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Monopoly
Chapter 15
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
work should be mailed to:
Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers,6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Monopoly
While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Monopoly
A firm is considered a monopoly if . . .it is the sole seller of its product.its product does not have close
substitutes.
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Why Monopolies Arise
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Monopolies Arise
Barriers to entry have three sources: Ownership of a key resource.
This tends to be rare. De Beers is an example
The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. Patents, Copyrights and Government Licensing.
Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers. Natural Monopolies
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly...
Average total cost
Quantity of Output
Cost
0
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Monopoly versus Competition
Monopoly Is the sole producer Has a downward-
sloping demand curve Is a price maker Reduces price to
increase sales
Competitive FirmIs one of many producersHas a horizontal demand curveIs a price takerSells as much or as little at same price
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Quantity of Output
Demand
(a) A Competitive Firm’s Demand Curve
(b) A Monopolist’s Demand Curve
0
Price
0 Quantity of Output
Price
Demand
Demand Curves for Competitive and Monopoly Firms...
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A Monopoly’s Revenue
Total Revenue
P x Q = TR Average Revenue
TR/Q = AR = P Marginal Revenue
TR/Q = MR
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A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue
A monopolist’s marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good.
The demand curve is downward sloping. When a monopoly drops the price to sell one
more unit, the revenue received from previously sold units also decreases.
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A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue
Quantity(Q)
Price(P)
Total Revenue(TR=PxQ)
Average Revenue
(AR=TR/Q)Marginal Revenue(MR= )
0 $11.00 $0.001 $10.00 $10.00 $10.00 $10.002 $9.00 $18.00 $9.00 $8.003 $8.00 $24.00 $8.00 $6.004 $7.00 $28.00 $7.00 $4.005 $6.00 $30.00 $6.00 $2.006 $5.00 $30.00 $5.00 $0.007 $4.00 $28.00 $4.00 -$2.008 $3.00 $24.00 $3.00 -$4.00
QTR /
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A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue
When a monopoly increases the amount it sells, it has two effects on total revenue (P x Q).
The output effect—more output is sold, so Q is higher.
The price effect—price falls, so P is lower.
Demand and Marginal Revenue Curves for a Monopoly...
Quantity of Water
Price
$11109876543210
-1-2-3-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Marginalrevenue
Demand(average revenue)
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Profit-Maximization for a Monopoly...
Monopolyprice
QuantityQMAX0
Costs andRevenue
Demand
Average total cost
Marginal revenue
Marginalcost
A
1. The intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginal-cost curve determines the profit-maximizing quantity...
B
2. ...and then the demand curve shows the price consistent with this quantity.
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Comparing Monopoly and Competition
For a competitive firm, price equals marginal cost.
P = MR = MC For a monopoly firm, price exceeds
marginal cost.
P > MR = MC
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A Monopoly’s Profit
Profit equals total revenue minus total costs.
Profit = TR - TCProfit = (TR/Q - TC/Q) x Q
Profit = (P - ATC) x Q
Monopol
yprofit
The Monopolist’s Profit...
Quantity0
Costs andRevenue
Demand
Marginal cost
Marginal revenue
QMAX
BMonopolyprice
E
Averagetotal cost D
Average total cost
C
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Monopolist’s Profit
The monopolist will receive economic profits as long as price is greater than average total cost.
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Public Policy Toward Monopolies
Government responds to the problem of monopoly in one of four ways.
Making monopolized industries more competitive.
Regulating the behavior of monopolies. Turning some private monopolies into public
enterprises. Doing nothing at all.
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Two Important Antitrust Laws
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) Reduced the market power of the large and
powerful “trusts” of that time period. Clayton Act (1914)
Strengthened the government’s powers and authorized private lawsuits.
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Marginal-Cost Pricing for a Natural Monopoly...
Regulatedprice
Quantity0
Loss
Price
Demand
Marginal cost
Average total costAverage
total cost
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Price Discrimination
Price discrimination is the practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers, even though the costs for producing for the two customers are the same. In order to do this, the firm must have market power.
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Price Discrimination
Two important effects of price discrimination: It can increase the monopolist’s profits. It can reduce deadweight loss.
But in order to price discriminate, the firm must Be able to separate the customers on the basis of willingness to pay. Prevent the customers from reselling the product.