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Expedited Development & Review of New Drugs Jason E. Moore, M.S., M.B.A. Regulatory Affairs Roundtable

Moore Expedited Devel & Rev Of New Drugs 2010 (L)

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Page 1: Moore Expedited Devel & Rev Of New Drugs 2010 (L)

Expedited Development & Review of New Drugs

Jason E. Moore, M.S., M.B.A.Regulatory Affairs Roundtable

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Presentation OverviewStrategic Options for Accelerating New Drug Approval

Expedited Review:Subparts E and H

Expedited Review p

Subpart ELife‐threatening or severely debilitating diseases where no satisfactory alternative therapies exist

Review

Subpart E

Fast Track Designation

Subpart HExpedited ReviewSubpart H

Fast Track For “serious or life‐threatening conditions”

Priority ReviewDirects attention and resources to the evaluation of applications that have the potential for significant advances

Designation

Priority Review applications that have the potential for significant advances

Special Protocol AssessmentProtocol review and agreement for pivotal trials, registration stability, pivotal carcinogenicity studies

SPA

Orphan Drug Designation

Orphan Drug DesignationExclusivity and other benefits for drugs to treat diseases or conditions that are considered rare in the United States

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IntroductionStrategic Regulatory Options for Accelerating Drug Development & Approval

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Marketing of Drug Products

• Life science companies exist to get new drugs through regulatory hurdles to the marketthrough regulatory hurdles to the market

• To get to market$ illi ( f )• $802 million; 10‐15 years (Tufts CSDD)

• $1.7 billion (Bain)

• Much attention to speeding development and lowering costs

• FDAMA, PDUFA, AA & FT regulations• Corporate/regulatory strategy

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New Drug Development

2 4 6 8 10

12 14 160

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Requirements for Drug Approval• Safety (FDCA, 1933)• Efficacy demonstrated in adequate and well controlled studies(1962)(1962)

• Ability to generate product labeling that• Defines an appropriate patient population • Provides adequate information to enable safe and effective use• Provides adequate information to enable safe and effective use • Approval for an indication, not drug

• Basis for efficacy:• Regular approvalg pp

• Clinical benefit• Established surrogate for clinical benefit

• Accelerated approval (Subpart H)Surrogate (reasonably likely to predict CB)• Surrogate (reasonably likely to predict CB)

• Benefits vs risks • A note about regulatory risk in new drug developmentnew drug development

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How Many Trials?• 505(d) of the FDCA: Substantial evidence: “Adequate and well‐controlled investigations”

• FDA's position:  Congress generally intended to require at least two d t d ll t ll d t di h i i it tadequate and well‐controlled studies, each convincing on its own, to establish effectiveness.1

• Single trial (plus supportive evidence): FDAMA (§115(a)): Agency may consider “data from one adequate and• FDAMA (§115(a)):  Agency may consider  data from one adequate and well controlled clinical investigation and confirmatory evidence” to constitute substantial evidence if FDA determines that such data and evidence are sufficient to establish effectiveness.Effi G id “ ll l i i• Efficacy Guidance:  “generally only in cases in which a single multicenter study of excellent design provided highly reliable and statistically strong evidence of an important li i l b fit d fi t t dclinical benefit… and a confirmatory study would have been difficult to conduct on ethical grounds.”2 

1 See e g Final Decision on Benylin 44 FR 51512 518 (August 31 1979);Warner Lambert Co V Heckler 787 F 2d 147 (3d Cir 1986))1 See e.g., Final Decision on Benylin, 44 FR 51512, 518 (August 31, 1979); Warner‐Lambert Co. V. Heckler, 787 F. 2d 147 (3d Cir. 1986)). FDA’s position is based on the language in the statute and the legislative history of the 1962 amendments. Language in a Senate reportsuggested that the phrase "adequate and well‐controlled investigations" was designed not only to describe the quality of the required data but the "quantum" of required evidence. (S. Rep. No. 1744, Part 2, 87th Cong. 2d Sess. 6 (1962))2 Guidance for Industry: Providing Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness for Human Drugs and Biological Products, 1998.

