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Monsoons
Monsoon Flow Patterns
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Thickness View of the Monsoon
z
N
Ptrop
P1WARM COLD
H
L
(in the lower troposphere)
p
(PGF: high to low, f: right of motion)
Force Balances: Impact of Friction
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Thickness View of the Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Symmetric Heating: Walker Circulation
(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)
(u,v) - vectorsw - contours
(u,v) - vectorsp - contours
Meridionally-integrated flow
heat forcing
Symmetric Heating: Hadley Circulation
(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)
zonal velocity
streamfunction
pressure perturbation
Recall: n=1 ER and n=0 MRG Waves
(Figure obtained from Matsuno (1966), their Figures 4c and 6b. © 1966, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan.)
n=0 MRG Waven=1 ER Wave
n=2 Equatorial Rossby Waves
(Figure obtained from Matsuno (1966), their Figure 5c. © 1966, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan.)
Location of maximized speed convergence
Winds maximized near equator and decay rapidly N/S
from there
Minimal cross-equatorial flow
Location of maximized divergence
Asymmetric Heating: Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)
(u,v) - vectorsw - contours
(u,v) - vectorsp - contours
heat forcing
Asymmetric Heating: Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)
zonal velocity
streamfunction
pressure perturbation
Symmetric + Asymmetric Solution
(Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.)
(u,v) - vectorsw - contours
(u,v) - vectorsp - contours
Asian Monsoon: Structure
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective)Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s-1)Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds
Asian Monsoon: Key Features
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Asian Monsoon: Normal Onset Date
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Asian Monsoon: Precipitation
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Oceanic Transport: Asian Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Mei-yu/Baiu Front
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Mei-yu/Baiu Front: Precipitation
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Total Rainfall Mei-yu/Baiu-related Rainfall
Monsoon Trough
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Structure of the Australian Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective)Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s-1)Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds
Oceanic Transport: Australian Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Australian/Maritime Continent Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
West African Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
NH Summer SH Summer
Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective)Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s-1)Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds
Monsoons of the Americas
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
North American Monsoon South American Monsoon
North American Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
South American Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Indian Ocean Dipole
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
Active and Break Periods
(Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)
active
break
Convection Modulation
Red: suppressed
Blue: enhanced
