing heating system. Another wonderful aspect of these systems is the price, which can range from £19.95/m to 39.95/m, making it one of the least expensive options on the market.
Skirting Heating
Natural Ventilation In its simplest form, natural ventilation is as simple as opening a window or door; it permits some form of air exchange with the outdoors
At the other end of the spectrum, natural ventilation im-plies an engineered balance of driving forces and pres-sure losses to move air through a building at predictable minimum flow rates, to provide adequate ventilation for air quality, for thermal comfort and to manage heat loads.
It is also the least expensive way to provide comfort to a space as it can insure that there is a constant flow of air.
Here are a few of the typical locations that insulation will be placed.A. the attic B. exterior wallsC. flooringD. basement walls
BB
A
C
DD
C
InsulationThere are a variety of reasons why insulation is used and dependant on the type being used.
Building insulation is typically added to buildings for comfort and to help increase energy efficiency
Soundproofing, also known as acoustic insulation and is used as a means of reducing sound
Thermal insulation is used to reduce the rate of heat transfer with in the structure
Electrical insulation is used to resist the flow of electric current and magnetism
Fiberglass Insulation: is most commonly used in modern homes. It is used in walls, ceiling and as a wrap for ducts and pipes. It is chemically stable, will not rot and is not flammable. It will melt with enough heat, which makes it non-flame retardant. It is not water re-sistant and will absorb moisture, so it is a bad choice for damp or wet locations. Fibreglass insulation is manufactured in a number of useful forms. (A) Fibreglass rolls are available in various widths and lengths for use between the framing members of walls, ceilings and on attic floors. (B) Fibreglass batts are the really the same as rolls, except that they are bundled in precut lengths to make installation in standard 8’ walls easier. (C) Fibreglass blankets are similar to batts in that they are sold in precut lengths, but do not have a vapor barrier facing. (D) Loose fill fibreglass can be poured or mechanically blown onto attic floors, making this the fibreglass product of choice for certain jobs.
Cellulose Insulation: a product from the paper industry that uses 75% recycled paper. Unlike fiberglass this is an ideal so-lution for colder climates because of its insulating properties (A). It is also less permeable to air movement than fiberglass as well. This is a loose-fill product and uses a wet-spray method for installation. After being specially treated with a binding agent to act as an adhesive once wet, it is mixed with a small amount of water to activate the binder. Then it is sprayed using a low pres-sure spray into open cavities (B). Because it is derived from wood and flammable, cellulose insulation is also treated chemically to be both fire resistant and fire retardant. Making it safe for all residen-tial uses (C).
A B
C
A B
C D
Ridge Board insulation: is made from various materials such as polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, compressed mineral wool and rigid fibreglass. Used in a variety of applications both above and be-low ground, they are waterproof or water resistant and are available in a variety of sizes and thickness’. (A) Some of the applications for rigid insulation are on exterior and below grade foundations, under base-ment slabs, as a backer for vinyl siding and as an insulator for base-ment walls (B).
Sprayed Foam insulation: can be sprayed into build-ing cavities or directly onto surfaces. Spray foam is an inert product that resists rot and mildew and, because of the strong bond it makes with structural members, actually adds strength to the building (A) A nominal 1/2-inch of spray foam is applied to the inside of the exterior sheathing within an open stud wall cavity. A glass fibre batt is then installed over the spray foam (B). The purpose of the spray foam is pri-marily as an air barrier.
A B
A B
A
B
Mineral Wool insulation: a product manufactured from steel slag. The slag, a by-product of steel manufacturing con-sisting of dirt and limestone and is combined with other chemi-cals, heated and spun into a fibrous material that is an excellent insulator. It is permanent, will not rot, does not burn, melt, absorb moisture, and will not support mold or mildew. It is available in (A) batts or as a loose-fill product that can be blown into walls and ceilings. Because of its fire resistant properties, it is the insulator of choice in applications where the maximum fire resistance is de-sired or required (B).
Prior to the sixteenth century, windows were primarily constructed out of stone mullions or timber frames and did not have any glazing openings.
The sixteenth century was considered a period of increased stability and pros-perity due to the Tudor dynasty. Dur-ing this time one of the most noticeable changes to windows was the increase in size. While the windows may have been larger, they were still divided into smaller openings. This also allowed for the window to open through the use of a wrought-iron frame and casement. The leaded glazing was then attached to the casement.
The Brief History of England’s Windows.
During the seventeenth century win-dows began to be built taller. They were also typically divided into four panes. Some were made from masonry, but as the century progressed, they were also constructed from timber and these are referred to as ‘cross-casement’ window.
Also during the seventeenth century the sash window was introduced. At the time the sash window consisted of two sashes, or glazed frames, with the front one suspended in the top half of the frame, and the rear would close the bot-tom half. At the time sashes were always timber, usually oak or pine, with a grid of timber glazing bars to hold the glass.
In the eighteenth century, the sash win-dow was altered very little. However, as the century progressed sash design evolved; it was made almost exclusivelyfrom pine and the quality of glass avail-able improved, allowing panes to be-come thinner. Additionally the width of the glazing bars began to reduce in size. During this time the use of casement windows was also decreased.
In the nineteenth century or ‘Regency’ era, introduced the experimentation with patterns of glazing. This was seen as an attempt to break away from the sim-ple ‘grid like’ arrangements of the previ-ous century. The panes also became even more narrow, and turned into long, thin panes of glass that ran around the edge of the window like a border and of-ten filled with colored glass.
During the nineteenth century, the size of windows began to grow, allowing rooms to be flooded with light and also providing access to balconies. In fact many earlier window sashes had their sills lowered to become full-length. Af-ter the reign of Queen Victoria began in 1837, plate glass became far more common. This was due in large part to the fact that the methods of making it became much less expensive. By the mid-century most sash windows either had only a single, central glazing bar, or none at all.
The latter half of the nineteenth cen-tury witnessed the introduction of two additional historical styles, Arts and Crafts and Queen Anne. It was under the former, that leaded panes became popular again. They were often set in stone mullions or oak frames, white painted small-pane sash windows.
The evolution of the Arts and Crafts and Queen Anne style windows continued into the twentieth century. Simplified ver-sions of the windows became the com-mon style for most inter-war housing estates. Typically they had timber case-ments, often with small panels of leaded and coloured glass in doors and at the top of windows
At the same time, the modernist windows, which were influenced by the Art Deco style, began to be made from recently de-veloped hot-rolled steel; these were called ‘Crittal’ windows. It was possible to manu-facture them using the latest technology, producing a simple, functional window with a modern appearance, in keeping with the minimalist International Style.
This decade also brought the arrival both of ‘sealed-unit’ double glazing, and the ‘unplasti-cised-polyvinyl chloride’ (U.-P.V.C.) frames which hold them. (see next page)
The 1980’s saw the arrival of‘Planar’ glazing; meaning that the glass is not held in frames, but is attached, by bolts or vacuum pads, to an internal frame with a silicon sealant between the panes of glass making them weath-er-tight.
During the post-war period the head-lining design principal became func-tionalism. Typical features of post-war windows are things like simple white-painted frames made from soft woods. They were usually very plain and un-moulded. However they now included storm-proofed opening casements and they often formed ‘picture windows’, They were also constructed from alu-minium.
On larger buildings the production of large sheets of toughened glass saw the introduction of ‘curtain walling’, where buildings were entirely clad in glass.
Flush box sash window Recessed box sash window Concealed box sash window
Double Glazing is the process in which a window pane is formed by two pieces of glass that are separated by a thin space of air or gas. A drying agent ensures no moisture is present inside the unit before it is sealed airtight. The trapped air serves as an insulating layer and prevents heat loss. Double-glazed windows are also called double-glazed units, insulated glazing units and insulated glass units
a typical single glazed unit
double glazed window cross section
The heat lost from a double-glazed window is almost half that lost from a single glass window. Double glazing prevents the formation of frost and condensation on the surface of glass in the winter.
Double glazing provides additional security since double-glazed win-dows are tougher than single pane windows and therefore are harder to penetrate and they reduce dampness and provide greater sound insulation.
There are numerous types of double-glazed windows available, in-cluding operable casements, single-hung windows, double-hung windows, awning windows, fixed picture windows, greenhouse win-dows, octagon and round windows, angled gable windows, gliders, bow windows and bay windows Double glazing is used in apartments, homes, offices, industrial complexes, commercial buildings.
