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MORE FOSSIL FUEL. What is burned by cars late at night?. midnight oil. OIL. Crude Oil (petroleum): sludgelike mix of different hydrocarbons. Formed below ground. Oil refineries: separate crude oil into gasoline and other products. HYDRO CARBONS. Methane Ethane Propane Butane - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MORE FOSSIL FUEL
What is burned by cars late at night?
midnight oil
OILCrude Oil (petroleum): sludgelike mix of
different hydrocarbons. Formed below ground
Oil refineries: separate crude oil into gasoline and other products
HYDRO CARBONS
•Methane
•Ethane
•Propane
•Butane
•Octane (gasoline)
•Diesel
Balance equations for each hydrocarbon on
previous slide
• hydrocarbon + oxygen gas --> carbon dioxide + water
• example: 1 CH4 + 2 O2 --> 1 CO2 + 2 H2O
• Build models for the reactants of any two equations except methane. Sketch & label. Rearrange models to make products for same equations. Sketch & label
SOME OIL HISTORYSurface tar used ~4000 years ago
Modern extraction started in 1859 in Pennsylvania
Today, oil is the most-used fuel worldwide
1st oil wellDrake Well
Titusville, PA
SAVE THE WHALES
Take notes: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OIL DRILLINGLiquid oil found in pores in underground rock layers.
Oil is extracted using a pressure differential.
Gusher: oil naturally under pressureAs more oil is removed, it becomes harder
to extract.
PRIMARY EXTRACTION: initial extraction of available oil
SECONDARY EXTRACTION: forcing oil out by pumping liquid or gas into rock
1970’s Energy Crisis
•Petroleum production in U.S. peaked in 1960’s, worldwide peaked in 1970’s
•1973 Oil Crisis caused by the Arab Oil Embargo
•1979 Energy Crisis caused by the Iranian Revolution
1973Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil exports for any country
supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Japan &
European allies tried to separate themselves from U.S.
OPEC also raised prices.
After Iranian Revolution,
exports were reduced, causing prices to go up.
~4% reduction in production worldwide.
Widespread panic drove prices even
higher.
LESSONS LEARNED FROM 1970’S?Creation of Strategic Petroleum Reserves
(SPRs). In U.S. about 4.1 billion barrels are held.Development of hybrid
enginesNational speed limit of 55 mph
Department of Energy was created
National Energy Act of 1978 - directed at conservation. (Grants for weatherizing, using
alternate energy sources, etc.)Daylight saving time
implementedBuilding of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska
Pump Stations$8 x 109+800 miles
Fractional Distillation
Some Products made with petroleum
OIL PRODUCERS / %OIL PRODUCERS / % OIL CONSUMERS / %OIL CONSUMERS / %
Saudi Arabia / 13.1% USA / 24.15
Russia / 12.3% China / 9.05
USA / 8.0% Japan / 6.0%
Iran / 5.4% Russia / 3.3%
China / 4.7%Germany & India / 3.2%
eachBP Statistical Review of World
Energy, 2007
HOW MUCH OIL IS LEFT? HOW LONG WILL IT
LAST?
Proven reserves - to - production ratio = total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate
of production
Peak Oil Production - Hubbert predicted 1970 for USA
2010 WORLDWIDE ESTIMATE1400 Gigabarrels / 29Gigabarrels/year
=~48 yrsbut . . .
these number change.Why?
OIL POLLUTION ACT1990
•PROVIDES AUTHORITY FOR EPA TO RESPOND TO OIL SPILLS
•Response to the Exxon Valdez spill
NOTABLE SPILLS
•GULF WAR, 1991, KUWAIT
•RETREATING IRAQI FORCES OPENED VALVES OF WELLS & PIPELINES TO SLOW AMERICAN TROOPS
IXTOC 1 1979
•BAY OF CAMPECHE, MEXICO
•WELL COLLAPSED AFTER AN ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION
ATLANTIC EMPRESS
•WEST INDIES
•1979
•2 FULL SUPERTANKERS COLLIDED IN CARIBBEAN SEA
DEEPWATER HORIZON
(BP OIL SPILL)•2010
•GULF OF MEXICO
•LARGEST MARINE SPILL
•~53,000 BARRELS PER DAY FOR 3 MONTHS (4.9 X 106 BARRELS)
EXXON VALDEZ1989
•Full tanker ran aground
•Largest in U.S. waters until the BP spill
•Notable not because of size of spill, but for damage to a remote, pristine, fragile ecosystem and efforts to clean and protect habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals, seabirds, etc.)
NATURAL GASmostly methane
(CH4)
FORMED IN TWO WAYS . . .Biogenic - shallow depths by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria.Thermogenic - formed at deep depths where geothermal heating separates hydrocarbons from organic matter
PRODUCTION & USERussia produces most
USA uses most What happened after the 1970’s
crisis?
TAPS completed.
PRODUCTION & USE
USA uses most. Who?
Losses = energy consumed by generation, transmission of
electricity
OTHER FOSSIL FUELS
Tar sands - dense oily substances that can be minedShale oil - sedimentary rock filled with organic matter that was not buried deep enough to form oilMethane hydrates - gas trapped or dissolved in ice formed in deep-sea sediments
PROS? CONS? TAKE NOTES
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)Technique used to release
natural gas & petroleum from rock formations.
RESEARCH: METHODS, PROS, CONS, LAWSNotes:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
AIR POLLUTIONDRIVE CLIMATE CHANGE
CHANGES BALANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
WATER POLLUTION from acid deposition, runoff & oil spills
(more on these to come)
So does it matter the source of the
fuel used to generate electricity?
RESEARCHCOMBUSTION OF OIL, NATURAL GAS & COAL
PROS OF EACH________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONS OF EACH________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ENERGY CONSERVATION
practice of reducing use to extend nonrenewable
resources and reduce environmental impact
COGENERATIONincrease efficiency of
power plants by capturing excess heat.
LABS - Due_____•Bitumen from Oil Sands
RESEARCH & PRESENT
Due_______ANWR DebateExxon Valdez
Nigeria, Bonga Field2011 Yellowstone River Oil Spill
Deepwater HorizonGulf War Spill