Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Monocolonial Antibody
IB Learning Objective
• Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibody Definition
• Antibody produced by a single clone (type) of B lymphocytes
• It consists of a population of identical antibody molecules.
Monoclonal Antibody Uses
• A monoclonal antibody has many uses in medicine because:– They are stable molecules– They can be used over a long period of time
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
• They are made from genetic engineering using mouse cells.
• See page 357 in pink IB textbook
Monoclonal Antibodies Production1. Antigens that correspond to desired antibody
are injected into an animal (usually a mouse)
2. B-cells are produce by the above animal and the antibodies produced by B-cells are removed.
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
3. Tumour cells are obtained. These cells grow and divide endlessy.
4. B-Cells from above animals are fused with tumour cells, producing a cell called a hybridoma.
5. These hybridoma divide endlessly and produce a lot of the desire antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
6. The hybridoma cells are culture & the antibodies they produce are purified and extracted
Monoclonial Antibodies Videos
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf
• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html
IB Learning Objective
• Describe the use of monoclonal antibodies.
Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesDetermine/ diagnose pregnancy
– Pregnant women produce a urine with high concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
– Monoclonial antibodies that bond with HCG have been engineered to also carry color granules.
– Thus a change in color in a pregnancy test confirms pregnancy.
Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesTreatment of Disease
– Cancer cells carry specific tumour-associated antigens (TAA) on the cell (plasma) membrane
– Monoclonial antibodies to TAA have been produced….– These antibodies as carry drugs to kill the cancer cell
Uses of monoclonal Antibodies
Treatment of Rabies using monoclonal antibodies:•Rabies infection can be quickly an effectively treated by the direct injection of antibodies •The antibodies are synthesis ed by monoclonal antibody technology •This is an effective treatment for a very serious infection
Other applications•Cancer Treatment •Transplant Tissue Typing •Purification of industrial products
Monoclonal Antibodies Virtual Lab
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immunology-virtual-lab
Viruses & Vaccinations
IB Assessment Statement
• Explain the principle of vaccination
Vaccines
• A weakened (attenuated) pathogen is injected into the body to generate an immune response and produce memory B cells.
• Vaccines don’t prevent infections, but on subsequent exposure to the pathogen the secondary immune response is faster.
Response of the Immune System to a Vaccine.
A .
C .
B .
D .
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
V I
V I
V I
V I
Tim e
T im e
T im e
T im e
V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n
V= Vaccination I=Infection • Sometimes two or more vaccinations are needed to stimulate the production of enough antibodies to fight off a disease.
First Vaccination
A .
C .
B .
D .
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
V I
V I
V I
V I
Tim e
T im e
T im e
T im e
V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n
V= Vaccination I=Infection • The first vaccination causes little antibody production and the production of some memory cells.
Second Vaccination
A .
C .
B .
D .
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
V I
V I
V I
V I
Tim e
T im e
T im e
T im e
V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n
V= Vaccination I=Infection • The second vaccination, called a booster shot causes a response from the memory cells & therefore a faster & greater production of antibodies.
Vaccination Summary
• There are many diseases in which the primary infection stage can do considerable damage to the body. Some of these are serious enough to be fatal.
• Vaccination (immunisation) uses modified pathogens (Antigen) which have significantly reduced pathogenicity.
• The pathogen organism in some vaccines is dead and in others is weakened (attenuated).
• These vaccines carry the pathogen antigen (epitope) and therefore stimulate clonal selection and the development of immunological memory but without developing the disease symptoms or signs
Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells.
• Viruses have a simple structure. – genetic material (RNA or DNA) – capsid, a protein shell – maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat
capsid nucleic acid
lipidenvelope
surfaceproteins
capsid
nucleic acid
lipid envelope
Surface proteins capsidsurfaceproteins
nucleic acid
helical(rabies)
polyhedral(foot-and-mouth
disease)
enveloped(influenza)
• .
colored SEM; magnifications:large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x
• Bacteriophages infect bacteria.
capsid
DNA
tail sheath
tail fiber
Relative Sizes
viruses50-200 nm
prokaryotics cells200-10,000 nm
eukaryotics cells10,000-100,000 nm
1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter
IB Assessment Statement
• Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccinations
VIDEOS
Ted Talks on Vaccine
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19KkFCQz8WQ
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nncPtxLCPrE