Slimlite Double-Glazing Advantages•These double-glazed units are just 10-12mm thick, which al-lows them to be fitted to most existing single-glazing open-ings•The units offer excellent insulation due to the thermally ef-ficient inert gas (xenon or krypton) sandwiched between the two panes of glass•Will Comply with Building Regulations Document J Scotland and Document L England for improved thermal insulation•Low-emissivity glass used for the inner pane reflects heat back into the room•Replacing one square metre of single glazing with low-E double glazing will give you a saving of approximately 90kg of carbon dioxide emissions per year by cutting down on
Slimlite Double-Glazing Disadvantages•They are not yet widely accepted by conservation officers for use in period buildings•The cost - Slimlite double glazing costs around 60-70 per cent more than standard units. Prices start at £34 for a small (0.3sqm) window
Slimlite Double Glazing is the perfect solution for historic windows. These units are built using the same technology as a regular double glass unit, however because the units are only 10-12mm thick they can be fitted into the existing window. This allows homeowners to preserve the look and feel of their historic home, while also keeping more money in their pockets.
Rationel Windows rationel.co.ukTel: 018 6924 8181OX26 2UA
Trade Windows Doors and Conservatories LtdTrade2public.co.ukTel: 080 0612 0881B70 8AX
Zenith StaybriteZenithwindows.co.ukTel: 080 0328 9395NR10 3JU
Crystal Windowscrystalwindows.co.ukTel: 080 0096 2244RM7 7PN
Everglade Windowseverglad.co.ukTel: 020 8998 8775UB6 7JD
Copycatscopycatsweb.co.ukTel: 017 3286 6632TN8 5PP
Conservatories & Windows Direct Ltd Tel: 020 8933 1854cons-win-direct.co.ukNW10 6HJ
Window Suppliers Directory
The Greater London Sash Window Companyglsash.co.ukTel: 084 5643 6197N13 5AR
Peerless Windows peerlesswindows.co.ukTel: 020 8567 6000W13 9QR
Wembley Windows Ltd wembleywindows.co.ukTel: 020 8208 4100NW2 1LX
Window Masters www.window-masters.co.ukTel: 0800 91 77 532W1H 5WQ
Malbrook Conservatories Ltd malbrook.com Tel: 020 8780 5522SW15 2TN
Slimlite Double Glazing Co.slimliteglass.co.ukTel: 0131 551 2931 EH5 1RF
American OptionsArchitectural Accents 2711 Piedmont Road NE Atlanta GA 30305 Tel: 404-266-8700 architecturalaccents.com
Classic Sash & Door PO Box 10392 Portland OR 97296 Tel: 503-227-0202classicsash.com
Historic Doors PO Box 139 Kempton PA 19529 Tel: 610-756-6187 historicdoors.com
Restorations Unlimited, Inc. 29 South Vine Street Elizabethville PA 17023 Tel: 717-362-3477 restorationsunlimited.org
ReFind The Rebuilding Center 3625 N. Mississippi Ave. Portland OR 97227 Tel: 503-445-1756 refindcenter.org
This section is focused on tiling and its many aspects. First up is my review from a delightful visit to Leighton House. Fol-lowed by a breakdown of the different types of tiles as well as reviews of my visits to Fired Earth and Tower Ceramics showrooms. Then I’ve collected information about suppliers who can assist in Getting the Look at Leighton House as each sells a variety of Iznik tiles. I’ve also included a supplier directory which can be used for all different types of tiling All of this is followed by the installation guides for Wall Tiling and Floor Tiling as provided by Fired Earth.
Leighton House Leighton House was an unexpected and can be found in the Holland Park area of London. The home was built for Victorian artist Lord Fred-erick Leighton by architect George Aitichison over a period of 30 years beginning in 1864 until Leighton’s death in 1896.
The exterior of the house is a simple brick and is very similar to those that it surrounds. However its interior is was sets it apart as a true historical gem in London. Personally from the outside I would have never expected to find an interior like the one found here. Walking in you are greeted by the Arab Hall, which is stunning to say the least. Leighton drew on his travel experiences for the decor of the Arab Hall. It was added in 1877 and includes hundreds of 16th and 17th century Iznik tiles which were brought from his travels in the Middle East. This room was breathtaking and required multiple visits to take it all in. The vivid colors and use of color combinations is inspiring. I would say the only down side to the room is that there is no where to sit, so that you can enjoy the room for longer stretches.
The Drawing and Drawing Rooms, which are adjacent to the Arab Hall, are also impressive with the use of vivid, rich color. The next section of the house which caused me to pause and enjoy was the Stair Hall-way. The colors for this room were inspired by those of a peacock, a fact which is easily recognizable. It is the perfect compliment to the Arab Hall with the continuation of fantastic shades of blue, greens and golds. This is also home to the famed William de Morgan tiles, which the artist created for this hall to act as an accent to those used in the adjacent Arab Hall. Clearly a success, the rooms are the perfect com-pliment to one another.
The upstairs includes the following rooms the Silk Room, along with Leighton’s bedroom and studio. While still impressive, pale in com-parison to the ground floor rooms. The house as a whole is well worth the cost of admission and deserving of several return trips.
A. Lord Frederick Leighton B. Leighton House
A
B
A. The Arab HallB. Detail of Turkish and Syrian Iznik TilesC. Stairwell and de Morgan tilesD. Colored sample of the tiles
D
C
C
A
A
BA
There are several categories for tiles. Because of this and depending on the needs of your project and your desired outcome, it is possible to find many possible options. The tile categories are as follows;
Ceramic These tiles can be glazed or unglazed. Glazed tiles are available solid coloring or decorated and can be used on walls and floors. Unglazed are better suited for commercial and industrial pro-ject, but can be used in laundries and utility rooms. They are avail-able with a nonslip profile.
Quarry Tile These are tiles which are a traditional product made in the UK for hundreds of year. They are made from natural clay, squeezed through an extruding machine, and then fired. They are available in more limited colors such as terracotta, black and white.
Porcelain Tiles These tiles are ceramic tiles, but have very low ab-sorbency. They are usually made from kaolin clays, feldspar and silica and coloring oxides and are fired at about 1200C. Porcelain tiles are hard wearing and can be used on walls or floors.
Terracotta Tiles These tiles are also made from local clays. The term terracotta means “cooked earth” which is literally what they are. This type of product tends to be very absorbent, meaning it would be necessary to seal the floor on which they are placed.
Mosaics Tiles These are more about the size of the tile as they are very small, typically usually less than 35cm. But mosaics tiles can be from nearly any tile material glazed or unglazed and made from por-celain, ceramic, glass or natural stone.
Architectural Tiles limestone, marble, granite and slate are quar-ried from the earth. Some are extremely hard, and some quite soft. Some may need sealing.
My visit to Fired Earth showroom and Tower Ceramics provided me with the opportunity to ask questions and touch and feel the different products. Both showrooms provided a great selection of tiles to view along with extensive catalogues for purchase. I’ve always been a fan of tile as I like the sleek look it can provide to a surface and the simple way in which it can transform a room. I also enjoyed seeing all the color options available and was interested to learn that in some cases at an additional cost there are color matching options avail-able as well. Fired Earth is also wonderful enough to provide a series of instal-lation guides for their products available for download on their website.
Types of Tiles
Tile Supplier Directory
Italia Tiles2/10 Carlisle RoadUnit JColindale Business ParkColindaleLondon NW9 0HN020 8905 9444
Tiles Etc. 4 Schillingford StreetLondonN1 2OP020 7354 4800
World’s End TilesSilverthorne RoadBatterseaLondonSW8 3HE020 7819 2100
Tower Ceramics91 ParkwayLondonNW1 7pp020 7485 7192
Fired Earth74-75 Marylebone High StreetLondonW1U 5JW020 72 58 9990
If you are looking to recreate the stunning Arab Hall in your house here are a few places to look for the Iznik tiles. Whether you are looking for 10 tiles to create a nice accent or 1000 to mimic the Leighton experience you’ll be able to find a vast selection at any of these locations. Why the difference in price? Not only do the tiles vary in size, but some are also handmade and painted in Turkey.