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Expedited ReviewSubpart E

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Subpart E• In 1988, FDA formalized procedure to expedite the development, evaluation, and marketing of products intended to treat life‐threatening or severely debilitating diseases where no satisfactory alternative therapies existp

• Largely superceded by Subpart H, but remains viable• One of few instances in which FDA has been receptive to less substantial datato less substantial data

• Supports broad patient access• Allows a compressed clinical trial pprocedure

• No formal application procedures or guidance docsor guidance docs

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Applicable Definitions• “Life Threatening”: Diseases or conditions where the likelihood of death is high or likely (ie, 6 months to 1 year) unless the course of the disease is interruptedyear) unless the course of the disease is interrupted, and diseases or conditions with potentially fatal outcomes where the endpoint of clinical trial analysis is survival

• Eg, metastatic breast cancer,  amyotrohic lateral sclerosis“S l D bilit ti ” Di diti th t• “Severely Debilitating”: Diseases or conditions that cause major irreversible morbidity. 

• Alzheimer’s disease or Huntington’s diseaseAlzheimer s disease or Huntington s disease

[21 CFR 312.81]

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Subpart E Elements• Four key elements

• Early consultation between FDA and sponsor y p[21 CFR 312.82]

• Phase 2 controlled clinical studies designed to provide sufficient data to support an approval decisionRi k b fi l i i FDA’ f S/E• Risk‐benefit analysis in FDA’s assessment of S/E [21 CFR 312.84]

• Post‐approval studies requiredPost approval studies required [21 CFR 312.85]

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Early Consultation• FDA will consult earlier and more fully on  design of preclinical and clinical studies

• Essentially, Agency itself makes an investment in the development process

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Phase 2 Controlled Clinical Studies• FDA will consider using data derived from phase 2 trials as basis for approval

• Phase 3 studies not eliminated, but instead  “compressed” into the phase 2 studies. 

• Phase 1 and 2 studies generally larger and more complex—thus more expensive—than t diti l h 2 t ditraditional phase 2 studies

• Traditional assessment of b fit/ i k i b tbenefit/risk remains, but Agency can be more flexible

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Phase 2 Controlled Clinical Studies (cont)• Sponsors should plan in advance a strategy for replicating key findings through a second well‐

t ll d t dcontrolled study• But, in rare cases, a single multi‐center study demonstrating a consistently dramatic increase indemonstrating a consistently dramatic increase in survival among independently evaluable study sites could be the basis of an approvalpp

• FDA may ask sponsor to submit a Treatment IND protocol while application is under review if preliminary results appear promising [21 CFR 312 83][21 CFR 312.83]

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FDA Benefit‐Risk Analysis• FDA reviews marketing application for adequacy of substantial evidence of safety and efficacyFDA i l id f f d ffi• FDA requires no less evidence of safety and efficacy, but have greater flexibility on where hurdle is set

• Subpart E codifies a review procedure to consider• Subpart E codifies a review procedure to consider disease severity, and whether a satisfactory alternative therapy exists, in determining whether benefits > risks

• All normal safeguards to ensure patient safety still applypatient safety still apply

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Post‐Approval Studies

• Upon approval, FDA will almost certainly require the sponsor to conduct post approval studies whichsponsor to conduct post‐approval studies, which could include:

• Different doses or schedules• Variations of approved use 

• Different patient populations or stages of disease • Longer treatment times• Longer treatment times

• Two‐fold purpose:• Extend knowledge about drug’s safety and efficacy

• Allow physicians to optimize product useproduct use

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Strategic Issues/Risks of Subpart E• Increased Agency participation could result in loss of control of R&D process

• “Condensed” study approach leads to “condensed” study costs

• Requirement for post‐approval studies offsets some advantages of condensed studies

