MORAL RIGHTS SECOND EDITION GILLIAN DA VIES, DL, PhD · V. Moral Rights in International Conventions 1-016 Chapter 2: Origins of the Theory of Moral Rights I. Origins in Europe 2-001

MORAL RIGHTS

SECOND EDITION BY

GILLIAN DA VIES, DL, PhD of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister,

Professor of International Copyright Law, Centre for Commercial Law Studies

Queen Mary, University of London

and

KEVIN GARNETT, MA One of Her Majesty's Counsel

Formerly legally qualified member of the Boards of Appeal and Enlarged Board of Appeal, European Patent Office, Munich

Bencher of Lincoln's Inn

SWEET & MAXWELL THOMSON REUTERS

CONTENTS

Preface to the Second Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix Foreword xi Table of Cases xxxix Table of Statutes lxxiii Table of Statutory Instruments lxxix Table of National Legislation lxxxi Table of European Legislation cxi

PART I: THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF MORAL RIGHTS

Chapter 1: Introduction I. Droit Moral 1-001 II. Moral Rights in National Legislation 1-002

A. The right of paternity 1-003 B. The right of integrity 1-004 C. The right of disclosure 1-005 D. The right of retraction 1-006 E. The right of access 1-007 The defining characteristics of moral rights 1-008

III. Ownership and Transfer of Moral Rights 1-014 IV. Duration of Moral Rights 1-015 V. Moral Rights in International Conventions 1-016

Chapter 2: Origins of the Theory of Moral Rights I. Origins in Europe 2-001

A. England 2-002 B. France 2-003 C. Germany 2-004 D. Conclusion 2-005

Chapter 3: The International Development of Moral Rights I. In Civil Law Countries 3-001

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A. The monistic theory of copyright 3-002 B. The dualistic theory of copyright 3-003

II. In Common Law Countries 3-004 A. United Kingdom 3-005 B. Australia 3-006 C. Canada 3-007 D. United States of America 3-008

Chapter 4: Moral Rights in International Instruments I. The Berne Convention 4-001

A. Introduction 4-001 B. The Rome Conference and its results 4-002 C. The Brussels Conference and its results 4-003 D. The Stockholm Conference and its results 4-004 E. The Paris Conference and its results 4-005 F. The authors who benefit from moral rights 4-006 G. Works enjoying moral rights under the Berne Convention....4-007 H. Limitations and exceptions to moral rights 4-008

II. The WIPO Internet Treaties and Moral Rights 4—009 A. Introduction 4-009 B. The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 4-010 C. The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty

(WPPT) 4-011 III. Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights 1994 (the TRIPs Agreement) 4-012 1. Relation to the Berne Convention 4-013 2. TRIPs Obligations 4-014 3. The exclusion of moral rights 4-015

IV. The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (24 June 2012)...4-016 V. The Bangui Agreement (24 February 1999) 4-017

Chapter 5: Moral Rights in the European Union I. EU Policy on Moral Rights 5-001 II. History of the European Commission's Interest in Moral Rights... 5-002

A. Dietz Report 5-002 B. Green Paper 1988 5-003 C. Follow-up to the Green Paper 5-004 D. Green Paper on the Information Society 5-005 E. Vienna and Strasbourg Consultations 5-006 F. Strowel and Salokannel Report 2000 5-007

III. Prospects for Harmonisation in the EU 5-012 The creation of a European Copyright Code 5-013

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PART II: MORAL RIGHTS UNDER UK LAW

Chapter 6: Preliminary Matters I. Introduction 6-001

A. The four moral rights conferred by the Act 6-002 B. Moral rights not protected by UK law 6-004

1. The right not to be mentioned as author 6-005 2. The right to (control) disclosure 6-006 3. The right to retract 6-007 4. The right to have access to a work 6-008

II. The concepts of a "Copyright" Work, Authorship and Directorship 6-009

A. Introduction: The concepts of a "copyright work" and authorship or directorship 6-009

B. The subject matter of copyright works 6-012 1. Literary works 6-013 2. Dramatic works 6-020 3. Musical works 6-021 4. Artistic works 6-022 5. Computer-generated literary, dramatic, musical and

artistic works 6-032 6. Films 6-033

C. Fixation 6-035 D. Originality 6-036 E. Qualifying conditions for subsistence 6-039 F. The author of a literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work ...6-043 G. The director of a film 6-047 H. The commissioner of a photograph or film 6-050

III. Performers and Performances 6-051 A. Introduction 6-051 B. Performers 6-052 C. Qualifying performances 6-060

Chapter 7: The Paternity Right I. Introduction: The Statutory and Common Law Paternity