Turkish Ceramicsturkishceramics.co.ukStarting at £7 per tile
Yurdan Turkish Tilesyurdan.comStarting at £34 per tile
Ann Sacksannsacks.comStarting at £3 per tile
Get the Leighton House Look
Turkish Tilesturkish-tiles.comStarting at £ 20 per tile
Adhesion – The ability to stick
Adhesive Spreader – Tool used to apply
measured depth of adhesive
Bedding – Depth of material to seat tiles
Butter – Applying a thin bed of adhesive to
the back of the tile
Chipboard – A composition of fibrous wood
material
Coatings – Material applied to a surface
Compacting – Pressing material firmly into
position
Crazing – Tiny hairline fractures in a glaze
Curing – Improvement in strength,
hardness, durability and other properties of
a material
Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) –
Material to prevent ingress of damp
Diamond Cutter – Electrical tile
cutting tool
Expansion Joints – A space allowed for
movement
Flexibond – A liquid used as an additive for
adhesive and grout
Grout Float – Tool used to apply grout
Grout Joints – Channel formed between
tiles to be filled with grout material
MDF – Medium density fibreboard
Mitre – Cutting two angles to form a joint
Pinholes – Tiny imperfections in a glaze
Primed – Providing a treatment to aid
adhesion
Sealing – Applying a liquid to prevent
ingress of moisture
Shadowing – Light refraction where two
panes of glass abut; or where water has
seeped behind clear glass tiles that is visible
through the tiles
Silicone Sealer – An elastic material to seal
joints
Slurry Coating – A system used to prepare
a surface for the application of a floor
adhesive
Squeegee – Rubber edged tool to aid
application and removal of excess grout
Stud Partition – Non load bearing wall built
of timber construction
Substrate – The surface onto which the
tiles are to be laid
Universal Bonding Agent – A liquid used as
a primer or sealer
Tile Backer Board – Mortar faced glass
reinforced board.
Wet Locations – Showers, steamrooms, etc.
WPB Plywood – High quality water-
resistant board
Glossary
22
Ancillary ProductsA full range of high quality fixing andsealing products, researched and developedto meet Fired Earth standards, are availablefor both professional and DIY use.
Read the instructions on the packaging of
Adhesives, Grouts and Sealants very
carefully.
Website - www.firedearth.com
All our installation guides are available todownload from our website: Floor Tiling,Underfloor Heating, Wood Flooring andWaterproofing Showers and Bathrooms.
Useful NumbersUK Sales 0845 366 0400
Export Sales +44 (0)1295 814316
Installations 01295 814310
Technical 01295 814271
Home Deliveries 01295 814313
Customer Care 01295 814396
DisclaimerThe specifications and technical information givenin this publication are intended for guidance andalthough they are to the best of our knowledgecorrect, they are given without warranty.
We cannot accept any responsibility for relianceplaced upon the advice contained herein sincepractical expertise and site conditions are outside ofour control. Neither do we accept liability for theperformance of the product arising from such use.This does not affect your statutory rights.
Fired Earth is a trading name of AGAConsumer Products Limited. Registered in England and Wales underRegistered Number 3872754. Registered Office Address: AGA RangemasterGroup plc, Juno Drive, Leamington Spa,Warwickshire, CV31 3RG
Pointing – Careful application of groutbetween tiles using a tool to finish off the joint
Sand and Cement Screed – A mixture laid to form an accurate flat base
Sealing – Process of applying liquids toreduce porosity
Slurry – A thick creamy liquid
Spoil – Excessive or surplus sealer
Squeegee – Rubber edged tool to aidremoval of excess grout
Straight Edge - Tool used to ensure tiles are ‘straight’ and ‘flat’.
Subfloor – The surface on to which the tiles are to be laid
Thermal Movement – Movement induced by temperature change
Fired Earth Universal Bonding Agent -Primer for surfaces prior to applying tileadhesive.
Fired Earth Universal Levelling Compound –
Material used to remove unacceptable
variations of level in a subfloor, or bed
underfloor heating
Uncalibrated – Tiles will vary in depth
Wax Polish – Protective finish
WBP Plywood - Minimum 18mm deep,
suitable grade for floor tiling
Glossary
Adhesion – The ability to stick
Angle Grinder – Electrical tile cutting tool
Anhydrite Screeds – Calcium based screed,seek advice
Appliances – Fridge, dishwasher etc.
Asphalt – Black, bituminous base
Bedding – Depth of material to seat tiles
Bitumen – Black in colour, often used as aglue to stick vinyl tiles
Bowed – Convex or concave shaped tiles
Buffed – Abrasion of a waxed surface
Butter – Applying a thin bed of adhesive tothe back of the tile.
Butt Jointed – Fixing tiles together tightlywith no allowance for a grout joint
Chalk Line – Tool used to provide straightline for setting out tiles
Chipboard – A composition of fibroustimber
Coatings – Material applied to a surface
Compacting – Pressing material firmly intoposition
Curing – Improvement in strength,hardness, durability and other properties ofa material
Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) – A layerof impervious material installed to preventrising damp
Day Joints - A ‘joint’ in the screed as aresult of a break in pouring the screed
Delamination – Loss of some or all of a
naturally occurring layer of slate
Diamond Cutter – Electrical cutting tool
Expansion Joints – A space allowed in afloor to allow for movement
Fired Earth Flexibond – A liquid used asan additive in adhesive or grout to increaseflexibility and bond strength
Fired Earth Fleximat – An orange plasticsheet used to prepare timber floors fortiling
Floating or Insulated Floor – A thermallyefficient floor which is not physicallyattached to its base
Filled Stone – Where any naturallyoccurring holes have been filled with resinbased filler
Finishing – Process of applying final coat of sealer
Grout Float – Tool used to apply grout
Grout Joints – Channel formed betweentiles to be filled with grout material
Honed Stone – Mechanical process used to smooth the surface of natural stone
Movement Joint - An area which allows for movement caused by change intemperature/humidity etc.
Notched Trowel – Tool designed to apply a specified depth of adhesive
Oxidise – Hardening reaction followingexposure to the air
pre-sealed – Pre-treated with sealer at the factory
Ancillary ProductsA full range of high quality fixing andsealing products, researched and developedto meet Fired Earth standards, are availablefor both professional and DIY use.
Read the instructions on the packaging of
Adhesives, Grouts and Sealants very
carefully.
Website - www.firedearth.com
All our installation guides are available todownload from our website: Wall Tiling,Underfloor Heating, Wood Flooring andWaterproofing Showers and Bathrooms.
Useful NumbersUK Sales 0845 366 0400
Export Sales +44 (0)1295 814316
Installations 01295 814310
Technical 01295 814271
Home Deliveries 01295 814313
Customer Care 01295 814396
DisclaimerThe specifications and technical information givenin this publication are intended for guidance andalthough they are to the best of our knowledgecorrect, they are given without warranty.
We cannot accept any responsibility for relianceplaced upon the advice contained herein sincepractical expertise and site conditions are outside ofour control. Neither do we accept liability for theperformance of the product arising from such use.This does not affect your statutory rights.
Fired Earth is a trading name of AGAConsumer Products Limited. Registered in England and Wales underRegistered Number 3872754. Registered Office Address: AGA RangemasterGroup plc, Juno Drive, Leamington Spa,Warwickshire, CV31 3RG
28 29
This section is focused on timber products and flooring. I’ve provided a breakdown of the different hardwoods what they look like as well as where they can be used. I’ve done the same for softwoods. I also included a section on the differ-ent engineered wood that has been developed for build-ing and construction. Next I explain the different types of wood flooring that are available today as well as providing a few alteratives to wood floor that I found. I’ve also pro-vided a guide to wet rot, dry rot and woodworm, which is something anyone building with timber products needs to be aware of. I also included an informative article I found about stone flooring options as well as another supple-mental article about the different soft flooring option of carpet available. Lastly I included information about a new recycled wood flooring product from Staybull as well as a flooring supplier directory
Hardwoods are woods derived from angiosperm trees. They are not necessarily harder than softwoods, but rather have a greater range in density. Hardwoods are more complex structure wise than softwoods. The dominant feature separating “hardwoods” from softwoods is the presence of pores, or vessels. The vessels may show considerable variation in size, shape of perforation plates, and structure of cell wall.