• Treatment protocol brings with it…• Product liability exposureL ll d d• Less controlled study

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Expedited ReviewSubpart H

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Subpart H ‐‐ “Accelerated Approval”

• Intended to expedite approval for patients with “serious or life threatening illnesses” when the drugserious or life threatening illnesses  when the drug provides “meaningful therapeutic benefit” to patients over existing treatments [21 CFR 314.500]

• Elements:• Use of surrogate endpointsP t l t di• Post‐approval studies 

• Pre‐review of promotional materials• Provisions for restricted distribution or use

• Again, no guidance document on Subpart H/AA, but…

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Accelerated Approval Discussed Extensively in FRExtensively in FR

57 FR 58942-5896057 FR 58942 58960

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“Serious and Life‐Threatening”• “Serious”: 

• A matter of judgment, but based on its impact on factors such as survival day‐to‐day functioning or thefactors such as survival, day‐to‐day functioning, or the likelihood that the disease, if left untreated, will progress from a less severe condition to a more serious one (HIV/AIDS IBD Alzheimer’s)one (HIV/AIDS, IBD, Alzheimer s)

• “Life‐threatening”: • Diseases or conditions where the likelihood of death is high or likely unless the course of the diseases is interrupted, and 

• Diseases or conditions with potentially fatal outcomes where the endpoint of clinical trial panalysis is survival

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“Meaningful Therapeutic Benefit”• “Benefit”

• is clinically meaningful y g• Depends almost completely on clinical setting

• FDA cites use of “available internal and external• FDA cites use of  available internal and external expertise” to defineBenefit risk context• Benefit‐risk context

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Surrogate Endpoints

• Accelerated approval of new drugs and biologics based on product’s effects on an objective surrogatebased on product s effects on an objective surrogate (non‐ultimate) clinical endpoint [21 CFR 314.510]

• Surrogate Endpoint: “A laboratory or physical sign• Surrogate Endpoint:  A laboratory or physical sign that is used in the therapeutic trials as a substitute for a clinically meaningful endpoint that is a direct f y gf pmeasure of how a patient feels, functions, or survives and that is expected to predict the effect of the therapy.” [57 FR 13234]

bl h d bl h d• Established vs un‐established surrogates 

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Motivation for Using Surrogates• Replace a distal endpoint with a more proximal one that can be measured 

• earlier• more easily or frequently • with higher precision

• Less subject to competing risks• Less affected by other treatment modalities 

• Reduced sample size requirements• Faster decision making

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Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints • Surrogate endpoints are a subset of biomarkers

• Surrogate Endpoint: Laboratory effect or other direct measurement that itself does not directly measure clinical benefit, but is thought to correspond to clinical outcome

• Biomarker: Characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as indicator of normal biologic or pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic interventionresponses to a therapeutic intervention 

• Physiologic function (blood pressure; total lipids, lipid fractions; CD4 count)• Effects on activity of an intrinsically or externally induced molecule (enzyme, hormone, or cytokine), y )

• Effect on etiologic agents or anatomical features (RNA viral load; tumor size; coronary artery occlusion; hallmarks of neurologic disease)

• A biomarker is a candidate for surrogate endpoint if the biomarker is expected to predict clinical benefit based on epidemiologic, therapeutic, pathophysiologic, or other scientific evidence

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Post‐Marketing Data

• Required to…• “verify and describe the drug’s clinical benefit and to resolveverify and describe the drug s clinical benefit and to resolve remaining uncertainty as to the relation of the surrogate endpoint upon which approval was based to clinical benefit, or the observed clinical benefit to ultimate outcomes.” [21 CFR 314 510][21 CFR 314.510]

• If data are not confirmatory, or the applicant fails to 

d h d i hconduct the study with due diligence, the regulations describe a procedure for pwithdrawing the product from the market [21 CFR 314 530][21 CFR 314.530]