Rights 7-001 II. The Statutory Paternity Right of Authors and Directors 7-002

A. Preliminary 7-002 B. The acts in relation to which the paternity right arises 7-008

1. Introduction 7-008 2. Literary and dramatic works 7-013 3. Use of adaptations 7-031 4. Musical works and lyrics 7-033 5. Artistic works 7-035 6. Films 7-038

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C. The manner of identification 7-039 1. Introduction 7-039 2. On distribution of the work to the public 7-040 3. Identification on a building 7-044 4. Other cases 7-045

D. The form of identification: pseudonyms 7-046 E. Assertion of the right 7-048

1. Introduction 7-048 2. Methods of assertion: all works 7-052 3. Methods of assertion: public exhibition of artistic

works 7-070 4. Assertion in the case works of joint authorship 7-075

F. Infringement of the right 7-077 G. Exceptions to the paternity right 7-081

1. Introduction 7-081 2. Exceptions in the case of particular works 7-084 3. Works created in the course of employment 7-090 4. Permitted acts 7-093 5. Crown and Parliamentary copyrights, etc 7-111

III. The Statutory Performers' Paternity Right 7-112 A. Introduction 7-112 B. The scheme of protection 7-117 C. Requirement that the right be asserted 7-122 D. The acts in relation to which the right arises 7-125 E. The manner of identification 7-133 F. Form of identification 7-140 G. Infringement of the right 7-143 H. Exceptions to the right 7-148

IV. Other Modes of Protection of the Paternity Right 7-154 A. Protection under the law of contract 7-155 B. Reverse passing off 7-156 C. Malicious falsehood 7-157 D. Acknowledgement of authorship as an aspect of fair dealing

with copyright works 7-158 V. False Attribution of Work 7-159

A. Introduction 7-159 B. The statutory right 7-161

1. Nature of the right 7-161 2. Infringement 7-171 3. Performers 7-182

C. Other modes of protection 7-183 1. Passing off 7-184 2. Defamation and malicious falsehood 7-185

VI. The Wish to Remain Anonymous 7-186

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Chapter 8: The Integrity Right I. Introduction: The Statutory and Common Law Integrity Rights... 8-001 II. The Statutory Integrity Right of Authors and Directors 8-002

A. Introduction 8-002 B. Derogatory treatment 8-009

1. Introduction 8-009 2. Treatment 8-010 3. "Derogatory" treatment 8-031

C. Infringement 8-051 1. Introduction 8-051 2. Primary infringements 8-055 3. Secondary infringement 8-061

D. Exceptions to the integrity right 8-062 1. Excepted works 8-062 2. Excepted situations 8-065 3. Works of employees, etc 8-068

E. Remedies for infringement of the integrity right 8-069 III. The Statutory Integrity Right of Performers 8-070

A. Introduction 8-070 B. The right stated 8-071 C. Infringing acts 8-075 D. Exceptions 8-083

IV. Other Modes of Protection of Integrity Right 8-087 A. Introduction 8-087 B. Defamation 8-088 C. Malicious falsehood 8-089 D. Passing off 8-090 E. Protection of integrity right by contract 8-091 F. Integrity right considered as an aspect of economic

copyright 8-092

Chapter 9: The Privacy Right Relating to Photographs and Films I. Introduction 9-001 II. The Right 9-003 III. Exceptions to the Right 9-016

Chapter 10: Aspects Common to All Statutory Moral Rights I. Duration of Statutory Moral Rights 10-001

A. The authors' and directors' statutory paternity and integrity rights 10-001

B. False attribution of authorship or directorship 10-008 C. The right to privacy in respect of photographs and films 10-009 D. Performers' rights 10-010

II. Transmission of Rights 10-012 A. Introduction 10-012

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B. Transmission on death 10-017 1. Introduction 10-017 2. Transmission of the paternity, integrity and privacy

rights on death 10-018 3. False attribution after death 10-030 4. Miscellaneous 10-031

III. Waiver and Consent 10-033 A. Waiver 10-033 B. Consent 10-045 C. The distinction between waiver and consent 10-049

IV. Remedies for Infringement of Statutory Moral Rights 10-050 V. Transitional Provisions 10-062

A. Works of deceased authors and old films 10-063 B. Existing works 10-067 C. Performers' rights 10-071

PART III: TREATMENT OF MORAL RIGHTS IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS

EUROPE

Chapter 11: Belgium Paul Torremans, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, School of Law, University of Nottingham and Joris Deene, Solicitor at Everest Law I. Introduction and Historical Background 11-001 II. Membership of Conventions 11-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 11-003