AshAppearance: typically pale; coarse texture; straight grainCharacteristics: medium hard; strong; easy to work and bendApplications: flooring, cabinetry, cladding, bentwood furniture
BeechAppearance: light color, uniform straight grainCharacteristics: medium hard; strong; easy to work and bendApplications: flooring, cabinetry, cladding, bentwood furniture
BirchAppearance: pale color with straight grainCharacteristics: medium hard; not particularly strongApplications: plywood, veneers, furniture, finish carpentry
CherryAppearance: darkens on exposure; fine even straight grainCharacteristics: easy to work and bendApplications: furniture, flooring, contrasting boarders, veneers
ChestnutAppearance: light color; slightly wavy grainCharacteristics: soft; naturally resistant to insects and fungusApplications: flooring, cabinetry, finish carpentry
ElmAppearance: mid-tones; medium grainCharacteristics: not durable and limited availabilityApplications: interior carpentry, furniture
IrokoAppearance: mid to dark tones; coarse texture; straight grainCharacteristics: very hard and durableApplications: stairs, veneers, floors, furniture, cabinetry
MahoganyAppearance: dark and rich color; fine grainCharacteristics: strong; naturally resistant to pests and worm-wood; easy to carveApplications: flooring, furniture, interior carpentry, veneers
MapleAppearance: almost white; fine even texture; strong grainCharacteristics: medium hard; very durable and wear re-sistant; good for steam- bendingApplications: flooring in heavy traffic areas such as gyms, furniture
OakAppearance: pale or mid-brown, darkens to velvety grey with weathering; coarse open grainCharacteristics: very hard and durable; difficult to carve and work; easy to split Applications: structural elements, flooring, interior and exte-rior carpentry, furniture
SycamoreAppearance: creamy white; straight grainCharacteristics: medium hard; easy to work and steam-bendApplications: furniture, flooring, veneers, cabinetry
TeakAppearance: mid to dark- tones; coarse texture; straight grainCharacteristics: very durable; highly weather resistant due to oilinessApplications: decking, outdoor and indoor furniture, external carpentry
WalnutAppearance: beautifully figured and dark toned; coarse texture; straight or wavy grain; may have cracks or knotsCharacteristics: prone to woodworm; easy to workApplications: flooring, veneers, furniture, joinery
WengeAppearance: very dark; straight grainCharacteristics: very hard and durableApplications: exterior and interior carpentry, floors, veneers, cabinetry
Softwoods are woods from conifers. Softwood is a significant source of the world’s production of timber. The term softwood is used as opposed to hardwood. However, softwoods are not necessarily softer than hardwoods. There is variation in actual wood hardness between hard and softwood
Cedar of LebanonAppearance: pale tone; knottyCharacteristics: strong aromatic smell; durableApplication: interior carpentry
Douglas FirAppearance: attractive grainCharacteristics: resinous; fairly durable; long boards availableApplication: exterior and interior carpentry, furniture
LarchAppearance: knotty; wavy grainCharacteristics: resinous; medium hard; not durableApplication: flooring, plywood, veneers
Norway SpruceAppearance: pale; straight grainCharacteristics: medium hard; not durableApplication: interior carpentry, glulam beams
RedwoodAppearance: pale to reddish; knottyCharacteristics: not durable; available in long boards; abundant; easy to workApplication: general construction and joinery
Western HemlockAppearance: light in tone; straight grainCharacteristics: soft; wear-resistantApplication: exterior and interior carpentry, cladding, saunas, veneers
Western Red CedarAppearance: warm tone, weathers to grey; wavy grainCharacteristics: very soft; highly moisture and rot re-sistant; aromaticApplication: exterior carpentry and garden use; shingles; interior carpentry
Yellow PineAppearance: very light; fine, even, straight grainCharacteristics: very soft; not durable; dimensionally stable; easy to workApplication: interior carpentry, doors, joinery, furniture
Engineered Woods are also called composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board; includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding together the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form com-posite materials. Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber.
Plywood (below right)Appearance: made from thin sheets of wood. The layers are glued together so that adjacent plies have their wood grain at right angles to each other for greater strength.Applications: It is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet material. Used for Floors, walls and roofs in house construction, Wind bracing panels, Fencing, Concrete shuttering panels, Ready-to-paint surfaces for construc-tions
Medium-Density Fiberboard- MDF Appearance: It is an engineered wood product that is formed by breaking down hard-wood or softwood residuals into wood fibers. Those fibers are then combining with wax and a resin binder and formed into panels by applying high temperature and pressure. Making MDF more dense than plywood. Applications: can be used as a building material similar in application to plywood.
GlulamAppearance: several layers of dimensioned timber glued together with the grain running parallel. Making them extremely strong and available in longer lengths.Applications: Perfect for timber framing construction, floors, roofs and ceilings.
Blockboard Appearance: Blockboard is made up of a core of softwood strips. The strips are placed edge to edge and sandwiched between veneers of hardwood. The sandwich is then glued under high pressure. Applications: used to make shelves, doors, panelling and partitions, internal applica-tions such as joinery, door blanks, furniture, and shop fitting
Oriented Strand Board -OSB Appearance: It is made from softwood chips that are arranged crosswise in layers or plies and then heat and pressure are applied. It is stronger than chipboardApplications: This is ideal for interior cladding or panelling, external boarding or temporary weatherproofing
Wood Flooring Options these days it seems as if you can find a million different options when it comes to wood flooring. The truth is that there are three main options and then within each of those you’ll find it’s divided further. Ultimately if you can select the kind of product you would like, you’ll be able to find the color and look you are wanting. Hardwood flooring is offered in a variety of sizes. Thickness of flooring generally ranges from 1/4” up to 3/4” for most solid hardwood. The width varies from 1” on up to about 6”, with the most common sizes be-ing 2-1/4” and 3” Each size and the cut of the wood will give a different look to your floor, so your decision should be based on your desired outcome and look you wish to achieve. Here is a comparison of the three main options when it comes to wood flooring:
Solid Wood is generally the most expensive option, however it is worth the cost every time. Despite its name Solid wood flooring is not a solid piece of timber. But rather Solid Hardwood Flooring: A solid piece of hardwood, generally cut into 3/4” thick planks. Recommend-ed for above ground to be installed over plywood, OSB or other wood flooring; not recommended for concrete slabs. Solid Hardwood flooring comes unfinished, which is then installed and finished on-site; or prefinished, which is completely finished at the factory with several coats of durable finish, before it’s ever delivered and then it is simply nailed down.
Engineered Hardwood are several plies of wood that are glued and laminated together to form a wood plank. It can range in thickness from 1/4” to just over a half inch. As a less expensive option to solid wood engineered can give you the same look and feel for literally a fraction of the cost. Additionally there are many benefits to this prod-uct, but possibly the most important is that it can be installed almost anywhere in your home, including over concrete.
Thin Plank is the least expensive option when it comes to real wood floor options. Unlike its counterpart solid wood, this product is exact-ly what it sounds like. Thin planks of wood usually 1/4” -5/16” on the surface that can be sanded and refinished before the tongue and fas-teners become exposed and noticeable. This plank is attached to ply-wood and can be installed with mechanical fasteners or adhesives. A key benefit when adhesive is used is that the flooring can be installed directly on top of concrete.
Alternatives to Wood FlooringBambooBamboo is one of the hardest natural materials available for flooring. It is also an excellent alter-native to hard wood flooring. Bamboo has a higher fiber rating than any hard wood, making it an exceptionally hard wearing alternative. Because bamboo is a rapid growing grass and not wood, it can be harvested every 3-5 years, unlike 15-25 years for most wood. This makes bamboo a very envi-ronmentally friendly product for flooring.Natural bamboo flooring is available a variety of different styles, so it is easy to compliment any interior design project.
CorkCork is a natural product that can add warmth to many interiors. Cork is also a natural sound and thermal insulator. As a flooring option they are beautifully quiet and comfortable underfoot, warm and pleasant to the touch. With the introduction of more advanced coating technologies cork floorings is highly resistant and long-lasting protection even in high traffic environments. Cork floors are not only durable but they require only minimal maintenance. Cork is the perfect envi-ronmentally friendly, renewable and sustainable material. It is also available in a variety of different styles including the marbled look below.
Coconut PalmCoconut palm wood flooring is part of the palm family, which is one of the fastest growing species on the planet. It can rejuvenate it’s self quickly and grow to full maturity in 5 to 6 years, which makes it a truly sustainable resource. This flooring option utilizes the latest technology to convert it into the unique looking flooring available. It presents as a subtle but unique grain pattern, with a natu-ral light-tan color and a medium honey-brown color. It’s can be laid in vertical, horizontal or strand configurations. Each option accentuates the different looks of the wood. This is not engineered hardwood flooring but solid wood flooring
Wet Rot, Dry Rot and Woodworm While some types of timber are extremely durable, most of the timber used today however is open to decay if left untreated. It can become affected by dry rot or wet rot and even woodworm if allowed to become damp, causing structural problems. Rot can be very serious and if there is any suspect at the site a building specialist should be contacted first thing.