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Strategic Issues/Risks of Subpart H

• Surrogate‐Related Evidence for Accelerated Approval• Substantial evidence from well controlled clinical trialsSubstantial evidence from well controlled clinical trials regarding a surrogate endpoint

• NOT: Borderline evidence regarding a clinical benefit endpoint • ODAC Meeting on Accelerated Approvals (March 2003)• ODAC Meeting on Accelerated Approvals (March 2003)

• Confirmatory studies should be part of drug development plan• Early discussion of confirmatory studies with Agency• ODAC wants to be consulted on confirmatory study plans• ODAC wants to be consulted on confirmatory study plans 

• Other Issues• Statistical issues

i l di hi h d b l• Requires post‐approval studies, which tend to be larger 

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Strategic Issues/Risks of Subpart H (cont)• Vast majority of post‐approval studies conducted (in cancer indications) were controlled trials comparing the Subpart H product with one or more alternativethe Subpart H product with one or more alternative treatments

• So, sponsors that choose this option must beSo, sponsors that choose this option must be confidents that their drug will be comparable (ie, non‐inferior) to alternative treatments

• This is especially important because of expedited withdrawal procedures

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“E” Versus “H”Subpart E• Procedure to expedite the development evaluation and

Subpart H• “Accelerated approval” of new drugs and biologics based ondevelopment, evaluation, and 

marketing of products intended to treat “life‐threatening or severely debilitating diseases h i f

drugs and biologics based on product’s effects on an objective surrogate endpoint

• Intended to expedite approval where no satisfactory alternative therapies exist”

• Less substantial dataSupports broad patient access

for patients with “serious or life threatening illnesses” when the drug provides “meaningful therapeutic benefit” to patients• Supports broad patient access

• Allows a compressed clinical trial procedure

therapeutic benefit to patients over existing treatments

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Fast Track Designation

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Fast Track Designation• Fast Track refers to a process for interacting with FDA during drug development 

• 1997: Sec. 112 of FDAMA created Sec. 506 of FDCA• Codifies and expands Subpart H regulations • Under Sec. 506, FDA must, at the request of a sponsor, facilitate development and expedite review of drugs that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for “serious or life‐threatening conditions”

• “Fast Track Product”: drugs that demonstrate the potential todemonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for serious or life‐threatening conditions

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Fast Track Algorithm

Is some aspect of the conditionserious or life‐threatening?serious or life threatening?

No Not FTYes; possibly FT

Does the drug show potential to treatDoes the drug show potential to treata serious aspect of the condition?

Yes, possible FT No Not FT

Is the drug development program designedto determine whether the drug will affect

f h d

p

a serious aspect of the condition?

Yes, possible FT No Not FT

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Fast Track Algorithm (cont)

Is there any approved treatment for theserious or life‐threatening aspect of theg pcondition being studied?

Yes, possibly FT No FTes, poss b y

Is a medical need unmet byavailable treatments

No FT

available treatments

Yes, possibly FT

Is that unmet medical need being

No Not FT

Is that unmet medical need beingstudied with this product? No Not FT

Yes FT

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Fast Track Components

• FDA may approve application based on li i l d i t t d i tclinical endpoints or surrogate endpoints, and impose

R i t f t l t di ( d• Requirement for post‐approval studies (and provision for expedited withdrawal)

• Pre‐review of promotional materialsPre review of promotional materials• Permits “rolling” marketing applicationsapplications

• FDA awareness efforts

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Qualifying for Fast‐Track Designation

• Sponsor may request designation if met conditions of algorithmconditions of algorithm

• Request generally required to state and support:pp

• That the therapy is intended to treat a serious or life‐threatening condition, andTh t th th h th t ti l• That the therapy has the potential to address an unmet medical need that is being evaluated

• Note: FT Designation applies to combination of therapy and indication (and not to theindication (and not to the product alone)

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“Serious and Life‐Threatening” ‐‐ Same as in Subpart Hin Subpart H• “Serious”:

• A matter of judgment but based on its impact on factors• A matter of judgment, but based on its impact on factors such as survival, day‐to‐day functioning, or the likelihood that the disease, if left treated, will progress from a less 

( /severe condition to a more serious one (HIV/AIDS, IBD, Alzheimer’s)

• “Life‐threatening”:• Life‐threatening : • Diseases or conditions where the likelihood of death is high or likely unless the course of the diseases is interrupted, and 

• Disease or conditions with potentially fatal outcomes where the endpointfatal outcomes where the endpoint of clinical trial analysis is survival.

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Selected Fast Track Indications• CDER

• Coronary syndrome• CBER

• Advanced RA• CVA• ALS• Malignancies

• Malignancies• Fabry’s Disease• Critical limb ischemiag

• Acute pancreatitis• Platelet adhesion• HIV

• Muscular dystrophy• Hepatic failure• Crohn’s disease• HIV

• SLE• ARDS

• Crohn s disease• HIV• SLE

• Acromegaly • Multiple Sclerosis

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Discusses…• Criteria for qualification• Process for designation of drug for FT program

• Programs for expediting development and review

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Fast Track Programs for Expediting Development ‐‐MeetingsDevelopment ‐‐Meetings• Pre‐IND consultation

• Design of preclinical studies to demonstrate potential toDesign of preclinical studies to demonstrate potential to address UMN

• Overall development strategy• Other possible issues regarding FT designation• Other possible issues regarding FT designation 

• End‐of‐P1 meeting• Potential for data from P2 controlled clinical t i l f lif th t i ltrials for life‐threatening or severely debilitating illnesses to be basis for approval (21 CFR 312.82) 

E d f P2 ti• End‐of‐ P2 meeting• Agreement on design of pivotal trials (note substantial evidence standard (21 CFR 314 126) i li bl )(21 CFR 314.126) remains applicable)

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Fast Track Programs for Expediting Development ‐‐Meetings (cont)Development ‐‐Meetings (cont)

• Pre BLA/NDA meeting, to achieve agreement on:P li i id f ff ti i i i l WCT• Preliminary evidence of effectiveness seen in principal WCTs

• Structure, content, and timing of BLA/NDA, including in rolling submission

• Structure and content of any electronic submissions• Readiness for, and proposed timing of, PAIs• Potential for, and proposed timing of, advisory committee , p p g , ypresentation

• Meeting to discuss labeling issues In addition to meeting minutes the• In addition to meeting minutes, the FDA will provide (commitment) letters at EOP1 and EOP2 commenting on adeq ac ofcommenting on adequacy of P2/3 development plans

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FT Programs for Expediting Review• Rolling Submission

• Only entire sections eligible (eg CMC Tox Clinical;Only entire sections eligible (eg, CMC, Tox, Clinical; some exceptions, at Agency discretion)

• No draft reports• Official filing awaits complete application; review clock starts with complete NDA/BLA

• Expectation that submission schedule is adhered to by sponsorScheduling of review TBD by• Scheduling of review TBD by division

• User fee must be paid withUser fee must be paid with first portion

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Other Programs/Standards Applicable with FTApplicable with FT• Priority Review of BLAs/NDAs – FT products normally eligible (see below)

• Eligibility for Priority Review and Accelerated Approval (unlinked)

• Efficacy standard in 505(d) (unlinked)y ( ) ( )

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Priority Review• All marketing applications designated as “priority” or “standard”

• Depends on estimate of therapeutic, preventive, or diagnostic value

• Directs attention and resources to the evaluation ofDirects attention and resources to the evaluation of applications that have the potential for significant advances, particularly for patients with serious or life‐threatening illnessesthreatening illnesses

• FDA, under its PDUFA requirements, is committed to review “standard” NDA BLA i hi 10 hNDA or BLA within 10 months of submission