A. Beneficiaries 11-003 1. Authors 11-003 2. Performers 11-004 3. Non-nationals 11-005

B. The individual moral rights 11-006 1. Right of paternity 11-006 2. The right of integrity (or respect) 11-012 3. Rights of disclosure (or divulgation) 11-028

C. Duration 11-036 1. Authors 11-036 2. Performers 11-037

D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 11-038 1. Authors 11-038 2. Performers 11-044

E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 11-045 1. Civil action in cessation 11-045 2. Criminal sanctions 11-048

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights and Relevant Case Law 11-052

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A. Moral rights and abuse of rights 11-052 B. Moral rights and collecting societies 11-054

V. New Developments 11-055

Chapter 12: Czech Republic and Slovakia Mgr. Rudolf Leska and Mgr. Katefina Stechovd I. Introduction and Historical Background 12-001

A. Introduction 12-001 B. Historical Development 12-002

II. Membership of Conventions 12-003 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 12-006

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 12-008 1. Authors 12-009 2. Performers 12-011 3. Non-nationals 12-012 4. Expressions of folklore 12-013

B. The individual moral rights 12-014 1. Right of paternity 12-018 2. Right of integrity 12-024 3. Rights of disclosure 12-027 4. Right of retraction 12-029 5. Right of access 12-034

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 12-037 1. General personality rights 12-037 2. Passing-off copyright clause 12-038 3. General law on unfair competition 12-039 4. Trade mark law 12-040 5. Law of contract 12-041

D. Duration of moral rights 12-042 E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 12-043

1. Czech Republic 12-043 2. Slovakia 12-048

F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights .... 12-049 1. Czech Republic 12-049 2. Slovakia 12-052

IV. Exercise of moral rights 12-055 A. Czech Republic 12-055

1. During the author's (performer's) lifetime 12-055 2. After the death of the author or performer 12-056

B. Slovakia 12-057 1. During the author's (performer's) lifetime 12-057 2. After the death of the author or performer 12-058

V. New Developments 12-059 VI. Conclusions 12-061

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Chapter 13: France Maria Mercedes Frabboni, Sussex Law School, University of Sussex I. Introduction and Historical Background 13-001 II. Membership of Conventions and Protection of Foreign

Authors 13-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 13-003

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 13-004 1. Authors' moral rights 13-004 2. Performers' moral rights 13-005

B. The various individual moral rights 13-006 1. The right of paternity 13-006 2. The right of integrity 13-011 3. Right of disclosure 13-023 4. The right of repentance and of retraction 13-027 5. The right of access 13-028 6. Performers' moral rights 13-029

C. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 13-030 1. Authors 13-030 2. Performers 13-032

D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 13-033 1. Non-alienability of moral rights 13-033 2. Clauses purporting to waive or transfer the paternity

right 13-034 3. Clauses purporting to waive the right of integrity 13-035 4. A consequence: moral rights are unseizable 13-036

E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights 13-037

1. "Saisie-contrefaQon" 13-037 2. Infringement of "contrefagon" and moral rights 13-038 3. Criminal sanctions and other remedies 13-039

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 13-040 A. Moral rights and abuse of rights 13-041 B. Moral rights and public order 13-042 C. Exercise of rights for specific categories of works 13-043

1. Works of collaboration 13-043 2. Collective works 13-044

Chapter 14: Germany Adolf Dietz, Prof Dr.jur. Dr. h.c., Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, and Alexander Peukert, Prof. Dr. iur., Goethe University Frankfurt am Main I. Introduction and Historical Background 14-001

A. The monistic concept of Urheberpersonlichkeitsrecht 14-001 B. Historical background 14-002

II. Membership of Conventions 14-006

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A. Copyright conventions 14-006 B. Related rights conventions 14-010

III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 14-011 A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 14-012

1. The creator principle 14-012 2. Performers 14-015 3. Protection of producers of films 14-015 4. Moral rights of non-nationals 14-016

B. The individual moral rights 14-018 1. Right of paternity (Recht auf Anerkennung der

Urheberschcift) 14—018 2. Right of integrity (Werkintegritatsrecht) 14-020 3. Right of disclosure (Verdjfentlichungsrecht) 14—030 4. Right of revocation for changed conviction

(equivalent to the right of retraction) 14-032 5. Right of access (Zugangsrecht) 14-033

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 14-034 D. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 14-034

1. Moral rights of authors 14-035 2. Moral rights of performers 14-036

E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 14-037 F. Remedies and penalties for infringements of moral

rights 14-041 1. Civil remedies 14—041 2. Criminal sanction 14—043

G. Exercise of moral rights 14—044

Chapter 15: Greece Irini A. Stamatoudi, LLM, Ph D I. Introduction and Historical Background 15-001 II. Membership of Conventions 15-005 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 15-006