What to look for:Floors sloping towards a wall.Floors springy when walked on.Brittle, crumbly woodA white or pale yellow fluffy growth like cotton wool.The smell of mould.Small holes in skirting boards and furniture, especially soft wood(fe.g. pine), it may be woodworm.
Wet Rot (A)If wood gets wet and dries out often it can soften and rot. This is known as “wet rot”. You can treat wet rot by:Finding out where the water is coming from and stopping it;Removing all rotted timber and replacing it with pressure-treated wood or wood that has been painted with a preservative;Treat any wood that is left with a wood preservative;Watching for further signs and treat them as soon as possible; andKeeping air bricks clear
Dry Rot (B)A particular type of fungal mould causes dry rot. It will only grow on damp wood that has poor air circulation around it. Dry rot can grow far beyond the original source and even go through brick-work. Most importantly it can seriously damaging the structure of your house. You can treat dry rot by:Checking for leaks and making sure that air bricks and vents are not blocked;Dealing with the damp and ventilation problems;Removing all affected areas - this may also include plaster, brick-work and mortar;Sterilizing the whole area with dry-rot treatment; andReplacing wood with pressure-treated timber
Woodworm (C)The damage from woodworm is caused by the larvae before the insects mature into adults. Soft wood is the most likely to harbor woodworm (e.g. pine,plywood). It is almost impossible to prevent woodworm getting into your home, so it is important to check regularly for signs of woodworm in furniture, roof timbers, floor-boards and skirtings. Treat affected areas as soon as noticed. Signs of woodworm include: Small bore holes in timber; and Fine dust around the site of the holes or beneath the timber.
A B
C
This article was especially interest-ing to read because it covers the dif-ferent stone flooring options that are available today. It discusses the pros and cons of each type of flooring and allows the reader to make the best decision for their specific needs. This would be a great resource for any-one in the design field to aid clients to make their best decision for their flooring needs. Also another things I really liked about the article was that it provided an extensive directory to make purchasing easy.
This article was most helpful in under-standing the different carpet options that are available these days. Addi-tionally it provides a guide to finding suppliers who can provide these many options for you. I enjoyed learning more about the flooring options that are available to me. Especially be-cause all too often carpet is ruled out because of the allergy factor and the option for alternatives such as wood floors are being offered, however this shows that there are several great op-tions that take these concerns into consideration and can provide a great alternative to hardwood flooring.
Flooring Suppliers Directory
Element 7Unit 2, Parsons Green DepotParsons Green LaneLondon SW6 4HHTel: 020 7736 2366
Factory Direct FlooringUnit 21Whitacre Road Ind EstWarwickshireCV11 6BYTel: 033 0100 0015
Country Flooring Ltd,167 Springfield Road,Essex,CM2 6JPTel: 012 4525 0074
The Bamboo Flooring Company 114 Kitchener RoadLeicester LE5 4AT Tel: 084 5009 2222
The Floor ShopUnits C5D-C7D, North WayBounds Green RoadLondonN11 2ULTel: 0208 368 4586
Staybull flooring is an American flooring company that has created and made high-end recycled flooring. Made from reclaimed flooring strips that would otherwise be burned or tossed into landfills, making it one of the most eco-friendly flooring options available. It has been found that this recycled flooring can outlast and outperform bamboo, engineered, and even solid plank hardwood flooring. Because of this longer life span it is a better value and return on investment. It is also a truly eco-friendly product because it is made with no harmful glues or toxins. A finished green floor that looks dynamic, attractive, and can fit just about anyone’s personal aesthetic makes this flooring one of the most sought after prod-ucts on the market these days.
www.staybullflooring.com
This section is focused on fabric and textiles. I’ve included a review of my visit to the Design Centre at Chelsea Har-bour as well as providing the floor plans for Zimmer & Rohde and Leievre, two of the showrooms I visited while there. I also included a copy of the design centre floor plan. Next up is information collected about fabric compo-sition and the general criteria for nonresidential fabric specifications. I’ve also included information about the dif-ferent fabric weights and applications as well as a piece about fireproofing and cigarrette testing. Lastly a list of common fabric abbreviations along with a fabric sup-plier directory.
Zimmer + Rohde Store LayoutNorth Dome Ground Floor
Leievre Store LayoutCentre Dome 1st Floor
After my trip to The Design Centre at Chelsea Harbour I think that DCCH is overrated. I felt like when I walked into each shop that I was not wel-come. I was never greeted by the staff and when I asked questions I was often met with blank stares. I feel like while it might be a place to go and see the latest in overpriced, high end fabrics and furnishings, as a whole I don’t think that I would feel comfortable sourcing materials from the DCCH. So much so that I chose not to get any samples while I was there. I ended up going to smaller shops to source my fabrics. I think that it’s more important to provide clients with reasonably priced options rather than look at blowing the entire budget on expensive European fabrics etc. Of course there are always the exceptions to the client with a realistic budget and if the situation called for it and the client requested it I would use a place such as DCCH. But again in my personal opinion, it is too pretentious for my taste and I would prefer to support smaller business who can offer better customer service and provide the same or similar selection. I have included a directory of shops that provide the same fabric lines as DCCH and also provide much better customer service. Additionally they have lower prices than any of the showrooms at DCCH.
Rayon: The first man made cellulose fibres were given this name, which is now less commonly used, as it is usual to specify different fibre percentage in fabric under particular names, for example, modal, acetate or viscose.
Cotton: A vegetable fibre from the cotton plant. Cot-ton fabric is strong and durable, even stronger when wet. Weight and texture can be varied to create light voile or corduroy, chintz or cotton satin. Glazing may be added to enhance the appearance and resist sur-face soiling. The fibres take dye well and good quality cotton fabrics should be colour-fast; they may be given various finishes, minimum iron, crease, stain or shrink resistant.
Linen: The vegetable fibre of the flax plant. Linen fab-ric is strong, hard-wearing and stronger when wet, but subject to mildew if kept in damp conditions. Crease-resistant finishes are now generally added to overcome a strong tendency to crease easily.
Silk: Animal fibres from the cocoons of silkworm larvae. Silk fabrics are strong, resilient and resistant to creasing, but can be weakened by sunlight. Their luster is unsurpassed and shows subtle or vibrant colours clearly and well. Col-ours may not be fast and dry-cleaning is often specified.
Wool: Animal fibre from the coats of sheep or goats. Wool fabric is a good insulator and absorbent, but may shrink and is susceptible to attack by moths. To reduce these ten-dencies it may be preshrunk or treated for shrink-resistance, and can also be made mothproof and stain-resistant.
Acetate cellulose fibre with wood pulp as the chief raw material. The fabrics are heat-sensitive, absorbent, weaker when wet and may shrink. On its own, acetate is not very hard-wearing but it provides good draping qualities and is used in making satins and brocades. It can be given flame-resistant treatment.
Acrylics: Basic substances include one of more of oil, coal, petroleum, natural gas, water, limestone. Acrylic fabrics have the softness and warmth of wool but little stretch, so they retain their shape. They are hard-wear-ing and mothproof, but sensitive to heat.
Modal: Cellulose fibre made from cotton waste or wood, used in mixtures and blends to modify the prop-erties of natural and synthetic fibres.
Nylon: Fibre synthesized from petroleum, used in a range of fabric types. Nylon fabrics are crease-resistant and strong, of low absorbency, heat-sensitive and liable to fade or discolour in sunlight. A number of useful fabrics are de-rived from fibre-mixes containing nylon.
Polyester: Made by chemical processing of petroleum de-rivatives. Polyester fabric will not stretch, has low absorben-cy and is quick-drying. These and its considerable strength, are the qualities which make polyester ideal for sheeting and other lightweight print or plain fabrics for furnishings.
Fabric Composition
Fireproofing fabric.
All fabrics burn, some however are more combustible than others. Silk is usually among the highest when it comes to burning, followed by cotton and linen. Wool burns much slower and is also more difficult to ignite. Most commercial fabrics come pretreated with fireproofing. When it comes to residential fabrics depending on the fabric in question it seems like the most reasonable and affordable option when it comes to fireproofing fabrics would be to purchase a fire retardant spray there are a variety of them on the market and again depending on the fabric there is one that is right for it. In addition to fireproofing there is also cigarette and match tests. Depending on the type of fabric you have selected, most manufacturers are required to submit their fabrics to this type of testing in a regular basis.
