MORE THAN GOOD INTENTIONS 5 TO PURSUE HAPPINESS1313059 堀佑太

HAVING BETTER THINGS TO DO Jake hires Oti as a driver.

They has good relationship but soon it became clear that it was not only Otis vehicle that suffered from reliability issues.

Oti sometimes miss appointed time.

THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME Opportunity CostWhenever we spend time doing a particular thing ,we can compare it to other things we could be doing instead .

THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME Money is hardly the sole measure of that.

So even though Oti could have earned money by picking up Jake ontime , there might have been mitigating factors that made it a bad choice overall.

In this case the frustration and extra time associated with driving could be more costly than the money he would earn , making it a reasonable decision to cancel.

THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS Driver in New York City Were they allocating their working

hours efficiently?

A team of behavioral economists analyzed the record of New York City cabdrivers to figure out how they chose the number of hours they work on a given day.

THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS ドライバーは利益を高めるために忙しい日に長く働き、お客さんが少なそうな日は早く仕事を切り上げるべき。しかし、研究結果は反対のものだった。 On busy days drivers work less, and on

slow days they stayed out longer. 平均時給を最大化するよりも、毎日決まった額を稼ぐほうがよいと考えている。 On busy days drivers reach their target

quickly and close up shop , while on slow days they stay out longer, trolling for those last few fares in an effort to hit their marks.

OTI AND MICROCREDIT Muhammad Yunus said ～ they already knows. So rather than

waste our time teaching them new skill, we try to make maximum use of their existing skills.

The author says its wrong ！ If not every poor person is a born

entrepreneur , maybe a little guidance would help.

OTI AND MICROCREDIT トレーニングの有効性を研究するため、小規模事業者の集まりを 2 つのグループに分けた。片方のグループはビジネスのトレーニングを行い、もうひとつのグループは今まで通りにローンについてのミーティングを行った。 The result were not thrilling, but there

were some bright spots. Clients in the treatment group did

adopt some of the strategies they had learned in the trainings.

OTI AND MICROCREDITS Business trainings in Dominican

Republic

ドミニカではペルーで行った一般的なトレーニングではなく、 rule of thumb という受講者が資金を保つための発見的過程を得るようなトレーニングを行った。 They didn’t 　 suffer so much when

times were lean.

OTI AND MICROCREDIT Business trainigs in Mexico.

Focused on individually tailored training, more like business consulting, for small and medium enterprises in this study.

It didn’t achieve that goal ,but profit more than doubled ！

OTI AND MICROCREDIT ペルー、ドミニカ、メキシコの研究から分かったこと すぐに使える実践的な知識、具体的なアドバイス、１人１人に適した面談型のトレーニングがより有効的である。 To be a great entrepreneurs is not their

main goal. People pursue happiness in other ways ～

THE PURSUIT OF RICE COOKERS Some microcredit client don’t even

appear to have tried to build enterprises with their loans.

Philip owed money from Jake to pay rent of guesthouse.

But Philip used portion of money to buy rice cooker.

SLIPPERY MONEY To manage money is so difficult.

If Jake had cut a check directly to the guest house proprietor, things might have been different.

But cash is not tied to any particular person, product, or store.

SLIPPERY MONEY When we make rules or restrictions

about the use of a cash loan or donation, we typically have no more than the recipient’s word that they will be followed.

マイクロローンの顧客に資金の使い道や計画を尋ねる際に、嘘をつかれても驚いてはいけない。 貸し手は顧客の言うことを信じるしかない。

GETTING THE TRUTH Regarding the use of borrowed money,

there is a clever way to find out how people are really spending their loans without forcing them to fess up directly.

GETTING THE TRUTH

1 , I visit the corner store at least once a week.

2, Milky Way is my favorite candy bar..

3, I eat at least one candy bar per week.

1 , I visit the corner store at least once a week.

2, Milky Way is my favorite candy bar.

3, I eat at least one candy bar per week

4, I have stolen a candy bar from the store.

List 1 List 2

GETTING THE TRUTH List1 と List2 をランダムに配る。 How many of the following statements

are true? 　と質問する。 List1 と List2 の（ 1 ）～（３）の平均回答率は同じになる。 List2 （１）～（４）　－　 List1 （１）～（３）＝　盗んだ人数

GETTING THE TRUTH このような手法が途上国における研究や調査でよく使われている。（テキストの例）　 Uganda,

Arariwa

答えにくいことを尋ねる際はダイレクトに質問するよりも、このようなリストから選択させたほうが、正確なデータを得ることが出来る。

THE BIGGER PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY MONEY

Even when they follow all the rules to the letter, the true impact of participation often pops up in an unexpected place.

THE BIGGER PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY MONEY a woman who sells tomatoes

Each mornings she buys ＄ 50 worth of tomatoes, sells them for ＄ 55.

She get approved to take out a ＄ 100 microloan to grow tomato her business.

Using the ＄ 100 from the envelop , she buys twice as many tomatoes as usual. She sells ＄ 110 on the day.

THE BIGGER PROBLEM WITH SLIPPERY MONEY

We can prescribe specific solutions to the problems we see, but our prescriptions are usual nonbinding.

Sometimes people intentionally flout the rules, other times people genuinely try to keep their promise, but wind up doing the same things.