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 15-007 1. Law 2121 of 1993 (Greek Copyright Act) 15-008 2. The moral rights 15-010

B. The individual moral rights 15-011 1. Right of paternity 15-011 2. Right of integrity 15-015 3. Right of disclosure 15-026 4. Right of retraction 15-029 5. Right of access 15-033

C. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 15-034 D. Inalienability/waivability of moral rights 15-035 E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 15-037

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 15-040

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A. Abuse of moral rights 15-041 B. Consent and contractual limitations 15-042

V. Conclusions 15-043

Chapter 16: Hungary Gabor Faludi, Ph D I. Introduction and Historical Background 16-001

A. Introduction 16-001 B. Historical background 16-002


A. Introduction 16-006 B. Beneficiaries of the Protection of Moral Rights 16-007

1. Authors 16-007 2. Performers 16-009 3. Moral rights of other rights holders 16-010 4. Moral rights of non-nationals 16-011

C. The Individual Moral Rights 16-013 1. Right of paternity 16-013 2. Right of integrity 16-029 3. The right of disclosure 16-036 4. The right of retraction 16-043 5. The right of access 16-053

D. Protection of Moral Rights by Other Causes of Action 16-054 E. Duration of Moral Rights of the Various Beneficiaries 16-055

1. Authors 16-055 2. Performers 16-056

F. Alienability/waivability of Moral Rights 16-057 1. Authors 16-057 2. Performers 16-058

G. Remedies and Penalties for Infringement of Moral Rights.. 16-059 1. Civil remedies 16-059 2. Criminal sanctions 16-060

H. Exercise of Moral Rights 16-061 1. Individual exercise by authors 16-061 2. Performers 16-065 3. Exercise by collecting societies 16-066

Chapter 17: Italy Maria Mercedes Frabboni, Sussex School of Law, University of Sussex I. Introduction and Historical Background 17-001 II. Membership of Conventions 17-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 17-003

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 17-003

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1. Authors 17-003 2. Performers 17-004 3. Application of the law to national and foreign

beneficiaries 17-005 B. The individual moral rights 17-006

1. The right of paternity 17-006 2. Right of integrity 17-015 3. Right of disclosure 17-025 4. Right of retraction 17-026 5. Right of access 17-029

C. Duration of moral rights 17-030 D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights and waiver 17-034

1. Alienability 17-034 2. Waiver 17-035

E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 17-036 IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 17-040

A. The rights of paternity and integrity 17-040 B. The right of retraction 17-042

Chapter 18: The Netherlands Prof. Dr. F. W. Grosheide, Professor Emeritus of Private Law and Intellectual Property Law, Utrecht University; legal counsel, Amsterdam I. Introduction and Historical Background 18-001

A. Advent of copyright law: national developments 18-001 B. Adherence to the Berne Convention: international

developments 18-002 C. Philosophical and doctrinal considerations 18-003 D. Basis in actual positive law 18-004

II. Membership of Conventions 18-005 III. Present National Legislation 18-006

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 18-007 1. Authors 18-007 2. Performers 18-008

B. The individual moral rights 18-009 Authors 18-009

1. The paternity right 18-009 2. The integrity right 18-011 3. The right of disclosure 18-016 4. The right of retraction 18-018 5. The access right 18-019

C. Protection of moral rights by other means 18-021 1. Miscellaneous issues arising out of contract 18-021 2. Protection by other causes of action 18-022

D. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 18-023 E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 18-024

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1. Alienability 18-024 2. Waivability 18-025

F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights 18-026 1. Civil law remedies 18-026 2. Criminal law sanctions 18-027

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 18-028 A. Individual exercise 18-028 B. Collective exercise 18-029 C. Reasonability test and abuse of right 18-030 D. Proprietary and fundamental rights conflicts 18-031

V. New Developments 18-032

Chapter 19: The Nordic Countries Johan Axhamn LLM, MBA. LLD candidate in intellectual property law at the Faculty of Law, Stockholm University I. Introduction and Flistorical Background 19-001

Historical background 19-002 II. Membership of Conventions 19-003 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 19-004

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 19-005 1. Authors 19-005 2. Performers 19-010 3. Photographers 19-011 4. Foreign right holders 19-012

B. The individual moral rights granted by law 19-013 1. The right of paternity 19-013 2. The right of integrity 19-019 3. The right of access 19-023

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 19-024 1. Quasi protection of moral rights 19-024 2. Special provision on the protection of the