Criteria for Nonresidential Fabric Specifications
Durability or the ability for the fabric to exist for a long time without sig-nificant deterioration. This includes-Resistance to abrasion, the ability to withstand friction and rubbing or grinding.-colorfastness, the resistance to fading from sun and cleaning-Strength the physical strength of the fibers, this is based on the way the yarns are spun, the closeness of the weave and the thickness of the fabric.
Resilience or the fabrics ability to return to it’s original shape after stretch-ing. Resilience is the result of the two qualities flexibility and strength
Resistance to Insects and Microorganisms is also necessary. This pre-vents the fabric from disintegration. This is specifically important in hospi-tals and institutions.
Flammability Resistance any fabrics in non residential must meet very strict fire codes and regulations. Fabrics are all tested for flammability, smoke density, and toxicity
Flame-retardant Finishes or chemical applications that are applied to all nonresidential fabrics as a way of enhancing its ability to withstand or resist combustion. Most flame retardants provide one of the following degrees of durability;-nondurable: a water-soluble compound that is removed with wet cleaning and requires reapplication-semi durable: a compound that will resist wet-cleaning but not dry-clean-ing solutions-durable: treatments that will withstand repeated dry cleaning and are per-manent, lasting the lifetime of the fabric.
Fabric Weight and Applications
sheer, thin, very light weight fabrics-bed curtains, window curtains, sheer curtains and drapes, window semi sheer casement
lightweight fabrics-accessory items and trimmings, casements, curtains, draperies, shades, top treatments, kitchen linens, lamp shades, supported bedspreads
medium weight fabrics-bedspreads, bath linens, slipcovers, supported upholstery, wall and partition upholstery, window treatments
heavyweight fabrics-bedspreads, floor clothes, wall upholstery, wall hanging and tapes-tries, upholstery
Fabric Abbreviations
AC Acetate AF Other Fibers CA Acetate CLY Lyocell CMD Modal CO Cotton CTA Triacetate CU Cupro CUP Cupro CV Viscose EA Elastane EL Elastane HA Hemp HL Cotton/Linen JU Jute LI Flax/Linen MA Modacrylic MAC Modacrylic ME Metal MO Modal PA Nylon PAN Acrylic PC Acrylic PES Polyester PL Polyester PM Metallicized Polyester PU Polyurethaneelastomere RA Ramie SE Silk SI Sisal TA Triacetate TR Textile Residues/Unspecified Composition
VI Viscose VY Vinyl WA Angora WB Beaver WG Vicuna WK Camel Hair WL Llama WM Mohair WO Wool WP Alpaca WS Cashmere WV Virgin Wool WY Yak
Fabric Supplier Directory
Alexander Furnishings 51 Wigmore StreetLondonW1U 1PUTel: 0207 935 2624
D Scotcher Upholstery 285 Upper StreetIslingtonLondonN1 2TXTel: 0207 354 4111
E & A Wates Ltd 82 - 84 Mitcham LaneStretham LondonSW16 6NRTel: 0208 769 2205
Harrods KnightsbridgeLondonSW1X 7XLTel: 0207 730 1234
Interiors of Chiswick 454 - 458 Chiswick High RoadLondonW4 5TTTel: 0208 994 0073
John Lewis Plc Oxford StreetLondonW1A 1EXTel: 0207 629 7711
Liberty’s Regent StreetLondonW1R 6AHTel: 0207 734 1234
Peter Jones Ltd Sloane SquareLondonSW1 8ELTel: 0207 730 3434
Percy Bass Ltd 184 Walton StreetLondonSW3 2JLTel: 0207 589 4853
Revamp Interiors Unit 1 Nettlefold PlaceWest NorwoodLondonSE27 0JWTel: 0208 670 0970
Within this section you’ll find my review of my visit to C.P.Hart. I’ve also included a supplemental article about se-lecting waterproof flooring, which I found to be very in-formative and useful. Next I provided the specification de-tails and comparisons for four bathtubs from C.P. Hart. I also included the specification details and compari-sons for four basins as well as the specification details and comparisons for four faucets all from C.P.Hart. Lastly I provided a supplier directory, which provided a variety of price range options.
C.P. Hart Flagship Bathroom ShowroomTel: 020 7902 5250
Newnham TerraceHercules RoadLondon SE1 7DR
While my first visit to the showroom was a quick one, it was still easy to see that it’s the type of place I’d like to spend a lot of time. They have managed to create a tranquil spa like atmosphere. They have helpful sales consultants who can provide basic planning advice. However an appointment is recommended so that you can assure you get the time and attention needed to view the entire showroom. I enjoyed the fact that they had the products set up in their different design families. It was easy to see what the different products would look like in a real bathroom as there was a series of vignettes placed around the showroom. Each bathroom vignette was set up in a way to provide a real life view of the bathrooms and included product information. At times they also includ-ed information about complimentary products for each room too. I also liked the fact that they showed a range of differ-ent product price ranges. While the products that they have in general are anything but basic, they show a nice range of the different price points, so that it seems as if there could be something for everybody. They also offer more comprehen-sive design services with one of their trained design team professionals. It’s also important to know that while C.P. Hart does not participate with the installation of their bathrooms, they are pleased to make recommendations and pass along the contact details for experienced suppliers who are familiar with the CP Hart products and the installation needs.
The following article discusses flooring options in the realm of waterproof flooring for bath-rooms, laundry rooms and the like. It is colorful and provides a great variety to learn about. It provides all the informa-tion needed to make decisions about selecting flooring for the bathroom or anywhere else you would want to have a water-proof flooring options. It was also helpful because it provided a comprehensive directory of suppliers and where to find the items you are looking for..
Technical detailsModel: ztr7601000 rounded bathVariants: 2000l x 1000w Material: Stone Finish: Stone Care & maintenance: Clean occasionally with a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Do not use abrasive liquids pow-ders or scouring pads to clean the spout. Price Band: 4
Pro: I like this tub because it is interesting and made from a material that is not typical for bath tubs.
Con: This is not something that will stand the test of time style wise. Additionally it is not that deep.
Technical detailsModel: zlinbtfmld freestanding with linesVariants: 800w x 2750d x 560h / 800w x 2750d x 560h with integrated filler Material: Stone Finish: White Care & maintenance: Non-abrasive cleaners should be used. It should be dried to prevent scale build up. Any small scratches in an acrylic bath can be polished out using a polish called ‘T cut’. Price Band: Not available
Pro: Having seen this in person I think that this is a beautiful bath. I also enjoy the lines on the sides.
Cons: The bath doesn’t look like it would be very comfortable for long baths, which is one of the plus-es of having a bath. Also while the lines are beautiful, they would take a bit of maintenance and cleaning
BOXART TRAVERTINE USTOGETHER
Technical detailsModel: zvir771602 Variants: 1700w x 900d x 540h Material: Wood Finish: Canadian cedar / Teak Care & maintenance: Remove stubborn stains or marks on the bath with the use of any basic house-hold polishes & a duster. Price Band: 4
Pro: I think this bath is sleep and beautiful. I also like that it’s made from a material that is traditional for baths.
Con: The bath seems like it might be difficult to get in and out of, but that could easily be resolved with steps or rails.
BOXART VITRU
Technical detailsModel: zlinfb1780ww Variants: 1780w x 800d x 675h No tap hole / 1780w x 800d x 675h 2 tap holes Material: Cast Iron Finish: White Care & maintenance: Non-abrasive cleaners should be used. It should be dried to prevent scale build up. When painting the outside it should be primed with a metal primer and painted with an oil based paint such as a eggshell finish Price Band: 1
Pro: not only is this my favorite bath, but it’s also the most cost effective. It can come in many colors and be custom-ized to your needs.
Cons: Because it is can be a heavy bath, you might be lim-ited as to location.
LINCOLN
Technical detailsModel: mus100musww basinVariants: 1000w x 500d x 140h / 800w x 470d x 140h Material: Ceramic Finish: White / Black Care & maintenance: Non-abrasive bathroom cleaners that are suitable for use on ceramic surfaces may be used. Once cleaned the surface should be rinsed then dried to prevent water staining. Price Band: 4 Pro: I love the sleek look of this basin. It also reminds me of some of the vintage reproduction sinks I’ve seen before.
Con: It might be too shallow to use for anything more than just hand washing. It can be nice to have a multipur-pose basin.