• Reviews “priority” NDA or BLAReviews  priority  NDA or BLA within 6 months

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Priority Review (cont)• Drug or biologic product may receive priority review, for example, if

• There is documented improvement in patient compliance• There is documented improvement in patient compliance• There is a significant reduction or elimination of a treatment‐limiting drug reaction

• There is adequate safety ad effectiveness data to justify theThere is adequate safety ad effectiveness data to justify the use of the product in a new subpopulation of patients with the disease [CDER MAPP 6020.3]

• While biologic products must be intended for the g ptreatment, diagnosis, or prevention of a serious or life‐threatening disease to receive a priority review…p y

• Drug products can attain a priority designation if they offer a significant improvement compared to marketed p pproducts for serious or non‐serious disease

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Special Protocol Assessment

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Special Protocol Assessment• Provided for in section 505(b) of the Act by Section 119(a) of FDAMAFDA i t t ith t h t th• FDA is to meet with sponsors to reach agreement on the design and size of pivotal clinical trials

• If agreement reached, Agency will reduce agreement to writing and make it part of administrative record 

• An agreement may not be changed by the sponsor or FDA after the trial begins, except g , p

• with the written agreement of the sponsor and FDA, or 

• if "a substantial scientific issue essentialif  a substantial scientific issue essential to determining the safety or effectiveness of  the drug" is identified later

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Special Protocol Assessment• Upon request, FDA will evaluate within 45 days certain protocols to assess whether they meet i ifi d l i id ifi d bscientific and regulatory requirements identified by 

the sponsor (eg, design, conduct, analysis)• Animal carcinogenicity protocolsg y p• Final product stability protocols • Certain clinical protocols for phase 3 trials

Trials whose data will form the primary basis for• Trials whose data will form the primary basis for an efficacy claim (pivotal clinical trials)and have been subject of discussion at an end‐of‐phase 2/pre‐phase 3 meeting with the review divisionwith the review division 

• Trials for which the division agrees to such a review because the division is aware of the developmental context 

h h h l b din which the protocol is being reviewed and the questions are being answered

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Discusses…• Background• Requests

– Timing– Format

• Agency Process• Agency Process• Meetings• Documentation

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Orphan Drug Designation

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Orphan Drug Designation• Orphan Drugs treat diseases or conditions that are considered rare in the United States

• "...the term rare disease or condition means any disease or condition which 

( )• (a) affects less than 200,000 persons in the U.S. [prevalence], or 

• (b) affects more than 200,000 persons ( ) , pin the U.S. but for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available p g gin the U.S. a drug for such disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the U.S. of such drug." g

• See 21 CFR 316

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Incentives under the ODA• A seven‐year period of exclusive marketing to the first sponsor who obtains marketing approval for a designated orphan drug or biological product for a particular indicationorphan drug or biological product for a particular indication

• Tax credits for clinical research undertaken by a sponsor to generate required data for marketing approval

• Human drug application not subject to a User Fee unless it• Human drug application not subject to a User Fee unless it includes an indication for other than a rare disease or condition

• Protocol Assistance• Protocol Assistance• The ODA provides for formal protocol assistance when requested by the sponsors of drugs for rare diseases or conditions

• A sponsor need not have obtained orphan drug designation to receive protocol assistance

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OOPD Grants Program • Requires separate application; not synonymous with orphan drug designation

• Provides funds for clinical development of orphan products

• All studies must be conducted under an IND/IDE• Clinical trials are awarded grantsClinical trials are awarded grants from $200,000 (Phase 1) to $350,000 (Phase 2 and 3) $ , ( )per year in total costs for up to 3 years

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New Drug Development

2 4 6 8 10

12 14 160

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Thank you!!

Jason E. Moore, M.S., M.B.A.j @ l h | 713 842 1249 [email protected]    |   713‐842‐1249 x207

http://www.linkedin.com/pub/jason‐moore/9/1b6/b0b 

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Questions?