"cultural interest" 19-025 D. Duration of moral rights 19-026

1. The general rule 19-026 2. Joint works 19-027 3. Audiovisual works 19-028 4. Anonymous works and non-published works 19-029

E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 19-030 F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 19-031

1. Generally 19-031 2. Reasonable compensation and damages 19-032 3. Injunctions 19-033 4. Criminal sanctions 19-034

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 19-035 V. New Developments 19-036

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Chapter 20: Portugal Patricia Akester, Ph D I. Introduction and Historical Background 20-001 II. Membership of Conventions 20-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 20-003

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 20-003 1. Authors 20-004 2. Performers 20-005 3. Extension of protection to non-nationals 20-006

B. The individual moral rights 20-007 1. Introductory note regarding authors 20-007 2. Introductory note regarding performers 20-008 3. The right of paternity 20-009 4. The right of integrity 20-011 5. The right of disclosure 20-013 6. The right of retraction 20-015 7. The right of access 20-017

C. Duration of the moral rights of the various beneficiaries 20-019 D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 20-021 E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 20-023

1. Criminal sanctions 20-024 2. Civil remedies 20-027

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 20-028

Chapter 21: Spain Carmenchu Buganza Ph D in Law, University of Barcelona. Lecturer on Commercial Law and Intellectual Property Rights, Department of Business Law, Faculty of Law I. Introduction and Historical Background 21-001 II. Membership of Conventions 21-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 21-003

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 21-003 B. The individual moral rights granted by law 21-008

1. The right of paternity 21-008 2. The right of integrity 21-017 3. The right of disclosure 21-023 4. The right of retraction 21-024 5. The right of access to a unique or rare work 21-025

C. Duration of protection for moral rights 21-026 D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 21-028 E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 21-029 F. Application of exceptions to moral rights 21-031

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights (Including by Collecting Societies) 21-033 V. Conclusions 21-034

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Chapter 22: Switzerland Jacques de Werra, Professor of Contract Law and of Intellectual Property Law at the Law School of the University of Geneva! Vice-Rector of the University of Geneva I. Introduction and Historical Background 22-001 II. Membership of Conventions 22-004 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 22-005

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 22-005 B. The individual moral rights 22-008

1. Right of paternity 22-008 2. Right of integrity 22-011 3. Right of disclosure 22-020 4. Right of retraction 22-022 5. Right of access 22-023 6. Right to obtain temporary possession 22-024

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 22-025 D. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 22-032 E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 22-034 F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral

rights 22-039 IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 22-044 V. New Developments 22-045 VI. Conclusions 22-046

Chapter 23: Russian Federation Irina Savelieva Dr.jur., Professor, Department of Civil Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow State University; head of the Parliamentary Working Group for the 1993 Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights; Consultant, World Intellectual Property Organisation; Deputy Chairman, Advocate, Moscow Chamber of Advocates; formerly Regional Director for Russia and the CIS, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI); Chairman, UN Economic Commission for Europe, Advisory Group on the Protection and Implementation of Intellectual Property Rights for Investment; currently legal practitioner I. Introduction and Historical Background 23-001

A. Terminology: "personal non-pecuniary" and moral rights..23-001 B. Historical background 23-002

1. Copyright during the period of the Russian Empire.... 23-003 2. Copyright during the period of the Soviet Union 23-004 3. Copyright in the Russian Federation 23-005

C. Prevailing theories of copyright (author's right) and legislation 23-006

D. Present situation under conventions 23-011 II. Membership of Conventions 23-012

A. Copyright conventions 23-012

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B. Related rights conventions 23-013 C. General trading agreements 23-015

III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 23-016 A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 23-017

1. Author of work—authors as natural creators only 23-017 2. Performers 23-025 3. Quasi-moral rights of producers, employers and

publishers 23-026 4. Moral rights of non-nationals 23-027

B. The individual moral rights 23-036 1. Right of paternity (authorship and the author's

name) 23-037 2. Right of integrity (inviolability) 23-042 3. Right of disclosure 23-044 4. Right of retraction (withdrawal) 23-046 5. Right of access (works of fine art) 23-048

C. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 23-050 1. Moral rights of authors 23-051 2. Moral rights of performers 23-053

D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 23-054 E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 23-058

1. Civil remedies 23-058 2. Criminal sanctions 23-064 3. Administrative sanctions, where applicable 23-067

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 23-068 A. Individual exercise 23-068 B. Exercise by collecting societies 23-069

OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS Chapter 24: Australia Elizabeth Adeney, Associate Professor, School of Law, Deakin University I. Introduction and Historical Background 24-001