MUSE TOTO NEOREST SERIES/LE
Technical detailsModel: xsneorestleb basin & mixer with led lightsVariants: 750w x 450d x 50h Material: LUMINIST Finish: White Care & maintenance: Clean with a damp cloth and a PH neutral cleaner, no abrasive cleaners should be used. Price Band: Please call 0845 600 1950 Pro: Having tested this basin in the store I can say that this is an interesing sink. It is fun to turn the nob to get the temperature change etc.
Con: The practical side of having a basin like this is that in addition to the up front cost any kind of repairs could be quite costly.
Technical detailsModel: ve453.60ww basin with backsplashVariants: 600w x 470d x 330h - 3 tap hole Material: Ceramic Finish: White Care & maintenance: Non-abrasive bathroom cleaners that are suitable for use on ceramic surfac-es may be used. Once cleaned the surface should be rinsed then dried to prevent water staining. Price Band: 2
Pro: I love the look of this basin. It reminds me of my childhood and I would love to have something like this in my home. I like the depth of the basin and the straight edges too
Con: It seems like the sink would be best as a wall mount which might limit the placement of the ba-sin
DURAVIT VERO DURAVIT VERO
Technical detailsModel: ve454.100ww grinded washbasinVariants: 1000w x 470d x 175h No tap hole / 2 tap hole / 1 tap hole Material: Ceramic Finish: White Care & maintenance: Non-abrasive bathroom cleaners that are suitable for use on ceramic surfaces may be used. Once cleaned the surface should be rinsed then dried to prevent water staining. Price Band: 2
Pro:This basin is very similar to the previous one, however I like that this basin is a bit wider and allows for a double faucet.
Con: While it does allow for a double faucet head, they are placed very close together and it would be difficult for two people to use this at the same time.
LEONARDO
Technical detailsModel: nsleba3cp 3 piece basin mixerVariants: 420w x 140h Material: Brass Finishes: Chrome / Inca Gold / Nickel Care & maintenance: Clean with liquid detergent rinse and dry then buff with a soft lint free cloth. No abrasive clean-ers should be used. Vinegar or limejuice can be used to remove stubborn limescale deposits. Price Band: 1
Pro: The retro look and price are what drew my attention to this faucet set. I like that it’s simple and doesn’t require a manual to operate.
Con: Because it is ‘basic’ looking it seems like it would only be a fit for lower end bathrooms.
AXOR MASSAUD
Technical detailsModel: zmas3bmcp 3-piece basin mixerVariants: 262w x 142d x 86h Material: Brass Finish: Chrome Care & maintenance: Clean with liquid detergent rinse and dry then buff with a soft lint free cloth. No abrasive cleaners should be used. Vinegar or limejuice can be used to remove stubborn limescale deposits. Price Band: 4
Pro: The slim profile of this faucet set grabbed my attention while in the showroom. It is interesting to look at and use.
Con: Because of the finish it might create long term cleaning and discoloration issues.
MALLARD
Technical detailsModel: nsmdba1cp mono basin mixerVariants: 560w x 210d Material: Brass Finishes: Chrome / Inca Gold / Nickel Care & maintenance: Clean with liquid detergent, rinse and dry, then buff with a soft lint free cloth. No abrasive cleaners should be used. Vinegar or limejuice can be used to remove stubborn lime-scale deposits. Price Band: 2
Pro: I like the reproduction look of this faucet set very much. I like that it looks like piping and it would be a fun touch to a vintage bathroom.
Con: The turn handles look a bit long and thin which could cause gripping problems
FLAT
Technical detailsModel: flft34bcp wall mounted 3 piece basin mixerVariants: 260w x 175d x 60h Material: Brass Finish: Chrome Care & maintenance: Clean with liquid detergent rinse and dry then buff with a soft lint free cloth. No abrasive clean-ers should be used. Vinegar or limejuice can be used to re-move stubborn limescale deposits. Price Band: 2
Pro: I like the sleek look of this wall mounted faucet. It seems very straight forward and it would eb easy to use.
Con:Because of the material (brass) it might create long term cleaning issues.
Aston and Matthewsastonmatthews.co.ukTel: 020 7226 7220N1 2SN
Armitage Shanks armitage-shanks.co.ukTel: 015 4349 0253WS15 4BT
B&Qdiy.comTel: 084 5609 6688
The Bathroom Trading Co.bathroomtrading.comTel: 020 7736 4243TW9 4NY
Boundry Bathroomsboundrybathrooms.co.ukTel: 012 8286 2509BB8 8LD
Czech & Speakeczechspeake.comTel: 020 7439 0216EN5 5UJ
Dolphindolphinbathrooms.co.ukTel: 0800 626 717M16 9HQ
Ideal Standardideal-standard.co.ukTel: 01482 346461HU5 4HS
LittleJohn Bathroomslittlejohn.co.ukTel: 017 3023 1050GU32 3AN
RAK Ceramicsrakceramics.co.ukTel: 017 3023 7850GU32 3AW
Sottinisottini.co.ukTel: 014 8244 9513HU5 4HS
Waterforcewaterforce.comTel: 020 8568 7672TW8 9LZ
Wickeswickes.co.ukTel: 084 4892 2701
Sanitary Wear Supplier Directory
For the final project we were asked to create a curtain design in two different spaces for a client. The home is located within the Hampstead Garden Suburb and is on 5 Edmunds Walk. I’ve included pictures showing the pros and cons of each space as well as a moodboard which reflects the feeling I’d like to create in each space. I’ve also included an elevation of the wall where the curtain design will go as well as a colored sketch of the curtain design. For each space I’ve included a sample board with streamlined speci-fication information as well as a detailed specification spreadsheet for both rooms. I included sample renders with a few of the elements in the rooms. I’ve also provided a sample letter for the fabric supplier and finally I includ-ed a sample letter for the drapery maker as well as a sample letter for a fabric order.
The Hampstead Garden Suburb was developed under the watchful eye of a cosmetics heiress turned social worker, Dame Hen-rietta Barnett, and an engineer turned architect planner, Sir Raymond Unwin. The suburb was first developed in 1907. The first ideas were due to the projected building of the Hampstead Tub Station. She was concerned that with the building of the station would also mean the “ruin of the sylvan restfulness of that portion of the most beautiful open space near London”. So she set about saving the 80 acres of land from what she called “rows of ugly villas such as disfigure Willesden and most of the suburbs of London”. Eventually the plan for the Garden Suburb was further developed. However it was never meant to be the run of the mill land-owning situation but rather a social experiment by providing for people of all classes a beautiful and healthy place to live in. Here are a few of the guidelines used for the creation of the development.
~that persons of all classes of society and standards of income should be accommodated and that the handicapped be welcomed;~that the cottages and houses should be limited on an average to eight to an acre;~that the roads should be 40 feet wide, and that the fronts of the houses should be at least 50 feet apart, gardens occupying the intervening space;~that the plot divisions should not be walls but hedges or trellis or wire fences;~that every road should be lined with trees, making when possible, a colour scheme with the hedges;~that noise should be avoided, even to the prohibition of Church or Chapel or Institute bells;~that the houses be so planned that none should spoil each other’s outlook or rob its neighbour of beauty.
The Hampstead Garden Suburb
The house 5 Edmunds Walk is located in a south-east facing area in which perfectly pruned trees, hedges and gardens are a plenty and seem to surround the homes on all sides, creating an overall impression of an idyllic, residential area. The‘Old English’ style house makes a unique addition to The Hampstead Garden Suburb.
The Stakol’s are a established couple with two adult married daughters and a grandchild soon to come. They enjoy entertaining, travel and gardening and would like to update two of the upstairs rooms to pro-vide an area for a home office/ TV lounge and would also like to create a proper guest bedroom.
5 Edmunds WalkBarnet, N2 0HU
The north facing room is currently being used as a guest bedroom. But the client would like to create a home office space and TV lounge area for enter-taining. Overall the room is an ideal space for this project. It is the largest upstairs too and the size of the room allows for plenty of space for several adults as well as a small space for the clients home office needs.
+ the beautiful view of the garden
- extra pieces of furniture
- built in cupboards
- extra pieces of furniture
- temperature
+ fireplace
- misplaced lighting fixture
+ room is large for entertaining
- desk no longer used
Relaxing
EntertainmentInviting
Study/ TV Lounge5 Edmunds Walk
I was inspired by the overall feel of the house. This is a comfortable home and the updated space should feel the same way. Some of the rooms original gems include the timber used on the window and the fire-place and I would like to draw upon those elements. By transforming the existing desk space into a home office area it will open the room for enough space to comfortably seat several adults.
