35
Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses

Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses

Page 2: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

The Moon

Page 3: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Myths about the Moon

The Moon is made of cheese!                                 There is a Man in the Moon.    The Moon and the Sun chase each other across the sky. The Moon disappears during certain days of the month. There are men or other creatures living on the Moon.  The Moon was put in the sky by a person or animal.  The Moon is a living creature or a god.  The Moon controls how we act and how we feel.               During a full moon, some people turn into werewolves.  The Moon is pulled across the sky by a person, animal, or force.   

Page 4: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Myths

• Greek goddess Artemis, roman goddess Diana

Page 5: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Myths

• Chinese mythology: Chang’e (Chinese Goddess of moon)

• Moon festival

Page 6: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Calendar• The current standard calendar is solar calendar

(Gregorian calendar) – counting days

• The moon phases have a period of 29.5 days, a good measure of time

• Lunar calendars – counting days and months• E.g. Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar• 29.5 * 12 = 354, 11 days less than 365

• Lunisolar calendar – Chinese calendar, Hebrew calendar• Adding leap months, with a circle of 19 years

Page 7: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon – our closest natural neighbor

• The earth’s only natural satellite• Orbit around the earth is an ellipse• Average distance from the earth to

the moon is 384,403 kilometers (238,857 miles) – 30 times the diameter of the earth

• Diameter of 3,474 km, ¼ of the earth

• Gravity 1/6 of the earth

Page 8: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon Phases• Why does the moon change phases?• Lunar phases are the result of our eyes seeing

the illuminated half of the Moon from different viewing geometries

• Due to the Moon’s orbital positions

Page 9: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

The Moon’s Orbit around the earth

Page 10: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other
Page 11: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon Phases

Page 12: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

When new moon occurs, what is the phase of the earth if you stand on the moon?

Full earth!

The earth always has an opposite phase to the moon.

Page 13: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Eclipses

• When One celestial object casts its shadow on the other one

Page 14: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Solar Eclipses

• Sun – the shadow of the moon on the earth

Total solar eclipse in 1999

Page 15: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

A – total eclipseB – annular eclipseC – partial eclipse

Page 16: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Lunar Eclipses

• Moon – the shadow of the earth on the moon

Page 17: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other
Page 18: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Lunar Eclipse

Page 19: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon’s orbit

• The orbit period around the earth – 27.3 days• The spin period is exactly the same!• We always see the same side of the moon!

( precisely speaking 59% of the surface during the whole period of the moon revolution. Reason: libration)

• The period of Lunar Phase – 29.5 days• Because of the earth’s revolution in the space

Page 20: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon’s orbit

• The orbit plane of the moon is tilted by ~5 degree with respect to the earth’s orbit around the sun, unlike other planets

Page 21: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

What’s the moon phase when a solar eclipse occurs?

What’s the moon phase when a lunar eclipse occurs?

New Moon

Full Moon

Page 22: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Why aren’t there solar eclipses and lunar eclipses on EVERYnew moon and full moon?

Page 23: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Two conditions must be satisfied for an eclipse to occur1. The nodes of the moon’s orbit must

be nearly aligned with the Sun and the Earth

2. The phase of the moon must be new or full

Page 24: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Eclipses Cycle

• Every year there are at least two lunar eclipses• Lunar eclipses and solar eclipses always come

in pairs• Lunar eclipses can be seen everywhere on the

earth, but the solar eclipses may only be seen on part of the earth

Page 25: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other
Page 26: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Solar eclipses

Page 27: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

One Year of the Moon

• Full 2013 Lunation (Cycle of the moon)

• What things can you notice about the moon in the video?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1g2gCAc3BQ

Page 28: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Near Side Far Side

Page 29: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon’s surface

• Maria (sigular mare, ‘sea’ in Latin)– Dark areas and were thought to be

seas– Cover 31% of the near side, but

only 2% of the far side– No water but vast pools of

solidified lava that flowed into basins formed by comets/metors colliding

– Nomenclature • Latin terms describing the weather

and abstract concepts

– Smaller dark regions• Lacus (Lake)• Palus (marsh) • Sinus" (bay)

Maria

Highland

Crater

Page 30: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Moon’s surface

• Highland– Lighter color regions, or

called Terrae– Many are impact basins’

outer rims– In contrast to earth, no

major lunar mountains were formed as a result of tectonic events

– Mountains and mountain ranges

– Different brightness of the highlands and maria is because they are composed of different rock types

Maria

Highland

Crater

Page 31: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Craters

• Formed when asteroids/comets hit the lunar surface

• Half a million craters with diameters larger than 1km

• Crater counting – to estimate the age of the lunar surface

• The largest crater is South Pole-Aitken basin, with 2,240 kms in diameter and 13 kms in depth

• Nomenclature:– Large craters, deceased

famous scientists, artists– Small craters, common first

names• Daedalus, 93 km in diameter• Proposed as a site for a large

radio telescope

Page 32: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

The formation of the moon

• Born from the earth - broke off from the earth by centrifugal forces, and left the pacific ocean behind

• Captured by the earth’s gravity• Co-formation with the earth

• Giant impact hypothesis – An impact of a Mars-sized body collide w/ the proto-

Earth and ejected materials to orbit around the earth – the Moon

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIKmSQqp8wY

Page 33: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Lunar Interior• Most Heavy

materials (Fe, Ni, Etc.) came to earth in the collision

• There is a small iron-rich core

• Mantle and crust is primarily basaltic in composition

Page 34: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Lunar Atmosphere

• *Almost* non-existent– One trillionth the pressure on earth– Trace amounts from multiple sources

• Na/K from “sputtering”

• He-4 from solar wind

• Ar, Ra, & Po from radioactive decay

• No atmosphere has an effect on temperature– Wild variation: 35 K (-238 C) in polar craters– Day side temps up to 396 K (123 C

Page 35: Moon, Moon Phases & Eclipses. The Moon Myths about the Moon The Moon is made of cheese! There is a Man in the Moon. The Moon and the Sun chase each other

Explorations of the moon

• Ancient people observed the moon by naked eyes, and wrote poems and essays, and told myths

• Galileo first observed the moon using an telescope

• The only celestial body the human being has orbited and landed– First impact: Luna 2 of Soviet Union in 1959– First far side picture: Luna 3 in 1959– First soft landing: Luna 9 in 1966– First men’s step on the moon: Apollo 11 in 1969

• Several more missions occurred through 1974

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSLRMdYSA9M