A. Authors 24-002 B. Performers 24-003


A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 24-005 1. The author 24-005 2. The performer in a "performance" 24-006 3. Extension of protection to non-nationals 24-007

B. The authors' and performers' rights—their subsistence and infringement 24-008

1. Rights of paternity 24-008 2. The right of integrity 24-025

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3. Further infringements of the authors' and the performers' rights—importation and sale 24—032

4. Exceptions to moral rights protection 24-035 C. Protection of moral interests by other causes of action 24-037 D. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 24-038 E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 24-040 F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 24—043

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 24—048 A. Authors 24-048 B. Performers 24-049

Chapter 25: Canada Kristin L. Lingren, VP and General Counsel, VSA Partners, Inc I. Introduction and Historical Background 25-001 II. Membership of Conventions 25-002 III. Present Legislation on Moral Rights 25-003

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 25-004 1. Authors 25-004 2. Performers 25-005 3. Joint authorship 25-006 4. Specified descendants of the rights-holder 25-007 5. Copyright collective societies 25-008 6. Foreign authors/performers and foreign works/

performances 25-009 B. The individual moral rights 25-010

1. The paternity right—ss. 14.1(1), 17.1(1) 25-010 2. The Integrity Right—ss. 14.1(1), 17.1(1) and 28.2 25-018

C. Protection of moral rights by other means 25-026 1. Rights of paternity and integrity 25-026 2. Right of disclosure 25-027

D. Duration of moral rights 25-028 E. Infringement and exemptions 25-029

1. Generally 25-029 2. Infringement and mass-produced and useful articles...25-030

F. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 25-033 G. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 25-034

1. Civil remedies 25-034 2. Criminal sanctions 25-035

IV. New Developments 25-036

Chapter 26: China Dr Guan H. Tang, Senior Lecturer in Commercial Law Asia, Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary University of London I. Introduction and Historical Background 26-001 II. Membership of Conventions 26-009

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III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 26-010 A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 26-011 B. The individual moral rights granted by the law 26-012

1. The right of paternity 26-013 2. The right of integrity 26-015 3. The right of alteration 26-018 4. The right of disclosure 26-019 5. Exceptions to moral rights 26-021

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 26-028 D. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 26-029 E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 26-030 F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 26-031

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 26-032 A. By successors in title 26-032 B. By collecting societies 26-033

V. New Developments in China 26-034 VI. Present Statute Law on Moral Rights in Hong Kong 26-035

Chapter 27: Egypt Dr Makeen F. Makeen, Senior Lecturer, SOAS, University of London I. Introduction and Historical Background 27-001 II. Membership of Conventions 27-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 27-003

A. Beneficiaries of Protection of Moral Rights 27-004 B. The individual moral rights 27-006

1. The right of paternity 27-007 2. Right of integrity 27-013 3. Right of disclosure 27-016 4. Right of retraction 27-018

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 27-019 D. Duration of moral rights 27-020 E. Alienability/waivability/imprescriptibility of moral rights... 27-022 F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 27-024

IV. Exercise of moral rights 27-028 V. Conclusions 27-031

Chapter 28: India G.R. Raghavender LLB; LLM IPRs; MA and MPhil in Ancient Indian History & Archaeology; MA Development Studies (Public Policy & Management), at the International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University, The Hague, Netherlands I Introduction and Historical Background 28-001 II. Membership of Conventions 28-004

A. Copyright Conventions 28-004 B. Related Rights Conventions 28-008

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C. IPR Treaties 28-009 D. Other Conventions 28-010

III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 28-011 A. Introduction 28-011 B. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 28-012

1. Authors' moral rights 28-012 2. Moral rights of non-national authors 28-022 3. Performers' moral rights 28-023 4. Moral rights of non-national performers 28-026

C. The individual moral rights 28-027 1. Right of paternity 28-027 2. Right of integrity 28-037 3. Right of disclosure 28-046 4. Right of retraction or withdrawal 28-047 5. Right of access 28-048

D. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 28-049 E. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 28-056 F. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 28-058 G. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 28-062

1. Civil Remedies 28-062 2. Criminal Remedies 28-064

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 28-065 A. Authors' works 28-065

1. Individuals 28-065 2. Legal Persons 28-066

B. Performances 28-070 V. New Developments (Draft Legislation, etc.) 28-072 VI. Conclusions 28-073

Chapter 29: Israel Gadi Own, Solicitor (England and Wales), Advocate (Israel), Visiting Professor, Queen Mary, Queen Mary University of London, Director General, CIS AC I. Introduction and Historical Background 29-001

A. Authors 24-002 B. Performers 24-009


A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 29-012 1. General 29-012 2. Authors 29-013 3. Performers 29-014 4. Foreign rightholders 29-015 5. Imported copies 29-016 6. Employee and commissioned works 29-017