+ high ceilings
+ easy access to stairs and bathroom
+beautiful view
+ lighting placement ideal for bedroom
- temperature
- built in cupboard no longer in use
The north facing room is currently being used as a guest bed room. The client would like to create a hotel like guest bedroom. The room is to be used mainly by visiting family guests. Overall the room is an ideal space for this project and it would be easy to create a place for relaxation and rest for guests in this space.
Guest Bedroom 5 Edmunds Walk
I was inspired by the idea of creating vintage hotel experi-ence. This can be done easily with the use of fabrics and fixtures. I’d like to create a space that can become a place for house guests to relax and enjoy all the comforts of home while they are away from home.
Vintage
HotelComfort
GP&J Baker Holcott Coll.Cream/Multi88% Linen12% Rayon
137 cm wideVertical Repeat 65cmFire Code:BM
Green Cotton Voile MuslinCONS: 80's x 80's / 90 x 88 WEIGHT:55GSM WIDTH: 53/4"Shrinkage : W/in 3%
Alexander Furnishings 51 Wigmore StreetLondonW1U 1PUTel: 0207 935 2624
5 Edmunds WalkStudy Elevation Curtain Sketch
Socras Fabric, Sulphur140 cm widepattern repeat 12.75 cm39%polyester28% viscose19%cotton14%linenback coating with flame retardantJohn Lewis Plc Oxford StreetLondonW1A 1EXTel: 0207 629 7711
5 Edmunds WalkGuestroom Elevation Curtain Sketch
A
B CD
E
F
G
H
I
J
A. LG Infinia 50PJ650 Plasma HD John Lewis £599.95
B. Curtain Rings, Ash Walnut John Lewis £8
C. Plain Ball Finial John Lewis £9
D. Ash Walnut Wood Curtain Pole John Lewis £23
E. Soumac Delft rug, Cream John Lewis £1117.00
F. Lay-Z-Boy Collins Sectional Sofa Lay-Z-Boy £1200
G. GP&J Baker Holcott Coll. Cream/Multi Alexander Furnishings £37.99/m
H. Incarnadine estate eggshell paint Farrow and Ball £42.50
I. Green Cotton Voile Muslin Alexander Furnishings £9.00/ m
J. Savage Ground Estate Eggshell Paint Farrow and Ball £69.00
A. Lady Chair Fauteuil/armchair Grange £589
B. Kentau Rug OKA £235.00
C. Louis-philippe wardrobe Grange £unknown
D. Curtain Rings, Ash Walnut John Lewis £8
E. Plain Ball John Lewis £9
F. Ash Walnut Wood Curtain Pole John Lewis £23.00
G. Carved lemon lamp OKA £170.00
H. Tempur Holme Headboard, Double John Lewis £250
I. Radnor Bedside Table Bay OKA £215.00
J. Silk Doupion Gold John Lewis £22
K. Socras Fabric, Sulphur John Lewis £18
L. Charleston Gray Estate Eggshell Paint Farrow and Ball £42.50
A
B
C
D E F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Bedside Table
WK 131 Radnor Bedside Table Bay Collection40cmSqx65cmH
OKA £215.00 1 £215.00
Wardrobe FR003 Louis-philippe
1-door linen cupboard with mirror and 2 drawers
Cherrywood
Length 96 cm Height 197 cm Depth 66 cm
Grange Unknown 1 Unknown
Bedside Lamps
LA55964 Carved lemon lamp 61cm Set of 2
OKA £170.00 1 £170.00
Arm chair LLA01 Lady Chair Fauteuil/armchairl/w70-H93- P/D 86 cm
Grange £589 1 £589
110 Marylebone High Street, London W1U 4RY 777 902 9647
Alexander Furnishings 51 Wigmore Street London W1U 1PU
November 2010
Specification for drapes 5 Edmunds Walk Barnet, N2 0HU
Study To cut and make 1 pair of lined drapes 2 widths per curtain Wellington Flat Panels
To supply GP&J Baker BF 10419 -1 HOLCOTT Cream/Multi 137cm width To supply cream colored cotton lining To cut and make 1 Roman Shade blackout lined cassment mounted with Silent Gliss track system
To supply thermal blackout lining To supply green cotton voile muslin To supply silent gliss track system
All Poles and Rings provided by homeowner and will be cut to your specifications All drapes to be hung with 8 cm dress
Thank you
Marcelina Moreno
110 Marylebone High Street, London W1U 4RY 777 902 9647
Alexander Furnishings 51 Wigmore Street London W1U 1PU
November 2010
Fabric Order 5 Edmunds Walk Barnet, N2 0HU
Study 5 Meters GP&J Baker Holcott Collection BF 10419 -1 Cream/Multi 137cm width/Vertical Repeat 65cm 88% Linen 12% Rayon
3.5 Meters Green Cotton Voile Muslin 242-12 137cm width 100% Cotton
Please confirm that the fabric will be available for cutting no later than 4/01/11.
Thank you
Marcelina Moreno
This section includes the references that I used in order to create this document.
References
Visit to the building centre: info and some photos taken from the brochures available at the centre and from the website www.buildingcentre.co.uk/home.asp
Additional photos from person collection
Squire and Partners: info and images retrieved from the website www.squireandpartners.com/
Woods and Bagot: info and images retrieved from the web-site www.woodsbagot.com
RIBA Information and images retrieved from the website http://www.architecture.com/
Geothermal Heating systems: info and image retrieved from www.drenergysaver.com/renewable-energy/geother-mal-heat.html
Solar Panels: info and image retrieve from www.careyglasssolar.com/images/bg_whatisst.png
Underfloor Heating: info and images retrieved from www.decoramic.co.uk/underfloor_heating.html
Skirting Heating: info and images retrieved from www.skirtingboardheating.co.uk/
Natural Ventilation: info retrieved from www.urbanwindenergy.org.uk
Insulation: info and images retrieved from the following www.buildingforafuture.co.ukwww.theunderfloorheatingstore.com/insulationswww.energyefficienthomearticles.comwww.thesexygreenhome.com/environmentally-friendly-insu-lation.html
A Brief History of England’s Windows: Tutton, Michael (2007). Windows: History, Repair and Conser-vation. Donhead Publishing.
Hall, Linda (2005 ). Period House Fixtures and Fittings 1300-1900. Countryside Books
Hall, Linda (1994). Fixtures and Fittings in Dated Houses, 1567-1763. Countryside Books
images from personal collection
Double Glazing: info retrieved fromwww.thewindowman.co.ukwww.cus.net/double glazing/consumer-guide-to-double-glazing.htmlwww.sehbac.com/blog/tag/facts-and-fibs/
images from personal collection
Leighton House Visit: info and images retrieved from www.rbkc.gov.uk/subsites/museums/leightonhousemuseum.aspx
Tile: Wilhide, Elizabeth (2009). The Interior Design Directory. Quadrille Publishing
Nielson, Karla (2005). Interiors: an introduction. McGraw-Hill Publish-ers
Hardwoods: info and imagesWilhide, Elizabeth (2009). The Interior Design Directory. Quadrille Publishing
Softwoods: info and images from Wilhide, Elizabeth (2009). The Interior Design Directory. Quadrille Publishing
Engineered Woods: info and images fromWilhide, Elizabeth (2009). The Interior Design Directory. Quadrille Publishing
Alternatives to Wood: info and imagesWilhide, Elizabeth (2009). The Interior Design Directory. Quadrille Publishing
Design Centre at Chelsea Harbour: floor plan retrieved from www.dcch.co.uk/index.php?page=floorplan
Fabric Composition: Wilhide, Elizabeth (2009). The Interior Design Directory. Quadrille Publishing
Nielson, Karla (2005). Interiors: an introduction. McGraw-Hill Publish-ers
Nonresidential Fabric Specifications:Nielson, Karla (2005). Interiors: an introduction. McGraw-Hill Pub-lishers
Fireproofing:Nielson, Karla (2005). Interiors: an introduction. McGraw-Hill Pub-lishers
Textile Abbreviations: info retrieved fromhttp://fabricstockexchange.com/blog/resources/textile-abbrevia-tions/
Bath Comparison: images and specifications retrieved fromhttp://www.cphart.co.uk/