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B. The individual moral rights 29-019 1. The right of paternity 29-019 2. The right of integrity 29-028 3. Other rights: disclosure and retraction 29-037

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 29-038 1. The Unjust Enrichment Act 29-039 2. Passing off 29-040 3. Constitutional right to property 29-041

D. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries 29-042 E. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 29-043 F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights .... 29-045

IV. Exercise of Moral Rights 29-048 A. Authors 29-048 B. Performers 29-049 C. Defences 29-050

V. New Developments 29-053 VI. Conclusion 29-054

Chapter 30: Japan Kristin L. Lingren, VP and General Counsel, VSA Partners, Ittc I. Introduction and Historical Background 30-001 II. Membership of Conventions 30-002 III. Present Legislation on Moral Rights 30-003

A. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 30-004 1. Authors of works 30-004 2. Publishers 30-008 3. Performers 30-009 4. Specified descendants of the author 30-010 5. Foreign authors and foreign works 30-011

B. The individual moral rights 30-012 1. The paternity right—art. 19 30-012 2. The integrity right—art.20 30-015 3. The right of disclosure—art. 18 30-024

C. Protection of moral rights by other causes of action 30-026 1. The right of retraction—art.84(3) 30-027 2. Alterations, additions or deletions in reproductions

of works—art.82(l) 30-028 3. Uses prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the

author—art. 113(6) 30-029 4. Post-mortem changes "Against the Author's Will"—

art.60; art. 101-3 30-030 5. Fair use provisions inapplicable to moral rights 30-031 6. Infringement 30-032


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1. Assignment and transfer 30-034 2. Waiver 30-035

F. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 30-036 1. Civil remedies 30-036 2. Criminal sanctions 30-040 3. Related tort rights and remedies 30-044

Chapter 31: Latin America I. Introduction and History 31-001 II. Membership of Conventions 31-002 III. Present Legislation on Moral Rights in Latin America 31-005

Argentina Miguel Angel Emery, Lawyer. Estudio Mille (Buenos Aires). Author and Professor of Intellectual Property, FLA CSO (Latin-American Faculty of Social Sciences) I. Introduction and Historical Background 31-010 II. Membership of Conventions 31-011 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights in Argentina 31-012

A. Application of the Berne Convention and the WPPT 31-012 B. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 31-015 C. The individual moral rights 31-018

1. Paternity and integrity rights 31-018 2. The right of disclosure 31-025 3. The right of retraction 31-026 4. The right of access 31-027


1. Alienability of moral rights 31-029 2. Waivability of moral rights 31-030

F. Remedies and penalties for infringements of moral rights... 31-031 1. Provisional measures 31-031 2. Civil actions to seek indemnification for moral rights

infringement 31-032 3. Criminal sanctions 31-033

Brazil Joao Carlos Muller and Eduardo Ghiaroni Senna, Lawyers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Paula Westenberger, Brazilian Lawyer and Ph D Candidate at the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary University of London I. Introduction and Historical Background 31-034 II. Membership of International Conventions 31-036 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 31-037

A. Beneficiaries of protection 31-039 1. Authors 31-039

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2. Performers 31-040 3. Protection of foreigners 31-041

B. The individual moral rights 31-042 1. Authors' rights 31-042 2. Performers' moral rights 31-043 3. The paternity right 31-044 4. Integrity rights 31-045 5. The right of disclosure 31-046 6. Retraction 31-047 7. Access 31-048

C. Duration of moral rights 31-049 1. Authors 31-049 2. Performers 31-051

D. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 31-052 E. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 31-053 F. Image rights and copyright 31-054


Mexico Alfredo Rangel-Ortiz,Noriego y Escobedo, A.C. I. Introduction and Historical Background 31-057 II. Membership of Agreements and Conventions 31-058

A. Bilateral agreements 31-058 B. Inter-American conventions 31-060 C. International conventions 31-061

III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 31-062 A. The Law 31-062 B. Beneficiaries of protection of moral rights 31-063

1. Authors 31-063 2. Performers 31-066 3. Extension of protection to non-nationals 31-067

C. Specific moral rights granted under the Mexican Law 31-068 1. The right of paternity 31-068 2. The right of integrity 31-072 3. The right of disclosure 31-075 4. The right of retraction 31-077 5. The right of access 31-079 6. The right to privacy in respect of photographs 31-080 7. Exceptions to the moral rights of authors 31-081 8. Rights of performers; paternity, integrity, disclosure ..31-088

D. Limitations on moral rights 31-091 E. Duration of moral rights 31-092 F. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 31-094 G. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral rights.... 31-096

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Chapter 32: United States of America Kristin L. Lingren, VP and General Counsel, VSA Partners, Inc I. Introduction and Historical Background 32-001 II. Membership of Conventions 32-002 III. Present National Legislation on Moral Rights 32-003

A. Express federal legislation on moral rights—the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 32-003

1. General characteristics of moral rights under VARA.. 32-004 2. Beneficiaries of protection 32-005 3. Scope of eligible works 32-010 4. VARA's right of paternity 32-016 5. VARA's right of integrity—prejudicial distortions and

modifications 32-020 6. VARA's right of integrity—right to prevent

destruction 32-030 7. Infringement and VARA Pre-emption 32-034 8. Duration of moral rights of the various beneficiaries.. 32-037 9. Alienability/waivability of moral rights 32-038 10. Remedies and penalties for infringement of moral

rights 32-039 B. Rights of paternity and integrity—under the Lanham Act.. 32-041

1. Background 32-041 2. Dastar v Twentieth Century Fox Film—a sea

change 32-042 3. Lanham Act protections for moral rights after

Dastar 32-043 4. Remedies and Dastar's effect on state law claims 32-047

C. Moral rights protection under the Copyright Act and other theories 32-049

1. Right of integrity 32-050 2. Right of paternity 32-054 3. Right of retraction 32-059 4. Right of disclosure 32-060

IV. State Statutory Protections of Moral Rights 32-061 The California Art Preservation Act 32-062 Connecticut Art Preservation and Artists' Rights Act 32-075 Georgia Art in State Buildings Programme 32-086 Louisiana Artists' Authorship Rights Act 32-090 Maine Art Preservation Statute 32-103 Massachusetts Art Preservation Act 32-115 Montana Percent-for-Art Act 32-127 Nevada Artists' Rights Act 32-131

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New Jersey Artists' Rights Act 32-140 New Mexico Act Relating to Fine Art in Public Buildings 32-151 New York Artists' Authorship Rights Act 32-163 Pennsylvania Fine Arts Preservation Act 32-176 Puerto Rico Author's Moral Rights Law 32-189 Rhode Island Artists' Rights Act 32-198 South Dakota Rights to Ownership of Acquired Artwork Act 32-210 Utah Percent-for-Art Act 32-217

Chapter 33: Table of National Laws on Moral Rights Introduction 33-001

Definitions of the abbreviations and symbols used in the table 33-002 Qualifying Event 33-003

PART IV: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Chapter 34: Territoriality, Jurisdiction and Applicable Law Issues in International Moral Rights Disputes Gadi Or on, Solicitor (England and Wales), Advocate (Israel)

1. Territoriality 34—002 2. Jurisdiction 34-004 3. Applicable law 34—010 4. Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.... 34—013 5. Concluding remarks 34-014

Chapter 35: Moral Rights in 2016: An Assessment I. Universality of Moral Rights 35-001

A. The moral rights of authors 35-001 (1) Introduction 35-001 (2) The various rights 35-002 (3) Beneficiaries of the rights 35-008 (4) Alienability and waiver of the rights 35-011 (5) Duration of the rights 35-013 (6) Remedies and enforcement 35-014

B. The moral rights of performers 35-015 II. The International Inconsistency of Domestic Legislation on

Moral Rights 35-016 III. The Consequences of Widespread Recognition of the Rights 35-017 IV. Implementation of Moral Rights in the Digital Environment 35-018

1. Introduction 35-018 2. The rights most affected 35-019 3. Legal obstacles to enforcement of moral rights 35-020 4. Transnational disputes in the online environment 35-021

V. The Position of the UK 35-022

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VI. The Future 35-023 A. Prospects for further international regulation of

moral rights 35-023 B. Prospects for harmonisation of moral rights within

the EU 35-024 C. Conclusions and final remark 35-025

Final remark 35-026

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Act, 1971) App 1-001

Appendix 2 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) (Geneva, 1996) Article 5 Moral Rights of Performers App 2-001

Appendix 3 Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances 2012 Article 5 Moral Rights App 3-001

Appendix 4 Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of 2 March 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic), Revised 24 February 1999) App 4-001

Appendix 5 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (C. 48)... App 5-001 Appendix 6 The Copyright and Performances (Application to

Other Countries) Order 2013 App 6-001

Bibliography 1292 Index 1331

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Documents

MORAL RIGHTS SECOND EDITION GILLIAN DA VIES, DL, PhD · V. Moral Rights in International Conventions 1-016 Chapter 2: Origins of the Theory of Moral Rights I. Origins in Europe 2-001